Jean-Pierre Grumbach (20 October 1917–2 August 1973), known professionally as Jean-Pierre Melville (), was a French filmmaker. Considered a spiritual godfather of the French New Wave, he was one of the first fully-independent French filmmakers to achieve commercial and critical success. His works include the crime dramas Bob le flambeur (1956), Le Doulos (1962), Le Samouraï (1967), and Le Cercle Rouge (1970), and the war films Le Silence de la mer (1949) and Army of Shadows (1969).

Melville's subject matter and approach to film making was influenced by his service in the French Resistance during World War II, during which he adopted the nom de guerre (pseudonym) 'Melville' as a tribute to his favorite American author Herman Melville. He kept it as his stage name once the war was over.

His sparse, existentialist but stylish approach to film noir and later neo-noir films, many of them crime dramas, have been highly influential to future generations of filmmakers.

Biography

Early years

Jean-Pierre Grumbach was born in 1917 in Paris, the son of Alsatian Jewish parents Berthe and Jules Grumbach. His father was a rag merchant; the family lived in the ninth arrondissement of Paris. His eldest brother Jacques wrote for the Socialist Party weekly Le Populaire.

Grumbach left school at 17 working as a courier and then a wedding photographer. In 1937, he joined the Communist Party, but left in 1939 over the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. He adopted the nom de guerre 'Melville' after the American author Herman Melville, a favourite of his. On 29 June 1967, the studio and Melville's apartment burnt down. His personal archive of photographs and scripts was destroyed.

He became well known for his minimalist film noir, such as Le Doulos (1962), Le Samouraï (1967) and Le Cercle rouge (1970), starring major actors such as Alain Delon (probably the definitive "Melvillian" actor), Jean-Paul Belmondo and Lino Ventura. Influenced by American cinema, especially gangster films of the 1930s and 1940s, he used accessories such as weapons, clothes (trench coats), and fedora hats, to shape a characteristic look in his movies. He also displayed an interest in Eastern philosophies and martial traditions, as demonstrated in Le Samouraï and Le Cercle rouge. He self-described his style to André S. Labarthe as "nostalgic", while many commentators have noted its existentialist overtones.

Melville ultimately became so identified with the style that The New Yorkers Anthony Lane wrote the following about a 2017 retrospective of his films:

For several years, he sat on the executive board of the French film classification board, the Commission de classification des œuvres cinématographiques, of the Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée (CNC).

Personal life

Melville was married to his wife, Florence, from 1952 until his death. She worked as a producer on Two Men in Manhattan.

Although a friend of left-wing icons such as Jean-Luc Godard and Yves Montand, Melville referred to his politics as "right-wing anarchist" and "extreme individualist".

Melville was noted for wearing a trench coat, Ray-Ban sunglasses, and a Stetson hat, loving cats, and eating candy bars.

Death

thumb|Melville's grave at a cemetery in [[Pantin]]

Melville died on 2 August 1973 while dining with writer Philippe Labro at the Hôtel PLM Saint-Jacques restaurant in Paris; the cause of death has been variously given as a heart attack or a ruptured aneurysm. He was 55 years old and was writing his next film, Contre-enquête, a spy thriller for producer Jacques-Éric Strauss with Yves Montand in the lead. Melville apparently wrote the first 200 shots for the film. After Melville's death, Labro took over the project, hoping to finish writing and direct it but he eventually dropped it to film Le hasard et la violence (1974), also starring Montand and for producer Strauss.

Influence and legacy

thumb|Plaque commemorating Melville

Melville's independence and "reporting" style of film-making (he was one of the first French directors to use real locations regularly) were a major influence on the French New Wave film movement. Jean-Luc Godard used him as a minor character in his seminal New Wave film Breathless. When Godard was having difficulty editing the film, Melville suggested that he just cut directly to the best parts of a shot. Godard was inspired and the film's innovative use of jump cuts have become part of its fame.

Melville's approach to the crime film genre emphasized "habit and rules and codes and the consequences of breaking them". He influenced the work of directors Michael Mann and John Woo. Woo called Le Cercle rouge one of his favorite films, and called Melville "a god".

