Junkers Ju 86 - WikiHQ

The Junkers Ju 86 is a monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed and produced by the German aircraft manufacturer Junkers.

It was designed during the mid-1930s in response to a specification for a modern twin-engined aircraft suitable for use as both a high-speed airliner and a bomber. Junkers responded with a low-winged twin-engined all-metal monoplane; unusually, it was intended to be powered by Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines instead of petrol engines for greater fuel efficiency. It also had a smooth metal skin instead of the company's traditional corrugated exterior. On bomber-configured aircraft, bombs were carried vertically in four fuselage cells behind the cockpit; these bomb cells were replaced by seating for up to ten passengers on the civil airliner version of the Ju 86. On 4 November 1934, the first prototype, powered by Siemens SAM 22 radial engines, made its maiden flight; on 4 April 1935, the third prototype, which was the first civil-configured aircraft, flew for the first time.

The civil-oriented Ju 86 models were operated by a range of airlines, including the German flag carrier Deutsche Luft Hansa, Manchukuo National Airways, South African Airways, Iberia Airlines and AB Aerotransport amongst others. Some civilian aircraft would be converted into military aircraft following the outbreak of the Second World War. The type was employed by various air forces on both sides of the conflict, although the first military use of the Ju 86 was during the Spanish Civil War, where it was flown by the Condor Legion with mixed results. The Luftwaffe deployed its Ju 86s during the invasion of Poland, but opted to withdraw its diesel-engined aircraft fairly promptly while the radial-engined Ju 86 models were predominantly assigned to training roles thereafter. During late 1942, Ju 86s, along with all other available transport aircraft, were pulled from training schools to reinforce the Luftwaffes transport force in its attempt to supply the German 6th Army besieged at Stalingrad, although this attempt was soon ended due to Soviet advances.

The Ju 86P, which emerged in early 1940, could reach high altitudes because of its longer wingspan, pressurized cabin, and Junkers Jumo 207A-1 turbocharged diesel engines. It was used for reconnaissance aircraft and as a nuisance bomber over England until interception by modified Supermarine Spitfires led to its withdrawal. At one point, Junkers was developing the Ju 86R, fitted with even larger wings and new engines, to attain even higher altitudes, but this model never progressed beyond the prototype stage. Today, only a single Ju 86 is known to exist; it is on permanent static display at the Swedish Air Force Museum outside Linköping.

Design and development

Background

The origins of the Junkers Ju 86 are closely linked to the clandestine build-up of Luftwaffe during the mid-1930s. During 1934, the recently created German Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) and the German flag carrier Deutsche Luft Hansa worked together to produce a specification for a twin use aircraft, capable of operating both as a high-speed airliner for Deutsche Luft Hansa and as a medium bomber for the Luftwaffe. Distinct civil and military variants of the aircraft were sought; however, where the requirements were not fully compatible with one another, it was deemed that military needs took precedence over those of the civil side of the programme. It was intended to be powered by Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines, which although heavy, gave better fuel efficiency than conventional petrol engines. It was outfitted with distinctive Junkers control surfaces on the wing, similar to those on the Junkers Ju 52, that were hinged below the wing's trailing edge, with the outboard section on each side functioning as an aileron, and the inner section functioning as a wing flap. The airliner version replaced these bomb cells with seating for ten passengers; furthermore, the fuel tanks were relocated from the fuselage to the wings.

During late 1935, production of both pre-series military and civil aircraft commenced. Production was quickly transitioned to the improved Ju 86D, the chief differences of which being a modified tail cone that improved stability and an almost 50 per cent increase in fuel capacity over that of the Ju 86A. During the late 1930s, demand for the type was such that rival firm Henschel became involved in the production program.

Early use of the Jumo-powered Ju 86 bomber in the Spanish Civil War showed that it was inferior to the He 111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment during combat and thus difficult to keep operational.

During early 1942, Junkers was working on the Ju 86R, which used even larger wings and new engines and was reportedly capable of reaching even higher altitudes – up to 16,000 m (52,500 ft) – in order to continue evading increasingly advanced interceptors.

Export variants

left|thumb|Hungarian Ju-86K-2s, 1941

Civil variants, introduced in 1936, were designated Ju 86Z in three different models differing in their engines. The Jumo-engined Ju 86Z-1 (corresponding to the former B-0 or C-1) was sold to Swissair (one), Airlines of Australia (one), and LAN-Chile (three). A few were converted for radio interception activities.

Operational history

The bomber was field-tested in the Spanish Civil War by the Condor Legion. Four Ju 86D-1s arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a few sorties one of them was shot down in late February–early March 1937 by Republican fighters. A replacement aircraft was sent from Germany, but after two more were damaged in landing accidents, the remaining two aircraft were sold to the Nationalist air force, where they remained in service until at least the end of the Civil War. The Ju 86 had proved to be generally inferior to the Heinkel He 111 evaluated at the same time.

