thumb|200px|A automaton, , [[British Museum]]

are traditional Japanese mechanized puppets or automata, made from the 17th century to the 19th century. The dolls' gestures provided a form of entertainment. The word has also come to mean "mechanisms" or "trick" in Japanese. It is used to describe any device that evokes a sense of awe through concealment of its inner workings.

The name is thought to come from the Japanese verb , which means "to pull, stretch, and move a thread". It is alternatively written in kanji as , , , , and archaically as .

History

thumb|200px|Tea-serving , with mechanism, 19th century. [[National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo.]]

thumb|200px| of the in [[Nagoya]]

One of the earliest recorded references in Japan to similar automata devices is found in the , which references a mechanism known as a south-pointing chariot appearing during the reign of Empress Kōgyoku, in 658 CE.

were further developed in Japan after the introduction of European clock-making technology sometime in the early 17th century, during the Sengoku period. The gears and cams used in clock-making were used to create moving dolls. The country embraced the mechanized puppet performance as a form of entertainment, and it became popular during the Edo period, which was considered the golden age of construction and use.

In 1662, clockmaker Takeda Omi completed the first , designed for stage performances, in the Dōtonbori neighborhood of Osaka.

In the 19th century, Tanaka Hisashige, the founder of Toshiba, gained a reputation by making technically sophisticated puppets. His masterpieces are and doll (letter-writing doll). In the case of , using mechanical power, a puppet shoots a target with a bow and arrow, and in the case of , a puppet dips a brush into ink and writes characters on paper.

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File:弓曳き童子正面.jpg| made by Tanaka Hisashige.

File:文字書き人形.jpg| made by Tanaka Hisashige.

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According to Kirsty Boyle, a student of one of the last puppet masters in Japan, the tradition focuses on the art of concealing technology with the belief that it would evoke feelings and emotions more effectively. It is also noted that, although the puppet resembles the human figure, it has a form of decisive movement that features rapid shifts that cannot be captured by the naked eye.

Types

There are three main types of . were life-sized dolls designed for public performances such as theatres. were small and used in homes. Most of them were set on a table and performed a dance or beat drums, but some were designed to serve tea or sake. These were significantly expensive, and usually owned by a or other high-status person. were large mechanical dolls used in religious festivals, was used in a situation when a host wanted to treat a guest in a recreational way. It moves in a straight line for a set distance, moving its feet as if walking, and then bows its head. The doll stops when the cup is removed. When it is replaced, the robot raises its head, turns around and returns to where it came from. It is typically powered by a wound spring made of whalebone, and the actions are controlled by a set of cams and levers.

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File:Tokugawaendashizoroe5.JPG| of the in Nagoya

File:Tokugawaendashizoroe6.JPG|

File:Tokugawaendashizoroe8.JPG|

File:Shimohanda festival1.jpg| Festival in Handa

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See also

  • Animatronic
  • Automaton
  • Japanese robotics
  • Tanaka Hisashige

References

  • Karakuri.info English information site
  • Karakuri puppets in Takayama Matsuri Festival NHK (video)