Jerez de la Frontera () or simply Jerez or Xeres, is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Located in southwestern Iberia, it lies on the Campiña de Jerez, an inland lowland plain crossed by the Guadalete River, midway between the Atlantic Ocean, the Guadalquivir river and the western reaches of the Subbaetic System.
With a population of 214,844, Jerez de la Frontera is the most populated municipality in the province of Cádiz, and the fifth in Andalusia. The municipality covers an area of and includes Los Alcornocales Natural Park.
The area's record of human presence includes the nearby site of with occupation since perhaps the Atlantic Bronze Age up to the 10th century. Information about the current settlement is scarce before the 12th century under the Almohads, when it grew into the largest urban centre in between Seville and the Strait of Gibraltar. Jerez was conquered by the Crown of Castile in 1261. Winegrowing has long been Jerez's primary economic driver, particularly with the transition to modern agro-extractivism in the mid-18th century. Jerez and its surroundings are noted for the production of local grapes into Sherry wines. For most of the 19th century, the local wine was overwhelmingly produced for foreign export, preeminently catering to the British market. In this period, the city gained a reputation as a paradigm for large landowners and high levels of social inequality, as well as its winery-related identity.
Since 1987, Grand Prix motorcycle racing has been held at the Circuito de Jerez in early May. The circuit has also hosted several Formula One Grands Prix, including the 1997 European Grand Prix, which decided the 1997 Formula One World Championship. Other festivals in the city include the Feria de Jerez and Holy Week.
Etymology
thumb|Venencia Roundabout, also known as Catavino Roundabout
The classical Latin name of Asta Regia, unrelated to the present name, referred to an ancient city now found within Mesas de Asta, a rural district approximately from the center of Jerez.
The current Spanish-language name came by way of the Arabic-language name Sharīsh, used during the Muslim period in Iberia. The placename was rendered as Xerez or Xerés () in old Romance sources; hence the name of the famous fortified wine, sherry. ('frontier') referred to its location on the border between the Moorish and Christian regions on the Iberian Peninsula during the 13th century. Upon the Modern-era readjustment and simplification of Spanish-language sibilant phonemes (including changed into ) the spelling of the place name ended up being changed accordingly.
The old spelling Xerez survived in several foreign languages and led to the name given to sherry: Portuguese , Catalan , English sherry , French . The city's main football team continues to use the old spelling, Xerez.
History
Prehistory and ancient history
Traces of human presence in the area date from the upper Neolithic, and humans have inhabited Jerez de la Frontera since at least the Copper or Neolithic Age, but the identity of the first natives remains unclear. The first major protohistoric settlement in the area (around the third millennium BC) is attributed to the Tartessians. Jerez later became a Roman city under the name of Asta Regia (located 8 km further north at Cortijo el Rosario).
Middle Ages
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Vandals and the Visigoths ruled the area until the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early 8th century. In the 11th century it briefly became the seat of an independent taifa. Some years later 'Abdun ibn Muhammad united it with Arcos de la Frontera and ruled both (ca. 1040–1053). In 1053 it was annexed to Seville. From 1145 to 1147 the region of Arcos and Jerez briefly operated as an emirate under the dependency of Granada, led by Abu'l-Qasim Ahyal. Later the Almohads conquered the city. In the 12th and 13th centuries Jerez underwent a period of great development, building its defense system and setting the current street layout of the old town.
In 1231 the Battle of Jerez took place within Jerez. Christian troops under the command of Álvaro Pérez de Castro, lord of the House of Castro and grandson of Alfonso VII, king of Castile and León, defeated the troops of the Emir Ibn Hud, despite the numerical superiority of the latter. After a month-long siege in 1261, the city surrendered to Castile, but its Muslim population remained. It rebelled and was finally defeated in 1264.
Due to its agriculture-based economy and demographics, Jerez was already a major city of the Lower Andalusia towards the end of the Middle Ages.
thumb|Juderia street in Jerez.
Historically, a Jewish community existed in Jerez until the 1492 expulsion of the Jews. Today the street "Juderia", meaning Jewish quarter in Spanish, in Jerez marks where the old Jewish quarter once existed.
Early modern period
thumb|center|upright=3|Jerez in the 1560s, by [[Anton van den Wyngaerde, as seen from the North–East.]]
The discovery of the Americas and the conquest of Granada, in 1492, made Jerez one of the most prosperous cities of Andalusia through trade and through its proximity to the ports of Seville and Cádiz. Attracted by the economic possibilities offered by the winemaking business, a substantial foreign European population (English, Flemish, Portuguese and, most notably, Genoese) installed in the city. Together with the local wealthy class, they participated in slave ownership.