A single Gruppe of Ju 86 bombers (III KG 1 "Hindenburg") remained in operational service at the start of the Second World War and were used in the invasion of Poland, but replaced soon after. The diesel-engined Ju 86A and Ds were quickly retired while the radial-engined Ju 86E and Gs were transferred to bomber training schools. Soon after the conflict started, the (Air Fleet) commanders raided their training schools for Ju 52s as transport aircraft, together with their experienced aircrew instructors. This depletion continued with the formation of special bomber crews for the invasions of Norway, the Low Countries, and Crete. This was to a severe blow to the pilot training programme, and Lt-Colonel Paul Deichmann, Chief of Staff to the Luftwaffe's Chief of Training Helmuth Wilberg suggested that Ju 86s with dual controls and instruments could be easily produced to replace the appropriated Ju 52s. However, his contention that "the need for air transport services would soon reach tremendous proportions" was simply brushed aside by the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, Hermann Göring.

In late 1942, all available aircraft, including Ju 86s, were pulled out of the training schools to reinforce the Luftwaffes transport force in its attempt to supply the German 6th Army, besieged at Stalingrad. The Ju 86s formed two transport Gruppen, equipped with 58 aircraft, operating out of Tatsinskaya Airfield. They were unsuited to the transport role, and suffered heavy losses (42 Ju 86s were lost by the end of January 1943) before being forced out of the airlift when the Soviets captured Tatsinskaya, not having the range to reach Stalingrad from the replacement airfields. More than 40 Ju 86s were lost in this endeavour while the survivors were reallocated to training bomber crews.

Ju 86s operated by the Allies in the Second World War included 17 early-model units that had been in use by South African Airways. When the conflict broke out, these aircraft were militarised and armed as bombers with defensive guns and external bomb racks. These aircraft were initially used for coastal patrols along with the sole Ju 86K-1, playing an important role in the interception of the German blockade runner in December 1939. In May 1940, they were used to re-equip No. 12 Squadron SAAF, which was deployed in the East African Campaign from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on 14 June 1940. As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju 86s were passed from squadron to squadron, seeing their last use with No. 22 Squadron SAAF, which used it along with the Avro Anson in the coastal reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942.

During March 1939, Hungary used its Ju 86s to bomb Slovakian airfields and defensive positions during the Slovak–Hungarian War. From June 1941, Hungary's Ju 86s began to be replaced by Italian Caproni Ca.135 bombers. An independent bomber squadron, equipped with a mix of Ju 86s and Ca 135s was deployed in support of the Hungarian Gyorshadtest (or Fast Corps) during the German-led invasion of the Soviet Union. However, the Ju 86 was withdrawn from front line service by Hungary during 1942.

thumb|right|A Ju 86P high-[[altitude reconnaissance aircraft, with Jumo 207 turbocharged diesel powerplants.]]

In January 1940, the Luftwaffe evaluated the prototype Ju 86P, which could fly higher than 12,000 m (39,000 ft), where it was felt to be safe from enemy fighters. The British Westland Welkin and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9PD were developed specifically to counter this threat. Satisfied with the trials of the Ju 86P prototype, the Luftwaffe ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to Ju 86P-1 high-altitude bombers and Ju 86P-2 photo-reconnaissance aircraft, with pressurized fuselage, no armament, and a crew of two.

The Ju 86P operated successfully for some years over Britain, the Soviet Union and North Africa. During early 1941, the reconnaissance version flew sorties over Britain, but these stopped when Hitler invaded Russia (Operation Barbarossa). By mid-1942, the pressurized bomber version was available, and flew about a dozen nuisance raids over southern England. The RAF created a special interception squadron equipped with modified Supermarine Spitfire Mk IXs, leading to one bomber attempting a raid on Portsmouth being intercepted and damaged on 12 September 1942. After this, no further flights over England were attempted.

Variants

Prototypes

;Ju 86abl

:First bomber prototype.

;Ju 86bal

:Second transport prototype.

;Ju 86cb

:Third bomber prototype.

;Ju 86V4

:Prototype for the Ju 86B commercial transport aircraft.

;Ju 86V5

:Prototype for the Ju 86A bomber aircraft.

Production models

;Ju 86A-0

:13 pre-production bomber aircraft.

;Ju 86A-1

:Initial bomber version.

;Ju 86B-0

:Seven pre-production transport aircraft.

;Ju 86C-1

:Six transport aircraft for Deutsche Luft Hansa, powered by two Junkers Jumo 205C diesel engines.

