Joseph Taylor Robinson (August 26, 1872 – July 14, 1937) was an American politician who served as United States Senator from Arkansas from 1913 to 1937, serving for four years as Senate Majority Leader and ten as Minority Leader. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the state's 23rd governor, and was also the Democratic vice presidential nominee in the 1928 presidential election.
After studying law at the University of Virginia, Robinson returned to Arkansas, winning election to the Arkansas General Assembly. He won election to the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1903 to 1913. He won election as governor of Arkansas in 1912, but resigned from that position in 1913 to take a seat in the Senate. In the Senate, Robinson established himself as a progressive and strong supporter of President Woodrow Wilson. Robinson served as the chairman of the 1920 Democratic National Convention and won election as the Senate Minority Leader in 1923. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1924 election and was nominated as the Democratic vice presidential nominee in 1928. The Democratic ticket of Al Smith and Robinson lost in a landslide to the Republican ticket of Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis.
The Democrats took control of the Senate after the 1932 Senate elections and elected Robinson as Senate Majority Leader. With this role, he was credited with strengthening the power of the role of Senate Majority Leader. He passed Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs through the Senate, alienating some of his colleagues with his autocratic style. However, his vital role in getting legislation passed directly in the Senate chamber earned him the recognition as the New Deal's "marshal." In the midst of debate over the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, Robinson died due to heart failure.
Early life and education
Robinson was born in Lonoke, Arkansas, the son of Matilda Jane (née Swaim) and James Madison Robinson. He attended the University of Arkansas and earned a law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law.
Career
thumb|left|upright=0.8|Robinson 1913
In 1894 Robinson was elected to the Arkansas Legislature and served one term. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1902 from the Sixth District of Arkansas, and was re-elected to four subsequent terms, serving until 1913.
Robinson was a presidential elector in 1900.
In 1912, Robinson was elected governor of Arkansas. He resigned his U.S. House seat on January 14, 1913, and took office as governor on January 16. However, U.S. Senator Jefferson Davis had died on January 3, after the legislature had re-elected him to a new term beginning March 4, 1913; his seat was now open. On January 27, 1913, only 12 days after Robinson took office as governor, the legislature elected him to the U.S. Senate to replace Davis.
Robinson became the last U.S. Senator elected by a state legislature rather than by direct popular vote. The Seventeenth Amendment, which required direct election, took effect on April 8, 1913. All the other senators elected to terms starting in 1913 had been elected earlier; Senator James H. Brady of Idaho was elected to fill a vacancy on January 24; he was next to last.
Robinson resigned as governor on March 8, 1913. Although he served as governor for only 55 days, he worked to provide funds to complete the new state capitol building, create a labor statistics board, adopt an official state flag, and create the Arkansas State Highway Commission.
A self-described liberal, Robinson was a supporter of progressive legislation during his lifetime, as demonstrated in a 1911 speech when he voiced his support for measures such as an eight-hour workday and pensions for old disabled workers.
U.S. Senate
thumb|left|Robinson (left) in 1913
He staunchly supported the policies of President Woodrow Wilson even as other Democrats faltered. He championed the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act and worked to enact bills to regulate railroads and other key industries. He led the Senate to arm merchant ships and voted to declare war on Germany. He also led the unsuccessful effort in the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
Robinson was regarded as a progressive in Woodrow Wilson's image. Robinson gained influence in the Senate and later served as Chairman of the 1920 Democratic National Convention. Robinson was re-elected to the Senate in 1918, 1924, 1930, and 1936. In 1923, the Senate Democratic leader Oscar Underwood, who served as the Senate Minority Leader, resigned due to illness. Senior Democratic Senator Furnifold Simmons was expected to take Underwood's place, but withdrew his name from consideration after Robinson challenged him for the position. By unanimous acclamation, Robinson became the Democratic leader, a position he would hold until his death in 1937.
As minority leader, Robinson took over the distribution of patronage appointments and reformed the committee assignment process, decreeing that no senator would hold the top Democratic position in more than one important committee. A Capitol Hill resident, he never strayed far from the Senate chamber, but kept a constant watch over the proceedings in order to capitalize on any dissension within the Republican ranks. Known as a "horse trader," he made deals on both sides of the aisle and helped facilitate negotiations with the era's GOP presidents.
Robinson had presidential aspirations of his own. In 1924, he was a minor contender for the Democratic nomination. A "favorite son" candidate, he drew the support of his Arkansas constituents and the southern conservative members of his party. That year, however, his performance on a golf course brought him more attention than his short-lived race for the presidency. At the Chevy Chase Country Club (a favorite haunt for Washington politicians), a fellow golfer asked to move ahead of the senator's slow-playing foursome. Robinson refused to extend the courtesy to the local surgeon. After a few angry words, he hit the doctor, knocking him to the ground. The club expelled Robinson from its membership, and the press gave him a new title; he was now the "pugilist" senator.