Other directors influenced by Melville include Martin Scorsese, Quentin Tarantino, Walter Hill, Johnnie To, Takeshi Kitano, John Frankenheimer, John Milius, Nicolas Winding Refn, Kim Jee-woon, Hossein Amini, Jim Jarmusch, and Aki Kaurismäki. The John Wick film series contains several nods to Melville's Le Cercle rouge.

Code Name Melville

Produced in 2008, the 76-minute-long feature documentary Code Name Melville (original French title: Sous le nom de Melville) reveals the importance of Jean-Pierre Melville's personal experience in the French Resistance during World War II to his approach to filmmaking.

Filmography

Feature films

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"

|-

! scope="col" | Year

! scope="col" | Title

! scope="col" | Notes

|-

!1946

|'

|Also producer

|-

!1949

|Le Silence de la mer

|Also producer and editor

|-

!1950

|Les Enfants terribles

|Also producer

|-

!1953

| When You Read This Letter

|

|-

!1956

|Bob le flambeur

|Also producer

|-

!1959

|Two Men in Manhattan

|Also producer and cinematographer

|-

!1961

|Léon Morin, Priest

|

|-

!1962

|Le Doulos

|

|-

!1963

|Magnet of Doom

|

|-

!1966

|Le deuxième souffle

|

|-

!1967

|Le Samouraï

|

|-

!1969

|Army of Shadows

|

|-

!1970

|Le Cercle Rouge

|

|-

!1972

|Un flic

|

|}

Acting roles

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"

|-

! scope="col" | Year

! scope="col" | Title

!Role

|-

!1946

|Vingt-quatre Heures de la vie d'un clown

|Narrator (voice)

|-

!1948

|Les Dames du Bois de Boulogne

|

|-

! rowspan="2" |1950

|Orpheus

|

|-

|The Glass Castle

|Cab Driver

|-

!1956

|Bob le flambeur

|Narrator (voice)

|-

!1957

|Amour de poche

|Commissar

|-

!1958

|Mimi Pinson

|

|-

!1959

|Two Men in Manhattan

|Moreau

|-

!1960

|Breathless

|Parvulesco

|-

! rowspan="2" |1962

|Le Signe du Lion

|Client

|-

|Le Combat dans l'île

|Terrorist

|-

!1963

|Landru

|Georges Mandel

|}

References

Footnotes

Sources

  • Eric Breitbart (2006). "Call Me Melville". New England Review 27:3. pp. 174–183
  • Montero, José Francisco, Jean-Pierre Melville. Crónicas de un samurái, Editorial Shangrila, Santander, 2014. Shangrilaediciones.com
  • Bertrand Tessier. Jean-Pierre Melville: Le solitaire. Fayard, 2017.

Further reading

  • Mann, Philip. The Dandy at Dusk: Taste and Melancholy in the Twentieth Century. London: Head of Zeus, 2017.
  • Tim Palmer "An Amateur of Quality: Postwar Cinema and Jean-Pierre Melville's LE SILENCE DE LA MER," Journal of Film and Video, 59:4, Fall 2006, pp. 3–19
  • Tim Palmer "Jean-Pierre Melville's LE SAMOURAI", in Phil Powrie (ed.) The Cinema of France, 2006, Wallflower
  • Tim Palmer "Jean-Pierre Melville and 1970s French Film Style," Studies in French Cinema, 2:3, Spring 2003
  • Bertrand Tessier "Jean-Pierre Melville, le solitaire", Editions Fayard, Paris, 2017. The first Jean-Pierre Melville biography. "The resistance period is informed on a different way through unpublished documents" (Le monde)
  • 23 November 2017,Biographie. Jean-Pierre Melville, le parrain
  • Daniel Israel Homage: a Tribute to Jean-Pierre Melville (1917-1973), 2022, D.I. Linguistic Solutions,
  • Bibliography of books and articles about Melville via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
  • Biography on newwavefilm.com
  • Jean-Pierre Melville World Socialist Web Site
  • Article at Senses of Cinema