Kappa Alpha Order

Kappa Alpha Order (), commonly known as Kappa Alpha, KA, or simply The Order, is an American social fraternity founded in 1865 at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. Along with Alpha Tau Omega and Sigma Nu, the order constitutes the Lexington Triad, a trio of national fraternities formed in the same era. Kappa Alpha initially spread in the Southern United States but later added chapters elsewhere in the United States.

Because he was president of the college when the fraternity was formed, Robert E. Lee served as an advisor and "spiritual leader" of sorts for the fledgling fraternity. In 1994, KA formalized its connection to Lee by adding him into its mission statement. This connection and the organization's early adoption of a Lost Cause narrative led to activities that were and are racist.

As of December 2015, the Kappa Alpha Order listed 133 active chapters, five provisional chapters, and 52 inactive chapters. Since its establishment in 1865, the order has initiated more than 150,000 members. The fraternity is a founding member of the Fraternity Forward Coalition. Its national headquarters is in the historic Mulberry Hill in Lexington.

History

Kappa Alpha Order (KA) was founded as Phi Kappa Chi on December 21, 1865, at Washington College, (later Washington and Lee University), in Lexington, Virginia. James Ward Wood, William Archibald Walsh, and brothers William Nelson Scott and Stanhope McClelland Scott are the founders of the fraternity.

The founders wanted a lodge or fraternity that would maintain and foster Southern gentlemanly conduct. As a master mason, Ammen brought knowledge of fraternal ceremonies to Kappa Alpha, as well as a fondness for the romance of knights and chivalry. The resulting new ritual and constitution turned KA into the Kappa Alpha Order, modeled as a Christian knighthood seeking the highest level of character and personal achievement, including "virtues of chivalry, respect for others, honor, duty, integrity and reverence for God and woman".

Kappa Alpha Order became a member of the North American Interfraternity Conference on November 27, 1909, but withdrew on January 31, 2020. In May 2020, it was one of five founding members of the Fraternity Forward Coalition (FFC). FFC maintains that local oversight by universities and colleges is not needed and infringes on the Constitutional right of fraternities to assemble.

The Kappa Alpha Order national administrative office has been located at Mulberry Hill in Lexington, Virginia since 2004. Robert E. Lee spent his first night in Lexington at Mulberry Hill, after arriving to take over as president of Washington College.

The colors of KA are crimson and old gold.

The flowers of the order and a ribbon featuring the order's motto adorn the bottom of the crest. The crest itself is representative of several things; the hand holding the axe represents the continuing power of the Knight Commander and the order. The Helmet was, at one time, a symbol used by the Knight Commander of the Order. The badge is featured at the center of the crest, and the lions on either side represent different things. The lion on the left, looking away, symbolizes "rampant", meaning magnanimous. The lion on the right, looking towards you, symbolizes "regardent", which means cautious or circumspect.

The fraternity's magazine is The Kappa Alpha Journal, first published in December 1879. Robert E. Lee was the president of the college from the summer of 1865 until he died in 1870. James Ward Wood, one of the founders of the order, fought with Lee and the Confederacy in Company F of the 7th Virginia Cavalry. Material published by the organization describes Lee as "a true gentleman, the last gentle knight."

Lee became the spiritual founder (i.e. a moral role model) in 1923 and part of the KA Mission Statement in 1994.</blockquote>

According to some early twentieth-century KA's, Lee directly helped the fraternity expand its chapters, allowing members to “leave their academic duties . . . to install chapters in other colleges.” In one member's words, Lee promoted KA's "extension work," while The Kappa Alpha Journal reprinted others who believed Lee helped KA expand.

The 1929 convention in Louisville, Kentucky: The general body at this convention changed the convivium date (a celebration commemorating the organization's founding) to Lee's birthday, January 19.</blockquote>

Lee has continued to inspire the members of Kappa Alpha Order and remains the spiritual founder. In 1994, the advisory council of KA set the mission statement of the organization as such: "Kappa Alpha Order seeks to create a lifetime experience which centers on reverence to God, duty, honor, character and gentlemanly conduct as inspired by Robert E. Lee, our spiritual founder". This, too, remains unchanged, despite the ongoing internal and external controversy, over KA's association with Lee. Although, the Toast was included in the 2015 edition of The Varlet, it was removed from future editions.