The press referred to him as "scrappy Joe", and he nearly fought with Senate colleagues Robert M. La Follette, Porter J. McCumber, James Thomas Heflin, and Huey Long. Once the United States entered World War I, Robinson denounced those senators who opposed the war effort. After La Follette opposed it, Robinson questioned his patriotism on the Senate floor and La Follette almost got into a brawl with Robinson and had to be restrained. His response to a guard who questioned his credentials at the 1920 Democratic National Convention was a punch in the face. Despite this temper, he maintained strong friendships across party lines.
Court-packing proposal
thumb|left|upright=1.2|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt and Joseph Robinson in Washington D.C, 1933]]
In 1937, Robinson supported Roosevelt's proposal to restructure the United States Supreme Court (the "court-packing plan"). This support may have occurred in part due to Roosevelt promising Robinson the next appointment to the Supreme Court. Robinson himself was critical of the Court for having, as he saw it "delayed recovery," together with its invalidation of a New York minimum wage law (a decision that the Court later reversed). Robinson had a much more difficult time with the president's Reorganization Act of 1939, designed to add liberal justices to the Supreme Court. For weeks in 1937, he spoke, fought, and cajoled for the bill, but he could not stifle the criticism of scores of Republicans and Democrats. The Senate chaplain gave a brief sermon, and the United States Capitol Police escorted his body to a funeral train headed to Little Rock. Thousands of mourners traveled to the Arkansas capitol to witness Robinson's lying-in-state ceremony and to express their grief and their enormous admiration for the majority leader: the "fightingest" man in the U.S. Senate.
He is buried at the Roselawn Cemetery in Little Rock, Arkansas. His home in Little Rock, the Joseph Taylor Robinson House, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.
Legacy
thumb|right|[[Arkansas–Robinson half dollar]]
It is accepted that none of Robinson's predecessors would yield the same level of influence as he did while serving as party leader in the Senate, with his strong knowledge of Senate procedures and legislative issues permitting him to have such significant influence.
Robinson is the namesake of Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Arkansas's primary National Guard base; Robinson Center in downtown Little Rock; and elementary, middle and high schools on the northwestern edge of Little Rock.
Robinson's face appears on the reverse of a United States half dollar produced for the 1936 Arkansas Centennial; he was one of only four men to appear on a U.S. coin while living. This was a commemorative issue not intended for regular circulation. A total of 25,265 coins were minted.
Robinson is mentioned in True Grit, a novel by Arkansas writer Charles Portis. In an aside that illustrates the complexities of Southern political allegiances during the relevant period, Portis's narrator Mattie Ross says: " brought a good deal of misery to the land in the Panic of ’93 but I am not ashamed to own that my family supported him and has stayed with the Democrats right on through, up to and including Governor Alfred Smith, and not only because of Joe Robinson."
Electoral history
|+ U.S. Congressional Election – Arkansas 6th District Results 1902 – 1910
!Year || || Democratic || PCT || || Challenger || Party || Pct
|-
|1902 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || 89.3% || ||| W. H. Carpenter || Republican || 10.7%
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|1904 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || 62.0% || ||| R. C. Thompson || Republican || 38.1%
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|1906 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || 84.4% || ||| R. C. Thompson || Republican || 15.6%
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|1908 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || || || Unopposed || ||
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|1910 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || 81.6% || ||| B. C. Thompson || Republican || 18.4%
|+ Arkansas Gubernatorial Election Results
!Year || || Democratic || PCT || || Challenger || Party || Pct
|-
|1912 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || 64.7% || ||| Andrew I. Roland || Republican || 27.4%
|+ Arkansas U.S. Senatorial Election (Class 2) Results 1918 – 1936
!Year || || Democratic || PCT || || Challenger || Party || Pct
|-
|1918 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || || || Unopposed || ||
|-
|1924 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || 73.5% || ||| Charles F. Cole || Republican || 26.5%
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|1930 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || || || Unopposed || ||
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|1936 || ||| Joseph Taylor Robinson || 81.8% || ||| G.C. Ledbetter || Republican || 16.4%
See also
- List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (1900–1949)
References
Bibliography
- Donald C. Bacon, "Joseph Taylor Robinson: The Good Soldier", in .
External links
- Joseph Taylor Robinson in the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
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