Hydrogen economy

thumb|Hydrogen has the most potential to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions when used in chemical production, refineries, international shipping, and steelmaking]]

The hydrogen economy is a term for the role hydrogen as an energy carrier to complement electricity as part of a long-term option to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The aim is to reduce emissions where cheaper and more energy-efficient clean solutions are not available. Low-carbon hydrogen, which is made using SMR with carbon capture and storage (blue hydrogen), or through electrolysis of water using renewable power (green hydrogen), accounted for less than 1% of production. Of the 100 million tonnes of hydrogen produced in 2021, 43% was used in oil refining and 57% in industry, principally in the manufacture of ammonia for fertilizers, and methanol.

To limit global warming, it is generally envisaged that the future hydrogen economy replace  gray hydrogen with low-carbon hydrogen. As of 2024 it is unclear when enough low-carbon hydrogen could be produced to phase-out all the gray hydrogen. The future end-uses are likely in heavy industry (e.g. high-temperature processes alongside electricity, feedstock for production of green ammonia and organic chemicals, as alternative to coal-derived coke for steelmaking), long-haul transport (e.g. shipping, and to a lesser extent hydrogen-powered aircraft and heavy goods vehicles), and long-term energy storage. Other applications, such as light duty vehicles and heating in buildings, are no longer part of the future hydrogen economy, primarily for economic and environmental reasons. Hydrogen is challenging to store, to transport in pipelines, and to use. It presents safety concerns since it is highly explosive, and it is inefficient compared to direct use of electricity. Since relatively small amounts of low-carbon hydrogen are available, climate benefits can be maximized by using it in harder-to-decarbonize applications. The cost of low- and zero-carbon hydrogen is likely to influence the degree to which it will be used in chemical feedstocks, long haul aviation and shipping, and long-term energy storage. Production costs of low- and zero-carbon hydrogen are evolving. Future costs may be influenced by carbon taxes, the geography and geopolitics of energy, energy prices, technology choices, and their raw material requirements. The U.S. Department of Energy's Hydrogen Hotshot Initiative seeks to reduce the cost of green hydrogen drop to $1 a kilogram by 2031, though the cost of electrolyzers rose 50% between 2021 and 2024.

History and objectives

Origins

The concept of a society that uses hydrogen as the primary means of energy storage was theorized by geneticist J. B. S. Haldane in 1923. Anticipating the exhaustion of Britain's coal reserves for power generation, Haldane proposed a network of wind turbines to produce hydrogen and oxygen for long-term energy storage through electrolysis, to help address renewable power's variable output. The term "hydrogen economy" itself was coined by John Bockris during a talk he gave in 1970 at General Motors (GM) Technical Center. Bockris viewed it as an economy in which hydrogen, underpinned by nuclear and solar power, would help address growing concern about fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution, by serving as energy carrier for end-uses in which electrification was not suitable.

A hydrogen economy was proposed by the University of Michigan to solve some of the negative effects of using hydrocarbon fuels where the carbon is released to the atmosphere (as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, etc.). Modern interest in the hydrogen economy can generally be traced to a 1970 technical report by Lawrence W. Jones of the University of Michigan, in which he echoed Bockris' dual rationale of addressing energy security and environmental challenges. Unlike Haldane and Bockris, Jones only focused on nuclear power as the energy source for electrolysis, and principally on the use of hydrogen in transport, where he regarded aviation and heavy goods transport as the top priorities.

In 1974 International Energy Agency (IEA) and the International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) were established. These organizations had several initiatives including advocating for national strategies to increase interest and visibility of the hydrogen economy.]]

A spike in attention for the hydrogen economy concept during the 2000s was repeatedly described as hype by some critics and proponents of alternative technologies, and investors lost money in the bubble. Interest in the energy carrier resurged in the 2010s, notably with the forming of the Hydrogen Council in 2017. Several manufacturers released hydrogen fuel cell cars commercially, and manufacturers such as Toyota, Hyundai, and industry groups in China planned to increase numbers of the cars into the hundreds of thousands over the next decade. However, the global scope for hydrogen's role in cars is shrinking relative to earlier expectations. By the end of 2022, 70,200 hydrogen vehicles had been sold worldwide, compared with 26 million plug-in electric vehicles.

Early 2020s takes on the hydrogen economy share earlier perspectives' emphasis on the complementarity of electricity and hydrogen, and the use of electrolysis as the mainstay of hydrogen production. feedstock for production of green ammonia and organic chemicals, long-haul transport (e.g. shipping, aviation and to a lesser extent heavy goods vehicles), and long-term energy storage.