Despite the social, economic and political decadence that occurred in the seventeenth century, towards the end of the Habsburg rule, the city managed to maintain a reasonable pace of development, becoming world-famous for its wine industry.
Late modern period
In January 1892, a peasant uprising took place in Jerez and its violent repression lead to a series of protests and revenge bombings in the next decade.
In 2026, Jerez will hold the title of Spanish Capital of Gastronomy.right|thumb|Jerez in 1835
Geography
thumb|right|upright=1.4|Jerez as seen by the [[European Space Agency's Sentinel-2 on 21 June 2019.]]
Jerez de la Frontera is located in the region of Campiña de Jerez, which includes the municipalities of Jerez de la Frontera and San José del Valle. The territory of the region corresponds to the previous municipality of the city of Jerez, before the disintegration of San José del Valle in 1995. The municipality of Jerez is the largest in the province of Cadiz and the sixth in Spain with 1188 square kilometers.
The region of the Campiña de Jerez is crossed by the Guadalete River. There are several wetlands in its territory, such as the lagoons of Medina and Torrox. There are also the Montes de Propio de Jerez, included in the Natural Park of Los Alcornocales. Its agriculture is known for the designation of origin of its wine, sherry, grown in the triangle formed between Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda and El Puerto de Santa María.
Jerez de la Frontera is located from El Puerto de Santa Maria, from the Atlantic Ocean and from the Strait of Gibraltar. The city is one of the six municipalities that make up the Metropolitan Area of the Bay of Cadiz-Jerez, a polynuclear urban agglomeration formed by the municipalities of Cadiz, Chiclana de la Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Puerto Real, El Puerto de Santa Maria and San Fernando located in the Bay of Cadiz.
Climate
Jerez de la Frontera and the rest of the Cádiz metropolitan area have a Subtropical–Mediterranean climate. For its situation being inland (specially the airport which is further inland than the city), the Atlantic influences are small. Jerez is characterized by mild, short winters with occasional cool nights and hot, long summers with occasional very hot temperatures; unlike the surrounding coastal areas which are characterized by very mild winters and long warm summers. Most of the rain falls from October to January, while the summers are very dry but not rainless. For its situation being inland, the daytime temperatures are higher than in the coast and the lows are cooler, with a difference of at least 10 °C between the highs and the low temperatures of each month. The average annual temperature is during the day and at night. The average annual precipitation is per year, concentrated in the months of October through April. December is the wettest month with . The city averages 53 rainy days, 137 clear days and 2,965 hours of sunshine a year. Snow is extremely rare, and it is even more infrequent than in most of the southern European islands. The last snowfall recorded in the city happened on February 2, 1954. Since then, no snowfall has been recorded.
Demographics
As of 2024, the population of Jerez de la Frontera is 214,844, of whom 48.7% are male and 51.3% are female, compared to the nationwide average of 49.0% and 51.0% respectively. People under 16 years old make up 15.1% of the population, and people over 65 years old make up 18.5%, compared to the nationwide average of 14.3% and 20.4% respectively. and continued to select their best specimens to develop their own jealously guarded bloodline for almost four hundred years.
Jerez is the home of the Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art, a riding school comparable to the famous Spanish Riding School of Vienna.
Another famous equine institution headquartered in Jerez is the Yeguada Militar de Jerez de la Frontera (known outside Spain as the Yeguada Militar), the Spanish military stud farm dedicated to the breeding of purebred Andalusian and Arabian horses. Founded in 1847, it became the official stud farm of the Spanish military in 1893.
The 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games were held in Jerez at the Estadio Municipal de Chapín, which was remodeled for the event, from September 10 to September 22, 2002. This was the 4th edition of the games, which are held every four years and run by the FEI.
Flamenco
thumb|Monument to [[Lola Flores in Jerez de la Frontera]]
Jerez is proud of its Andalusian Centre of Flamenco, which was founded in 1993 to safeguard and promote the values and standards of flamenco. It is devoted to the investigation, recovery, and collection of flamenco-related historical documents, whether they are in audio, visual, or journalistic form. It also has a collection of flamenco artifacts, including musical instruments, costumes, promotional posters, sheet music, and postcards. The centre operates a museum and library to help educate the public and serve as a resource for scholars. Many of the most famous personalities of the city are or were involved in the performance of flamenco, including La Paquera de Jerez, Lola Flores and José Mercé.
Festivals
Grand Prix
Since 1987 the Grand Prix motorcycle racing has been held at the Circuito de Jerez in early May. Thousands of motorbikers from around the world come to the city this week to watch the MotoGP race held in Jerez annually. The race is one of the most watched races in Europe.