Project Outreach is the fraternity's philanthropic program. Its national philanthropy has been the Muscular Dystrophy Association since 1975. In 2001, the fraternity started Operation Crimson Gift, a national blood donation program. Using funds donated by KA alumni, the Foundation provides grants for educational programs of the fraternity, such as the National Leadership Institute and Province Councils, and provides scholarships to graduate and undergraduate students.

The Loyal Order is the Kappa Alpha Order alumni membership program. The Military Division of Kappa Alpha Order was established in 2009. Membership is open to Kappa Alphas who are currently serving, honorably discharged, or retired from the United States Armed Forces.

Notable members

Since its establishment in 1865, the Order has initiated more than 150,000 members.

Controversies and misconduct

thumb|Review of [[The Birth of a Nation in The Kappa Alpha Journal (1915). ]]

Ku Klux Klan

Although Kappa Alpha Order denies any association to the prior Kuklos Adelphon organization, they acknowledge that founder James Ward Wood had affinity for some of Kuklos Adelphon's ideals. Upon the release of the film The Birth of a Nation in 1915, a major motion picture based on the novel The Clansman by KA alumnus Thomas Dixon Jr., two KA brothers reviewed the film in The Kappa Alpha Journal, saying that "The Kuklux Klan came and grew and served its purpose...[KA] came and grew and it embraced all the Southland...and still serves and cherishes those same ideals which the clan came forward to preserve...The actions and the membership of the Klan are shrouded in mystery...But its members wore upon their breast the circled cross of the Kappa Alpha Order."

Historically, some KA chapters and members referred to themselves as a "Klan." In 1917, The Kappa Alpha Journal reported that some alumni had formed an "informal Klan" in Detroit, Michigan, and in 1913, the KA chapter at the College of William and Mary called itself "the KA Klan living on the peninsula between the York and the James." In 1920, the Beta Eta chapter of Oklahoma University reported in The Kappa Alpha Journal about its Ku Klux Klan-themed dance, which it called "the talk of the University": "The girls were dressed in the days of 1865, and the members wore the white robe and hood of the Ku Klux, with a crimson cross on a golden background [KA's symbol], worn over the heart."

The 1957 edition of the University of Alabama's yearbook, The Corolla, features a photograph of KAs parading in Confederate uniforms under the words "The Klan in their afternoon formals."thumb|Vinson Lackey's, article in The Kappa Alpha Journal

Racism

Vinson Lackey, an associate editor for The Kappa Alpha Journal, wrote the cover article for a 1922 edition of the journal. Lackey describes what KA's believed were the white supremacist origins of the fraternity during the Reconstruction era when African Americans threatened white womanhood and southern civilization. The article's title, "The Birth of an Order," evokes the title of The Birth of a Nation.

Member John Temple Graves, who wrote the fraternity's toast to Lee, was a famed Southern orator and politician who championed lynching, white mob violence, and the codification of African American inferiority under the law on the national lecture circuit. Notably, KA supported Graves' career, and The Kappa Alpha Journal called a speech in which Graves championed the lynching of African Americans "a most powerful address on the subject of lynching and the race problem."

The fraternity has also been criticized for identification with the Confederacy and other forms of racism. KA's Maryland chapter pioneered an annual racially degrading blackface tradition known as the Cotton Pickers' Minstrel, which only ceased in 1966. In November 2002, the Zeta Psi and Kappa Alpha Order chapters at the University of Virginia were suspended and subsequently cleared after the fraternities held a Halloween party where a few guests were photographed wearing blackface and dressed up as Uncle Sam and Venus and Serena Williams.