In 2017 Japan published their strategy with a proposal to become the world's first "hydrogen society". Many provinces and cities in China have established hydrogen strategies. The European Union strategy, adopted in 2021, outlines a plan to develop large scale infrastructure for hydrogen including electrolysers in collaboration with multiple trade organizations. The US hydrogen strategy "presents a strategic framework for achieving large-scale production and use of hydrogen" over a 30 year period. Analysis suggests that even nations reliant on exports of natural gas like Qatar could benefit from hydrogen strategies that leverage existing infrastructure, expertise, and markets. As of 2021, 28 governments had published hydrogen strategies. However the actual strategies proposed are not necessarily based on climate friendly green hydrogen. The majority of the strategies have been characterized by scale first and clean later, meaning they add regulations to enhance the viability of green hydrogen but do not mandate it use. Economic analysis shows few national strategies can make their 2030 goals.

Current hydrogen market

Hydrogen production globally was valued at over US$155 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow over 9% annually through 2030.

In 2021, 94 million tonnes (Mt) of molecular hydrogen () was produced. Of this total, approximately one sixth was as a by-product of petrochemical industry processes. amounted to 2.5% of energy-related CO2 emissions and 1.8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2023 the Laura Maersk was the first container ship to run on methanol fuel. Ethanol plants in the midwest are a good place for pure carbon capture to combine with hydrogen to make green methanol, with abundant wind and nuclear energy in Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois. Mixing methanol with ethanol could make methanol a safer fuel to use because methanol doesn't have a visible flame in the daylight and doesn't emit smoke, and ethanol has a visible light yellow flame. Green hydrogen production of 70% efficiency and a 70% efficiency of methanol production from that would be a 49% energy conversion efficiency.

Uses

thumb|Hydrogen Ladder: Ranking of hydrogen applications and uses in the medium term, but analysts disagree

thumb|200px|right|Hydrogen fuel requires the development of a specific infrastructure for processing, transport and storage.

Hydrogen can be deployed as a fuel in two distinct ways: in fuel cells which produce electricity, and via combustion to generate heat. When hydrogen is consumed in fuel cells, the only emission at the point of use is water vapor. Hydrogen fuel can produce the intense heat required for industrial production of steel, cement, glass, and chemicals, thus contributing to the decarbonization of industry alongside other technologies, such as electric arc furnaces for steelmaking. Other applications are more speculative, including possible hydrogen planes. Hydrogen vehicles produce significantly less local air pollution than conventional vehicles. By 2050, the energy requirement for transportation might be between 20% and 30% fulfilled by hydrogen and synthetic fuels.

Hydrogen used to decarbonize transportation is likely to find its largest applications in shipping, aviation and to a lesser extent heavy goods vehicles, through the use of hydrogen-derived synthetic fuels such as ammonia and methanol, and fuel cell technology. The NZE foresees hydrogen meeting approximately 30% of heavy truck energy demand in 2050, mainly for long-distance heavy freight (with battery electric power accounting for around 60%).

Although hydrogen can be used in adapted internal combustion engines, fuel cells, being electrochemical, have an efficiency advantage over heat engines. Fuel cells are more expensive to produce than common internal combustion engines but also require higher purity hydrogen fuel than internal combustion engines.

In the light road vehicle segment including passenger cars, by the end of 2022, 70,200 fuel cell electric vehicles had been sold worldwide,

Ammonia

An alternative to gaseous hydrogen as an energy carrier is to bond it with nitrogen from the air to produce ammonia, which can be easily liquefied, transported, and used (directly or indirectly) as a clean and renewable fuel. Among disadvantages of ammonia as an energy carrier are its high toxicity, energy efficiency of production from and , and poisoning of PEM Fuel Cells by traces of non-decomposed after to conversion.

Buildings

Numerous industry groups (gas networks, gas boiler manufacturers) across the natural gas supply chain are promoting hydrogen combustion boilers for space and water heating, and hydrogen appliances for cooking, to reduce energy-related CO2 emissions from residential and commercial buildings. therefore any bio-SNG made may be reserved for production of aviation biofuel.

SNG

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) can be produced from low rank coal/lignite by using hydrogen.

Safety

thumb|A NASA engineer sweeps an area with a corn broom to find the location of a hydrogen fire. Hydrogen burns with a nearly-invisible flame.

