The Independent Television Commission (ITC) licensed and regulated commercial television services in the United Kingdom (except S4C in Wales) between 1 January 1991 and 28 December 2003.
History
thumb|right|ITC's former headquarters, now occupied by [[Ofcom (note the former IBA signage was removed).]]
The creation of ITC, by the Broadcasting Act 1990 to replace the television regulation functions of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (formed by the Sound Broadcasting Act 1972) and Cable Authority. From 1 January 1991 it regulated the existing ITV network. The 1990 act also established the Channel Four Television Corporation to run Channel 4, regulated by the ITC. There was no fanfare, as control was passed from Channel Four Television Company Limited.
Activities
The establishing act required the auction of Channel 3 licences for the fifteen ITV regions and nationwide breakfast time. Most of the Channel 3 licences were awarded to the incumbent ITV companies; however there were some controversial decisions:
- Carlton Television outbid Thames Television for the London Weekday licence; CPV-TV was the highest bidder, but its bid failed due to quality considerations.
- GMTV (changed to Good Morning Television as the bid name 'Sunrise Television' was already used by Sky News) outbid TV-am for the Breakfast television licence.
- TVS and TSW were deemed to have overbid for their licences, and hence their franchises were awarded to lower bidders Meridian Broadcasting and Westcountry Television, respectively.
On 1 January 1993 these new arrangements came into force, and the ITC began its job of 'light-touch regulation'. During this time, the ITC regulated the Channel 3 system as well as Channel 4. It issued licences to new satellite broadcasters and awarded the Channel 5 licence in the mid-1990s. It also regulated cable TV.
In the early 2000s, the British government, in a white paper, declared its intention to merge the ITC with the Radio Authority, Office of Telecommunications, and Radiocommunications Agency. This merger, under the Communications Act 2003, took effect on 29 December 2003. Most powers of the ITC are now exercised by the Office of Communications (Ofcom), making some powers – and the ITC itself – defunct.
Chairman
George Russell, last chairman of IBA
- Sir George Russell (1 Jan 1991 – 31 Dec 1996)
- Sir Robin Biggam (1 Jan 1997 – 28 Dec 2003)
The ITC's co-regulators and origins
Timeline of communications regulators (1953–present)
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:1266 height:331
PlotArea = width:1200 height:300 left:65 bottom:20
AlignBars = justify
Colors =
id:ntl value:rgb(0.769,0.188,0.608)
id:ofcom value:rgb(1,1,0.7)
id:gpo value:rgb(1,0,0)
id:mpt value:rgb(0,1,0)
id:ho value:rgb(0.7,0.25,1)
id:ra value:rgb(1,1,0)
id:rau value:rgb(0.894,0.890,0.129)
id:s4c value:rgb(0.635,0.984,0.565)
id:iba value:rgb(0,0.925,0.953)
id:itc value:rgb(0.992,0.725,0.784)
id:cable value:rgb(0.122,0.565,0.278)
id:taste value:rgb(0.110,0.545,0.906)
id:bbc value:rgb(0.949,0.133,0.333)
id:black value:black
id:avod value:orange
Period = from:1953 till:2024
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:11 start:1953 gridcolor:black
ScaleMinor = unit:month increment:1 start:1953
Define $whitearr = text:"<" textcolor:white shift:(5,-4) fontsize:16
PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:9 mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(0,-5)
bar: Engineering
from: 1954 till: 1972 text:"ITA (1954–1972)" color: iba
from: 1972 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1972-1990)" color: iba
from: 1990 till: end text:"NTL Broadcast/Arqiva (1990–)" color: ntl
bar:ILR
from: 1973 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1973–1990)" color: iba
from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"RA (1990–2003)" color: rau
from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:ITV
from: 1955 till: 1972 text:"ITA (1955–1972)" color: iba
from: 1972 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1972–1990)" color: iba
from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc
from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:Ch4
from: 1982 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1982–1990)" color: iba
from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc
from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:Ch5
from: 1997 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1997–2003)" color: itc
from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:Satellite
from: 1986 till: 1990 text:"IBA ('86–'90)" color: iba
from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc
from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:Cable
from: 1984 till: 1990 text:"CA ('84–'90)" color: cable
from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc
from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar: VOD
from: 2010 till: 2015 text:"ATVOD ('10–'15)" color:avod
from: 2015 till: end text:"Ofcom" color:ofcom
bar:'Taste'
from: 1988 till: 2003 text:"BSC (1988-2003)" color: taste
from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:Spectrum
at: start align:left $whitearr
from: start till: 1969 text:"General Post Office (1904-1969)" color: gpo
from: 1969 till: 1974 text:"MPT* ('69–'74)" color: mpt
from: 1974 till: 1990 text:"Home Office (1974–1990)" color: ho
from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"RA (1990–2003)" color: ra
from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom
bar:S4C
from: 1983 till: end text:"S4C Authority (1983–)" color: s4c
bar:BBC
at: start align:left $whitearr
from: start till: 2007 text:"BBC Board of Governors (1927–2007)" color: bbc
from: 2007 till: 2017 text:"BBC Trust (2007–2017)" color: bbc
from: 2017 till:end text:"Ofcom" color:ofcom
</timeline>
<small>* Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications [http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/ra/about/document/100years/milestne.htm]</small>
Alongside the ITC, two other independent bodies also dealt with complaints: the Broadcasting Complaints Commission dealt with injustices against individuals, whereas the Broadcasting Standards Council dealt with complaints about the moral content of programs, with no redress for individuals.
Historically, all of independent television (from 22 September 1955) and radio (from 8 October 1973) was governed by the IBA (Independent Broadcasting Authority) – joined by the Cable Authority in 1984. On 1 July 1985, the Home Secretary asked the IBA to review prospects for commercial DBS.
In 1988, the Broadcasting Standards Council was set up to monitor 'taste and decency' on television. In 1990, large-scale changes brought about the Radio Authority, the privatization of the IBA's engineering division as NTL, and formation of the Independent Television Commission.
Since its formation, the BBC has been primarily responsible for its own governance - initially through the Corporation's Board of Governors and since 1 January 2007 through the BBC Trust.
See also
- Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events