Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807) was a French Royal Army officer who played a critical role in the American victory at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War. He was commander-in-chief of the Expédition Particulière, the French expeditionary force sent to North America during the conflict. He worked closely and well with George Washington, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

Military life

Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, or Rochambeau, was born in Vendôme, in the province of Orléanais, and he was educated at the Jesuit college in Blois. After the death of his elder brother, he entered a cavalry regiment and served in Bohemia, Bavaria, and on the Rhine during the War of the Austrian Succession. By 1747, he had attained the rank of colonel. He took part in the Siege of Maastricht and became governor of Vendôme in 1749. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Minorca on the outbreak of the Seven Years' War and was promoted to brigadier general of infantry. In 1758, he fought in Germany, notably in the Battle of Krefeld and the Battle of Clostercamp, receiving several wounds at Clostercamp. He was given the rank of lieutenant general in command of 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition.

thumb|Bataille de Yorktown by [[Auguste Couder; Rochambeau stands at the center of the painting, with Washington beside him]]

He landed at Newport, Rhode Island, on 10 July but was held there inactive for a year because he did not want to abandon the French fleet blockaded by the British in Narragansett Bay. In July 1781, the force left Rhode Island and marched across Connecticut to join Washington on the Hudson River in Mount Kisco, New York. The Odell farm served as Rochambeau's headquarters from 6 July to 18 August 1781.

Washington and Rochambeau then marched their combined forces to the Siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake. On 22 September they combined with the Marquis de Lafayette's troops and forced Lord Cornwallis to surrender on 19 October. The Congress of the Confederation presented Rochambeau with two cannons taken from the British in recognition of his service. He returned them to Vendôme, and they were requisitioned in 1792.

Return to France

Upon his return to France, Rochambeau was honored by King Louis XVI and was made governor of the province of Picardy.

Later life and death

After his imprisonment and subsequent release, Rochambeau met with Napoleon in 1801 and was given a pension. He later received the Légion d'honneur in 1804 after Napoleon's accession as emperor. Rochambeau died in 1807 at Thoré-la-Rochette during the First French Empire. There is a Rochambeau monument at French Hill in Marion, Connecticut, close to the Asa Barnes Tavern, the eighth campsite of his troops through Connecticut in 1781.

In 1867, the French Navy named a casemate ironclad frigate Rochambeau. In 1911, CGT named a transatlantic liner . In 1942, the US Navy named a troopship . In 2009, President Barack Obama signed the Omnibus Public Land Management Act with a provision to designate the Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route as a national historic trail. A bridge was named for Rochambeau in the complex of bridges known as the 14th Street Bridge (Potomac River) connecting Washington, D.C., with Virginia. A mansion on the campus of Brown University is named Rochambeau House and houses the French Department.

Memoirs

thumb|Jeanne Therese Tilles D'Acosta, Madame la Marquise de Rochambeau

Rochambeau's Mémoires militaires, historiques et politiques, de Rochambeau was published by Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival in 1809. Part of the first volume was translated into English and published in 1838 under the title Memoirs of the Marshal Count de R. relative to the War of Independence in the United States. His correspondence during the American campaign was published in 1892 in H. Doniol's History of French Participation in the Establishment of the United States.

Motto and coat of arms

{| border=1 cellspacing=5 width="50%"

|- valign=top align=center

| width="206" | Coat of arms

| Motto

|- valign=top

|align=center |100px<br />100px

|

; VIVRE EN PREUX, Y MOURIR <br /> (To live and die valiantly)

|}

References

Further reading

  • "Jean Baptiste Donatien De Vimeur Rochambeau." in Dictionary of American Biography (1936). online
  • Kennett, Lee. The French Forces in America, 1780–1783 (Greenwood, 1977),
  • Nager, Cody E. "The Fading Mirage Of Revolution: The French Expeditionary Force's Disillusionment With America, 1780–1782." The Historian 81#3 (2019), pp.&nbsp;426+. online
  • Tugdual de Langlais, L'armateur préféré de Beaumarchais Jean Peltier Dudoyer, de Nantes à l'Isle de France, Éd. Coiffard, 2015, 340 p. ().
  • Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, Memoirs of the Marshal Count de Rochambeau, Relative to the War of Independence of the United States, ed. and trans, by M.W.E. Wright (New York: The New York Times and Arno Press, 1971),
  • Arnaud Blondet, Préface Iris de Rode Jeux de guerre, l'histoire de l'armée de Rochambeau au secours des États-Unis 1780–1781 Tome I, Éditions Jean-Jacques Wuillaume – Trace ta vie, collection Histoire et Patrimoine, 2024, 384 pages.
  • Whitridge, Arnold. Rochambeau: America's Neglected Founding Father. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1965.
  • Whitridge, Arnold. "Rochambeau And The American Revolution" History Today (May 1962), Vol. 12 Iss. 5, pp.&nbsp;312–320.
  • conférence des associations Amis de Rochambeau et France-Etats-unis41 :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V958r618JWk&t=6s [archive]
  • Society of the Cincinnati
  • American Revolution Institute
  • France and the American Revolution at the John Carter Brown Library
  • <!-- Link lacks photo of gravestone. Not Reliable Source for any data -->