In hydrogen pipelines and steel storage vessels, hydrogen molecules are prone to react with metals, causing hydrogen embrittlement and leaks in the pipeline or storage vessel. Since it is lighter than air, hydrogen does not easily accumulate to form a combustible gas mixture. In approximately 70% of hydrogen ignition accidents, the ignition source cannot be found, and it is widely believed by scholars that spontaneous ignition of hydrogen occurs. Hydrogen, like most gases, can cause asphyxiation in the absence of adequate ventilation.

Hydrogen infrastructure

Storage

Power plants

Xcel Energy is going to build two combined cycle power plants in the Midwest that can mix 30% hydrogen with the natural gas. Intermountain Power Plant is being retrofitted to a natural gas/hydrogen power plant that can run on 30% hydrogen as well, and is scheduled to run on pure hydrogen by 2045.

Costs

More widespread use of hydrogen in economies entails the need for investment and costs in its production, storage, distribution and use. Estimates of hydrogen's cost are therefore complex and need to make assumptions about the cost of energy inputs (typically gas and electricity), production plant and method (e.g. green or blue hydrogen), technologies used (e.g. alkaline or proton exchange membrane electrolysers), storage and distribution methods, and how different cost elements might change over time. These factors are incorporated into calculations of the levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOH). The following table shows a range of estimates of the levelized costs of gray, blue, and green hydrogen, expressed in terms of US$ per kg of H2 (where data provided in other currencies or units, the average exchange rate to US dollars in the given year are used, and 1 kg of H2 is assumed to have a calorific value of 33.3kWh).

|Production method

|Note

|Current cost (2020–2022)

|Projected 2030 cost

|Projected 2050 cost

| colspan="5" |Gray hydrogen (not including a carbon tax)

| rowspan="2" |International Energy Agency

| rowspan="2" |2022 costs estimated for June, when gas prices peaked in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine

|2021: 1.0–2.5

| rowspan="2" | –

|2022: 4.8–7.8

|PWC

|2021: 1.2–2.4

| colspan="5" |Blue hydrogen

| rowspan="2" |International Energy Agency

|Range dependent on gas price

|2020: 1.6–2.7

|1.6–2.7

|1.6–2.8

|GEP

|2022: 2.8–3.5

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

|Energy Transitions Commission

|2020: 2.2–5.2

|1.4–4.1

|1.1–3.4

|GEP

|2022: 2.8–5.3

|PWC alongside the falling cost of renewable power generation. The discovered price of green hydrogen in India is US$4.67 (INR 397) per kg as of June 2025.

Examples and pilot programs

thumb|A [[Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro powered by hydrogen fuel cells in Brno, Czech Republic]]

The distribution of hydrogen for the purpose of transportation is being tested around the world, particularly in the US (California, Massachusetts), Canada, Japan, the EU (Portugal, Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany), and Iceland. Natural gas vehicles can also be converted to run on hydrogen.

Also, fuel cell micro-CHP plants can be found in Japan and across the European Union. Such units can operate on hydrogen, or other fuels as natural gas or LPG. Under the ene.field and PACE projects — both co-funded by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) — a total of approximately 3,646 fuel cell micro-CHP units were installed across the European Union and the UK.

Australia

Western Australia's Department of Planning and Infrastructure operated three Daimler Chrysler Citaro fuel cell buses as part of its Sustainable Transport Energy for Perth Fuel Cells Bus Trial in Perth from 2004 to 2007.

By November 2020 the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) had invested $55 million in 28 hydrogen projects, from early stage research and development to early stage trials and deployments. The agency's stated goal is to produce hydrogen by electrolysis for $2 per kilogram, announced by Minister for Energy and Emissions Angus Taylor in a 2021 Low Emissions Technology Statement.

In October 2021, Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk and private investor Andrew Forrest announced that Queensland would be home to the world's largest hydrogen plant. This was scrapped in 2025.

In November 2024, the South Australian Government's plan to spend A$593 million on a 200MW hydrogen energy plant near Whyalla was granted federal approval under the EPBC Act. The project was to be developed by the Office of Hydrogen Power SA, ATCO Australia, and BOC, and intended "to supply additional grid stability for homes and businesses around the state, by using excess renewable energy generated from large-scale wind and solar farms to provide a consistent output of supply". Construction was scheduled to start in 2025, with completion and commissioning happening in 2026. This plan was scrapped in early 2025

China

In early 2022, China released the *Medium- and Long-Term Plan for the Development of the Hydrogen Energy Industry (2021–2035)*, outlining new development targets for the hydrogen sector over the subsequent 15 years . In November 2024, the *Energy Law of the People's Republic of China* was promulgated; effective January 1, 2025, this legislation officially conferred "energy" status upon hydrogen.