Feria del Caballo
Another popular festival is the Feria del Caballo (declared a festival of international tourist interest), one of the most famous Spanish fairs, and the most important fair in the province of Cádiz. It is celebrated annually in the Parque González Hontoria for one week in May, occurring always after the Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix. The a fair dedicated mainly to the horse. All booths (casetas) at the fair are open to the public, so that attendees may walk into any one of them and enjoy the food, drinks, and dancing. This is one of the main features that differentiates the Feria de Jerez from the rest of the Andalusian Fairs, such as the Seville Fair, where most of the casetas are private and only card-holding members are allowed in.
Holy Week
Holy Week in Jerez, as in other cities in Andalusia, commemorates the Passion of Jesus Christ. It is celebrated by Catholic religious brotherhoods and fraternities that perform penance processions on the streets during the last week of Lent, the week immediately before Easter. The Holy Week of Jerez de la Frontera stands out for being one of the most important in Andalusia in terms of number of brotherhoods, quality in its carvings and iconographic sets. Holy Week in Jerez was declared of National Tourist Interest in 1993.
Christmas
During the Christmas season, from the end of November to the end of December, many peñas (religious and cultural clubs) celebrate the holidays with public festivals where anyone can go to drink, eat, dance and sing Christmas carols, accompanied by friction drums called zambombas.
Other Festivals
- Flamenco festival de Jerez
- Carnival of Jerez
- Fiestas de la Vendimia (Declared a festival of international tourist interest)
Other institutions
The old quarter of Jerez, dating from medieval times, has been named an "Artistic Historic Complex". The Easter week celebrations in Jerez are of "National Touristic Interest", and its remarkable Feria del Caballo in May is an event of "International Touristic Interest".
The Andalusian Flamenco Centre is located in the Pemartín Palace (Palacio de Pemartín) and offers a library, displays, video films and live demonstrations of the art of flamenco dancing.
Sport
Circuito de Jerez
thumb|The [[Circuito de Jerez during the 2017 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix.]]
The city of Jerez is the first motorcycling world capital. It is the site of Circuito de Jerez, formerly called the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, where the annual MotoGP Spanish Motorcycle Grand Prix is contested.
The race course is also a prime destination for Formula One teams wishing to perform off-season testing. In the past it has hosted the F1 race itself, namely the Spanish Grand Prix between 1986 and 1990, before the race moved permanently to the Catalunya Circuit near Barcelona. Since then Jerez has hosted Formula One races a few times, with the designation of the European Grand Prix in 1994 and the race in 1997 which decided the 1997 Formula One World Championship.
Complejo Municipal de Chapín
thumb|Estadio Municipal de Chapín
thumb|Palacio de Deportes de Chapín
The Complejo Municipal de Chapín is a complex of sports facilities that includes a football stadium and field, a baseball field, equestrian facilities and a Sports Hall, as well as a futsal field and basketball and volleyball courts.
The Estadio Municipal de Chapín, a multi-purpose stadium, was built in 1988 and seats 20,523 spectators. In 2002 the stadium was remodeled to hold the 2002 FEI World Equestrian Games. The whole grandstand was covered with a roof, and a hotel and spa-gym were added. It was historically the home of Xerez CD, the city's club founded in 1947 and known simply as Xerez, which played in the top division in the 2009–2010 season. From 2014 to 2021, the stadium was the home of Xerez Deportivo FC, founded in 2013 to replace the old Xerez club. Since 2021, both Xerez Deportivo and Xerez CD have both occupied the Municipal, with both clubs currently playing in the Segunda Federación as of January 2026.
The stadium, which has a running track, was designated as an Olympic Stadium. The most important track team training there is the Club Atletismo Xerez Deportivo FC, which won the Spanish championships in 2001–2007.
Canasta Unibasket Jerez and DKV Jerez are the city's basketball teams; they play in Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín.
Venenciadores de Jerez, the city's baseball team, is currently without a home field and awaits completion of one in the Complejo Municipal de Chapín.
The main futsal team in Jerez is Xerez Deportivo FC (also known as Xerez Toyota Nimauto for sponsorship reasons). It was founded in 2014 and currently plays in the Ruiz Mateos Sports Center and the Palacio Municipal de Deportes de Chapín in Segunda Andaluza.
The most important rugby club is Club Rugby Xerez, which trains at the Pradera Hípica in Chapín.