In 2009, Kappa Alpha Order at the University of Alabama was criticized for wearing Confederate uniforms for an Old South Parade that passed by an African-American sorority house celebrating its 35th anniversary. The organization apologized for any offense that might have been caused. Kappa Alpha Order on other campuses, including Auburn, Centenary College, Mississippi State University, and the University of Georgia, had already ceased to wear Confederate uniforms in public following complaints from students. The national organization banned the wearing of Confederate uniforms to its "Old South" parades in 2010, although video from 2012 showed the uniforms still being worn. Kappa Alpha order further outlawed the name "Old South" from being used for social events in 2013. In 2020, the chapter was suspended for a minimum of four years for "racial prejudice, gender discrimination, misogyny, and threatening behavior".

In April 2016, the fraternity's Tulane University chapter in New Orleans, Louisiana, constructed a sand-bag wall around its house that contained spray-painted slogans about Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump's proposal to build a wall between the U.S. and Mexico. The chapter said that the wall had been built for an annual "capture the flag" game and that the pro-Trump slogans were satirical and not in support of the candidate or his message. Some students protested that the wall was offensive and anti-immigrant or anti-Latino. The wall was later forcefully dismantled, allegedly in part by members of the Tulane football team.

Edmondson notes that there is a glaring historical legacy between KA's history of devotion to protecting white womanhood and a 2019 incident in which three members of its University of Mississippi chapter were suspended after they posted a photo on an Instagram account showing them posing with guns next to a bullet-riddled sign memorializing Emmett Till. The local U.S. Attorney said that the incident regarding the Till memorial had been referred for further investigation to the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice. and withdrew from the university, but they were not charged with a hate crime.

Other misconduct

In 1980, several students at Vanderbilt University including Graham Matthews, an African-American graduate student in the divinity school, decided to hold Nat Turner Day to protest the fraternity's celebration of Old South Day, when KA brothers dressed as CSA personnel. The university administrators sided with KA, banned Nat Turner Day, and let KA parade in their Confederate costumes. Michael Patton, now a philosophy professor at the University of Montevallo, "put on a cap with antlers"; he was called a homophobic slur and beaten up by the KA chapter.

In 2008, the fraternity chapter at Midwestern State University was suspended for three years after a pledge almost died due to alcohol poisoning under the fraternity's supervision.

In 2011, an investigation was started after a fraternity member fired a shotgun inside the University of Texas at Austin's chapter house. Following claims by the fraternity that the chapter had hazed pledges, hired adult performers for multiple live sex shows, and broken other fraternity rules, the fraternity suspended the chapter for one year. The chapter refuted the hazing allegation as minor and unsupported by evidence and broke ties with the national organization, forming a new fraternity Texas Omicron. Kappa Alpha Order then sued Texas Omicron, unsuccessfully, for dues and other monies, as well as furnishings from the chapter house.

In 2015, Jonathan Ford, the son of Alabama State Representative Craig Ford and a former football recruit at Birmingham-Southern College, sued the fraternity for hazing and injuries he says he sustained while pledging which resulted in his football career ending prematurely.

In 2016, the chapter at the University of Richmond was suspended after a strongly sexist and offensive email sent by the fraternity was reported to the university.

In 2016, the chapter at the University of Missouri was placed on suspension and investigation after a freshman pledging was hospitalized due to a hazing incident that involved drinking excessive amounts of alcohol with the purported purpose of somehow validating his manhood.

In 2016, the fraternity chapter at the College of Charleston was closed after the chapter president and other members were arrested for being involved in a multi-million dollar off-campus drug ring.

In 2017, the fraternity chapter at Southern Methodist University was suspended for four years and members living in the chapter house were forced to evacuate the premises for hazing pledges in the spring. The hazing included, according to the university: "paddling; servitude required of new members; forcing new members to consume alcohol; forcing new members to participate in calisthenics; forcing new members to consume food items such as jalapeños, habaneros, red onions, and milk until vomiting was induced; forcing new members to wear clothing soiled with vomit; sleep deprivation; 'underground membership.'"

In 2020, the fraternity chapter at Furman University was suspended for four years following an incident involving an unapproved off-campus party during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nearly 60% of attendees subsequently tested positive for COVID-19. The chapter had previously been subject to disciplinary probation for a misconduct incident in 2019.