J. Peters - WikiHQ

J. Peters (born Sándor Goldberger; 11 August 1894 – 1990) was the most commonly known pseudonym of a man who last went by the name "Alexander Stevens" in 1949. Peters was a journalist, political activist, and accused Soviet spy who was a leading figure of the Hungarian language section of the Communist Party USA in the 1920s and 1930s. From the early 1930s, Peters was actively involved in the espionage activities of the Soviet Union in the United States, fabricating passports, recruiting agents, and accumulating and passing along confidential and secret information.

In October 1947, Peters was served with an arrest warrant for alleged violation of the Immigration Act of 1924, which required alien immigrants in America to possess a valid visa. On August 3, 1948, while appearing under subpoena before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), Whittaker Chambers identified Peters as a spy. Later that month, Peters appeared under subpoena before HUAC but did not cooperate. He invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to answer sensitive questions. On May 8, 1949, Peters left for communist Hungary to avoid imminent deportation by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Peters adopted the name "József Péter" and remained in Hungary until his death in 1990.

Early years

Sándor Goldberger (or Alexander Goldberger) was born August 11, 1894, in the town of Csap, Ruthenia, in the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Hungary. There were about 3,000 people in the town at the time of Sándor's birth, including a substantial number of ethnic Jews like the Goldbergers who had fled from official and popular repression in the Russian Empire.

Many of the Jews throughout the Kingdom of Hungary attempted to assimilate into society by the adoption of local language and customs, speaking Hungarian rather than Yiddish and, in general, attempting to become, in the words of one scholar, "more Magyar than the Magyars themselves."

Like most other Jewish families in Csap, the Goldberger family was poor, with Sándor's father working as a train brakeman before leaving to join his wife running a restaurant. He did not attend courses in that city, however, instead studying law on his own in Debrecen and returning only to take examinations. Sándor was assigned to the Italian Front, where he remained for the duration of the war. Sándor was won over to the Bolshevik cause and, together with four former prisoners of war who were released from Russian captivity in 1918, became one of the founders of the first local group of the Communist Party of Hungary in Csap. He managed to escape repression during the so-called White Terror after the collapse of the Hungarian Soviet regime, apparently benefiting from the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, which made Carpathian Ruthenia part of Czechoslovakia.

By 1929 Peters (using the name "Joseph Peter," with no "s" at the end) was living in New York City and the Secretary of the Communist Party's Hungarian Bureau. He attended the CPUSA's 6th National Convention in March 1929 as the official representative of the party's Hungarian Bureau. </blockquote> The secret apparatus, under Peters, carried out surveillance, exposed infiltrators, protected sensitive party records from seizure, and disrupted rival communist and leftist movements such as the Trotskyists. Another of his duties included maintaining contact with the Ware group in Washington, D.C., and he took over direct supervision of that group in 1935. The head of the CPUSA, Earl Browder, instructed Peters to co-operate with Soviet intelligence.

About 1936, Peters recognized that some members of the Ware group had potential for advancement within the government so a decision was made to separate them from the group. Chambers became the courier between the GRU and the new group. The members separated included Alger Hiss, Henry Collins and Lee Pressman. As an inside member of the Soviet Comintern and OGPU espionage network, Peters is believed to have participated in the planning of the kidnapping and alleged murder of fellow CPUSA member Poyntz by a Soviet assassination squad.

Peters was removed as head of the secret apparatus two months after Chambers broke with the espionage ring in 1938 and was replaced by Rudy Baker.

In September 1939, Adolf Berle noted just after meeting that Chambers had told him Peters worked with Alexander Trachtenberg, whom Chambers called "member of the Exec. Committee [CPUSA], Head of GPU in U.S."

In 1940, Paul Crouch (later an FBI informant) met with Peters (also Jack Stachel and William Weiner) in Memphis, Tennessee, regarding "underground matters," according to his SSIS testimony on October 26, 1951. Of Peters, Crouch said: <blockquote> Mr. CROUCH: I came to Memphis because I had just had discussions in New York with Fred Brown, alias Alpi, J. Peters. Senator EASTLAND: J. Peters was the Communist boss of this country who was over Earl Browder, was he not? Mr. CROUCH: On underground matters, things of that kind, yes. Senator EASTLAND: In fact, he was a Soviet military agent? Mr. CROUCH: Yes, an intelligence agent. He was in charge of all the intelligence work in this country for the international Communist movement. Senator EASTLAND: A direct representative of the Communist International in Moscow? Mr. CROUCH: Yes. Senator EASTLAND: On their payroll? Mr. CROUCH: Yes. Senator EASTLAND: On the payroll of the Russian military secret service? Mr. CROUCH: That is correct. He represented them in this country. </blockquote> Peters continued to work on the CPUSA's Central Committee staff on what a 1947 Soviet Communist party personnel report, called "special assignments." An examination of the Comintern's records turned up two 1943 messages from the GRU referring to a GRU officer in Washington as having come across "a group of workers singled out by the American Comparty CC [Central Committee] for informational work and headed by the CC worker 'Peter.'" Though usually called "Peters" in the United States, in Comintern archives, his name is often rendered as "Peter." "Informational work" was GRU parlance for clandestine activity.

Investigation

On August 3, 1948, in testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, Chambers publicly stated that Peters was, "to the best of my knowledge, the head of the whole underground United States Communist Party."

On August 30, Peters, under the name "Alexander Stevens" and represented by Carol Weiss King, was subpoenaed to appear before a congressional investigating committee. He refused to answer any questions and left prior to deportation procedures for Hungary.

In 1948, Louis Budenz wrote that he knew "J. V. Peters" as "Jack Roberts" in 1936.

In 1949, Hede Massing testified during Hiss's second trial about meeting Peters and described her involvement in greater detail in her 1951 memoir.

In 1952, Nathaniel Weyl, another member of the Ware Group, named Peters as head of that spy ring.

In his 1952 memoir, Chambers refers mostly to "J. Peters" but also states that he knew him as "Steve" while serving in the underground. </blockquote> Peters is identified as assisting Soviet espionage in deciphered KGB cables and in the KGB documents listed in The Haunted Wood by Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev. Many years later, he was located by Weinstein in Hungary and interviewed for Weinstein's book Perjury: The Hiss–Chambers Case.

Later years

After his return to Hungary in 1949, Peters served in official Party capacities without prominence. In the 1980s, he wrote a secret Party memoir for the Hungarian party's secret files, which become available to the public and formed an important basis of Red Conspirator by Thomas L. Sakmyster.

Death and legacy

Peters died in Budapest in 1990, "barely noticed in Hungarian newspapers."

In Red Conspirator, Sakmyster concludes that, as far as the Ware Group and related secret groups relate to Peters, they were "conducted by largely on his own initiative.... No Soviet agent ever served directly as his handler."