Domecq Stadium
The Domecq Stadium was the first football stadium in Jerez de la Frontera. It was the home of Xerez CD and Jerez Industrial CF before its demolition. The Stadium del Parque (Park Stadium) was built in 1923 and remodeled (with the name of Domecq Stadium) in 1932 by the architect Francisco Hernández Rubio. It held 20,523 and it was demolished in 1988.
Juventud Stadium
thumb|Juventud Stadium
Currently, the Juventud Stadium is the oldest stadium in the city. It holds 5,000 and is the home of Jerez Industrial CF, founded in 1951, the main rival of Xerez.
Formerly, the football field belonged to the youth hostel which is located in the vicinity thereof, hence its name.
Antonio Fernández Marchán Stadium
It is the CD Guadalcacín stadium, which plays in the Tercera Division. It is placed in Guadalcacín, a neighborhood northern Jerez.
Other sports complexes
- Complejo Deportivo de La Granja
- Campo de fútbol de La Canaleja
- Campo de Fútbol Manuel Millán
- Campo de fútbol Juan Fernández Simón
- Campo de fútbol de Picadueña
- Polideportivo Ruiz-Mateos
Other sports
The 2014 Vuelta a España cycle race began in Jerez de la Frontera on 23 August, with a team time trial. The race followed a 21-stage route, finishing in Santiago de Compostela on 14 September.
Club Natación Jerez, is the main Swimming Club in Jerez. It has won the "Campeonato de España Master" ("Championship of Spain Master") many times.
Education
There are 76 elementary schools, 41 secondary schools, 12 adult education centres and 10 public libraries in the city of Jerez.
University of Cádiz
The University of Cádiz, the provincial university, has a campus in Jerez. It specializes in socio-political studies.
The city is also home to a member of the Official School of Languages (Escuela Oficial de Idiomas) and a centre of the National Distance Education University (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED).
Transportation
Airport
Jerez Airport, also known as Aeropuerto de La Parra, is the main airport in the province of Cádiz. It is located north of the city centre and is connected to the city by train and bus.
It was built in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War by the Nationalists in order to transport soldiers from Africa to Spain. The airport was open to civil traffic in 1992. It is the third most important airport in Andalucia after Malaga and Seville.
Train
Jerez has had a railway line since 1854, which was one of the first in Spain, the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway. The line went between Jerez and El Puerto de Santa María and transported wine barrels for export. Jerez de la Frontera railway station is used by more passengers than Cádiz and is the fourth busiest in Andalucia.
Next to the Aeropuerto de Jerez, there is a new train station which connects the airport through the Cercanías Cádiz line C-1 to nearby Jerez, and also to Cádiz, Sevilla, Lebrija, Utrera, El Puerto de Santa María, and San Fernando.
Bus
The city of Jerez has 16 bus lines:
- L 1 Esteve-San Telmo-Constitución
- L 2 Esteve-Picadueñas
- L 3 Esteve-La Plata-Mosto-San Juan de Dios
- L 4 Esteve-García Lorca-El Altillo
- L 5 Esteve-Campus-Guadalcacín
- L 6 Esteve-Campus-La Granja
- L 7 Angustias-La Pita-Estella del Marqués
- L 8 Circunvalación I
- L 9 Circunvalación II
- L 10 Canaleja-Atlántico-Esteve-Hacienda-Hospital
- L 12 Alcázar-C. Salud San Telmo-El Portal/Guadabajaque
- L 13 Alcázar-Blas Infante-Asisa
- L 14 Esteve-Villas Este-La Marquesa
- L 16 Casinos-Hipercor-Ortega Y Gasset
- L 19 Nueva Jarilla-Guadalcacín-Angustias
- L 20 Rotonda-García Lorca-Guadalcacín
Intercity buses
From Jerez are made regular trips to the following towns:
- Alcalá del Valle
- Algeciras
- Barbate
- Cádiz
- Chiclana de la Frontera
- Chipiona
- El Puerto de Santa María
- Los Barrios
- Madrid
- Málaga
- Medina-Sidonia
- Ronda
- Rota
- San José del Valle
- San Fernando
- Sanlúcar de Barrameda
- Sevilla
- Trebujena
- Zahara de los Atunes
Roads
{| | class="wikitable" border="1"
! Identifier
! Itinerary
! Observations
|-
| align="center" | <span style="background-color:blue; color:#FFFFFF;padding:2px">A-4</span> <span style="background-color:green; color:#FFFFFF;padding:2px">E-5</span>
| Madrid - Córdoba - Seville - Dos Hermanas - Jerez - El Puerto de Santa María - Puerto Real - Cádiz
| Connects Jerez and the Province of Cádiz to Province of Seville
|-
| align="center" | <span style="background-color:blue; color:#FFFFFF;padding:2px">AP-4</span> <span style="background-color:green; color:#FFFFFF;padding:2px">E-5</span>
| Seville - Jerez - Cádiz
| Connects Jerez and the Province of Cádiz to Province of Seville
|-
| align="center" | <span style="background-color:orange; color:#111;padding:2px">A-381</span>
| Jerez - Medina Sidonia - Alcalá de los Gazules - Los Barrios
| Connects Jerez to the Janda and the Campo de Gibraltar
|-
| align="center" | <span style="background-color:green; color:#FFFFFF;padding:2px">A-382</span>
| Jerez - Jédula - Arcos de la Frontera
| Connects Jerez to the Sierra de Cádiz
|-
| align="center" | <span style="background-color:green; color:#FFFFFF;padding:2px">A-480</span>
| Chipiona - Sanlúcar de Barrameda - Jerez
| Connects Bajo Guadalquivir to Jerez
|}
Bicycle
Jerez has of bike lanes that follow the main avenues of the city.