;Ju 86D-1

:Bomber version.

;Ju 86E-1

:Bomber version for the Luftwaffe, powered by two BMW 132F radial engines.

;Ju 86E-2

:Powered by two BMW 132N radials.

thumb|right|Ju 86G - note the radial engines and rounded glazed nose

;Ju 86G-1

:Fitted with a round glass nose.

;Ju 86E-2

:Uprated version of the Ju 86E-1.

;Ju 86K-1

:Export version for South Africa and Sweden.

thumb|Hungarian Ju 86K-2

;Ju 86K-2

:Export version for Hungary.

;Ju 86K-4

:Export version for Sweden, similar to the Ju 86K-1, but fitted with two Bristol Pegasus III radials.

;Ju 86K-5

:Swedish-built bomber aircraft, powered by two Swedish-built Bristol Pegasus XII radials.

;Ju 86K-6

:Export version for Chile

;Ju 86K-7

:Export version for Austria and Portugal with BMW 132 radials.

;Ju 86K-13

:Swedish-built bomber aircraft, fitted with Swedish or Polish-built Pegasus engines.

;Ju 86P-1

:High-altitude bomber version, fitted with two Jumo 207 diesel engines and with turbochargers.

;Ju 86P-2

:High-altitude photo reconnaissance version, still equipped for bombing. Same engines as P-1.

;Ju 86R-1

:High-altitude photo reconnaissance version. Retained Jumo 207 engines.

;Ju 86R-2

:High-altitude bomber version.

;Ju 86R-3

:Powered by two Jumo 208 engines.

;Ju 86Z series

:Civil export models

Proposals

;Ju 186

:Proposed four-engined high-altitude bomber aircraft. Not built.

;Ju 286

:Proposed six-engined high-altitude bomber aircraft. Not built.

;K 85

:Proposed torpedo bomber version for the Swedish Air Force.

Operators

Military operators

;Austria

Austrian Air Force

;Bolivia

Bolivian Air Force

;Chile

Chilean Air Force

;Germany

Luftwaffe

;Hungary

Royal Hungarian Air Force

;Portugal

Portuguese Air Force

;Romania

Romanian Air Force

;South Africa

South African Air Force: The SAAF operated 18 aircraft, 17 Ju 86Z and one Ju 86K (from South African Airways). These aircraft were operated by 12 Squadron and 16 Squadron

;Spain

Spanish Air Force

;Sweden

Swedish Air Force

Civil operators

thumb|right|Junkers Ju 86Z, Manchukuo National Airways. M-223 "Huánglóng"

thumb|right|Ju 86B-1 of [[Swissair|Swiss Air Lines]]

;Australia

Southern Airlines and Freighters of Australia

;;Manchukuo (Manchuria)

Manchukuo National Airways

;South Africa

South African Airways

;Spanish State

Iberia Airlines

;Sweden

AB Aerotransport

;Switzerland

Swissair Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II and Warbirds Resource Group

|crew= two (pilot and radio operator)

|capacity=

|length m= 16.46

|span m= 32

|height m= 4.08

|wing area sqm= 97.06

|aspect ratio=

|airfoil=

|empty weight kg= 6,780

|gross weight kg=

|max takeoff weight kg= 11,530

|fuel capacity=

|more general=

<!--

Powerplant

-->

|eng1 number= 2

|eng1 name= Junkers Jumo 207B-3

|eng1 type= six-cylinder liquid-cooled two-stroke opposed-piston diesel engines

|eng1 hp= 1,000

|eng1 note= for take-off

::: at with GM-1 Nitrous Oxide injection

|prop blade number= 4

|prop name= constant-speed propellers

|prop dia m=

|prop dia ft=

|prop dia in=

|prop dia note=

<!--

Performance

-->

|max speed kmh= 420

|max speed note= at

::: at

|cruise speed kmh= 250

|cruise speed note= at

|stall speed kmh=

|never exceed speed kmh=

|minimum control speed kmh=

|range km= 1,750

|combat range km=

|ferry range km=

|endurance= seven hours and ten minutes

|ceiling m= 14,400

|g limits=

|roll rate=

|climb rate ms=

|time to altitude=

|wing loading kg/m2=

|fuel consumption kg/km=

|power/mass=

|thrust/weight=

|more performance=

<!--

Armament

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|guns=

|bombs=

|rockets=

|missiles=

|hardpoints=

|hardpoint capacity=

|hardpoint rockets=

|hardpoint missiles=

|hardpoint bombs=

|hardpoint other=

|avionics=

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Design and development

Background

Export variants

Operational history

Variants

Prototypes

Production models

Proposals

Operators

Military operators

Civil operators

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography