thumb|right|200px|Johannes Buxtorf

Johannes Buxtorf () (December 25, 1564September 13, 1629) was a celebrated Hebraist, member of a family of Orientalists; professor of Hebrew for thirty-nine years at Basel and was sometimes informally styled magister rabbinorum, or "Master of the Rabbis", by early modern European authors such as Edward Pococke and Johann Christoph Wolf. His massive tome, De Synagoga Judaica (1st. ed. 1603), scrupulously documents the customs and society of German Jewry in the early modern period.

Buxtorf was the father of Johannes Buxtorf the Younger.

Life

Buxtorf was born at Kamen in Westphalia. The original form of the name was Bockstrop, or Boxtrop, from which was derived the family crest, which bore the figure of a goat (German Bock, he-goat). After the death of his father, who was minister of Kamen, Buxtorf studied at Marburg and the newly founded Herborn Academy, at the latter of which Caspar Olevian (1536–1587) and Johannes Piscator (1546–1625) had been appointed professors of theology. At a later date Piscator received the assistance of Buxtorf in the preparation of his Latin translation of the Old Testament, published at Herborn in 1602–1603. From Herborn Buxtorf went to Heidelberg, and thence to Basel, attracted by the reputation of Johann Jakob Grynaeus and J. G. Hospinian (1515–1575).

After a short residence at Basel, he studied successively under Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575) at Zürich and Theodore Beza at Geneva. On his return to Basel, Grynaeus, desirous that the services of so promising a scholar should be secured to the university, procured him a situation as tutor in the family of Leo Curio, son of Celio Secondo Curione, well known for his sufferings on account of the Reformed faith. At the insistence of Grynaeus, Buxtorf undertook the duties of the Hebrew chair in the university, and discharged them for two years with such ability that at the end of that time he was unanimously appointed to the vacant office. From this date (1591) to his death in 1629 he remained in Basel, and devoted himself with remarkable zeal to the study of Hebrew and rabbinic literature. He received into his house many learned Jews, that he might discuss his difficulties with them, and he was frequently consulted by Jews themselves on matters relating to their ceremonial law. His partiality for Jewish society brought him, indeed, on one occasion into trouble with the authorities of the city, the laws against the Jews being very strict. Nevertheless, on the whole, his relations with the city of Basel were friendly. He remained firmly attached to the university which first recognized his merits, and declined two invitations from the University of Leiden and Academy of Saumur successively. His correspondence with the most distinguished scholars of the day was very extensive; the library of the university of Basel contains a rich collection of letters, which are valuable for a literary history of the time.

References

Further reading

  • Athenae Rauricae, pp. 444–448.
  • Articles in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopädie, and Herzog-Hauck, Realencyk..
  • Stephen G. Burnett, From Christian Hebraism to Jewish studies: Johannes Buxtorf (1564–1629) and Hebrew learning in the seventeenth century (Studies in the history of Christian thought 68). Leiden u.a.: Brill 1996.
  • J. M. Schroeckh, Kirchengeschichte, vol. v. (Post-Reformation period), pp. 72 seq. (Leipzig, 1806).
  • E. Kautsch, Johannes Buxtorf der Ältere (1879).
  • G. W. Meyer, Geschichte der Schrift-Erklärung, vol. iii. (Göttingen, 1804).
  • J. P. Niceron, Mémoires, vol. xxxi. pp. 206–215.
  • Rudolf Smend, Vier Epitaphe - Die Basler Hebraistenfamilie Buxtorf (Litterae et Theologia 1). Berlin: de Gruyter 2010.
  • Synagoga Judaica
  • De abbreviaturis Hebraicis liber novus et copiosus, Cui accesserunt operis talmudici Brevis recensio, cum ejusdem librorum & capitum Indice. Item Bibliotheca rabbinica nova, cum Appendice, ordine Alphabethico disposita. Editione hac Ultima. Omnia Castigatiora & Lucupletiora. Franequerae, Apud Jacobum Horreum, 1646
  • Digitized works by Johannes Buxtorf at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York