Demographics
According to official population data from INE, the municipality of Jerez had 213,105 inhabitants as of January 1, 2020. This makes Jerez the most populous city in the province, fifth in Andalusia, and 25th in Spain.
Growth
Growth of the population of Jerez de la Frontera from 1842
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bar:1930 text:1930
bar:1940 text:1940
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bar:1910 from:0 till: 62628
bar:1920 from:0 till: 65012
bar:1930 from:0 till: 72055
bar:1940 from:0 till: 89525
bar:1950 from:0 till: 107770
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bar:1970 from:0 till: 149867
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Population distribution
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Population centre names
! Kind
! Population 2012
! Distance from city centre
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| Cuartillos || Rural neighbourhood || 1,300 inhabitants || east
|-
| El Mojo-Baldío de Gallardo || Rural neighbourhood || 400 inhabitants || southeast
|-
| El Portal || Rural neighbourhood || 700 inhabitants || south
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| Estella del Marqués || Village || 1,650 inhabitants || east
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| El Torno || Village || 1,300 inhabitants || east
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| Gibalbín || Rural neighbourhood || 550 inhabitants || northeast
|-
| Guadalcacín || Village || 5,500 inhabitants || northeast
|-
| Jerez de la Frontera (city) || City || 190,000 inhabitants ||
|-
| La Barca de la Florida || Village || 4,353 inhabitants || east
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| La Corta || Rural neighbourhood || 550 inhabitants || south
|-
| La Ina || Rural neighbourhood || 800 inhabitants || southeast
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| Las Pachecas || Rural neighbourhood || 430 inhabitants || southeast
|-
| Las Tablas, Polila y Añina || Rural neighbourhood || 400 inhabitants || west
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| Lomopardo || Rural neighbourhood || 283 inhabitants || southeast
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| Los Albarizones || Rural neighbourhood || 420 inhabitants || southeast
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| Majarromaque || Rural neighbourhood || 500 inhabitants || east
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| Mesas de Asta || Rural neighbourhood || 600 inhabitants || east
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| Mesas de Santa Rosa || Rural neighbourhood || 300 inhabitants || north
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| Nueva Jarilla || Village || 1,600 inhabitants || northeast
|-
| Puente de la Guareña || Rural neighbourhood || 500 inhabitants || east
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| Rajamancera || Rural neighbourhood || 485 inhabitants || southeast
|-
| San Isidro del Guadalete || Village || 650 inhabitants || southeast
|-
| Torrecera || Village || 1,280 inhabitants || southeast
|-
| Torremelgarejo || Rural neighbourhood || 730 inhabitants || east
|}
Immigration
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People
thumb|Lola Flores monument
- Dolores Agujetas
- Manuel Alejandro
- Mercedes Chilla
- Daniel Güiza
- Kiko
- Lola Flores
- José Mercé
- Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
- Gerardo Núñez
- Juan José Palomino Jiménez
- Miguel Primo de Rivera
- Mala Rodriguez
- Luis Coloma, creator of Ratoncito Pérez
- José Manuel Caballero Bonald
- Juan José Padilla
- Rafael de Paula
- Pilar Paz Pasamar
- Carlos González Ragel
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Jerez de la Frontera is twinned with:
- Arles, France (29 July 1980)
- Tequila, Mexico (27 April 1982)
- Ciudad Juárez, Mexico (30 January 1998)
See also
- List of mayors of Jerez de la Frontera
- Monument to Primo de Rivera (Jerez)
- List of municipalities in Cádiz