By 2026, China's total annual hydrogen production is projected to reach between 38 million and 40 million tons, accounting for 30% to 35% of the global total. This output is expected to comprise approximately 60% fossil-fuel-based hydrogen ("gray hydrogen"), 25% industrial by-product hydrogen ("blue hydrogen" or "quasi-blue hydrogen"), and 15% water-electrolysis-based hydrogen ("green hydrogen"). Notably, the production capacity for renewable-energy-based hydrogen (green hydrogen) is set to officially surpass 1 million tons per year. Furthermore, the cost of green hydrogen is expected to decline significantly: leveraging large-scale wind and solar power bases (such as those in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang), the ex-factory cost of green hydrogen in certain regions is projected to drop to 12–15 RMB/kg, thereby beginning to demonstrate the potential to compete with gray hydrogen (produced from coal or natural gas) [100]. Regarding electrolyzer technology, China's production capacity for electrolyzers is expected to exceed 70% of the global total. The hydrogen output of single alkaline (ALK) electrolyzer units is projected to increase to 5,000 Nm³/h, while Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) and Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) technologies are also expected to achieve large-scale commercial shipment volumes.

In the realm of storage and transportation, infrastructure is expected to evolve into an interconnected network. In 2026, China is set to officially launch "Comprehensive Hydrogen Energy Application Pilot Programs," with a specific focus on establishing hydrogen-dedicated highways. Provinces and municipalities—including Guangdong, Shandong, and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region—have already taken the lead in implementing policies that grant hydrogen-powered vehicles free or discounted access to expressways. Regarding hydrogen pipelines, demonstration projects for long-distance, high-pressure pure hydrogen pipelines—such as the "West-to-East Hydrogen Transmission" initiative—are expected to enter the operational phase, thereby addressing the demand for transporting green hydrogen from the northwestern regions to the eastern coastal areas. Significant breakthroughs are also anticipated in hydrogen storage: 70 MPa high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage is expected to become a standard feature in heavy-duty trucks, while ton-scale solid-state hydrogen storage systems (utilizing magnesium- or titanium-based materials) are expected to see demonstration applications within the field of hydrogen metallurgy. Additionally, ammonia (NH3)-based hydrogen storage solutions are expected to find practical application across storage, transportation, and automotive sectors. .

Application Sector: Shifting from transportation to the "main battlefield" of industry. Over 600 hydrogen refueling stations have been constructed; fuel cell stack lifetimes have surpassed the 25,000 to 30,000-hour mark; and high-power (260 kW+) fuel cell systems have entered mass production. By 2026, the cost of high-power stacks (exceeding 200 kW) had declined by approximately 40% compared to two years prior. Hydrogen-powered heavy-duty trucks are transitioning from pilot projects to large-scale commercial operations, with individual fleet sizes now exceeding 1,200 vehicles. Liquid hydrogen heavy-duty trucks can easily achieve driving ranges exceeding 1,000 kilometers and have entered small-scale mass production. These hydrogen heavy trucks cover a diverse range of applications—including short-haul shuttles for mines and steel mills, port logistics, and long-distance inter-provincial coal transport—with a cumulative deployment reaching 50,000 units. As of April 2026, China’s cumulative deployment of hydrogen-powered mining trucks exceeded 1,200 units. Wide-body dump trucks (70–100-ton class) account for approximately 70% of this total, followed by ultra-heavy-duty rigid mining trucks (over 200-ton class) at about 20%, and emerging technology models (liquid hydrogen/ammonia-hydrogen) at roughly 10%. These vehicles are concentrated in the regions of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Ningxia, and Shanxi, where they have been operating for over three years under extremely harsh environmental conditions. With the direct supply cost of green hydrogen dropping to around 15 RMB/kg, the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for hydrogen mining trucks operating under continuous 24-hour duty cycles has become nearly comparable to that of diesel-powered vehicles. In 2026, China’s hydrogen mining trucks were successfully exported to major mining conglomerates in Australia’s Pilbara region (350+ units), Southeast Asia (Indonesia: 200+ units), and South America (Chile and Peru: 120+ units). Hydrogen Ports: Four major hydrogen port clusters have taken shape, centered around the ports of Qingdao, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Tianjin, and Shenzhen Yantian. The total number of hydrogen-enabled ports nationwide now exceeds 20. Within these ports, the fleet of hydrogen-powered heavy-duty trucks and container trucks stands at approximately 5,000 to 8,000 vehicles. Hydrogen-powered rail-mounted gantry cranes and automated terminal equipment have been deployed for routine operations, while the self-sufficiency rate for green hydrogen supply within these ports has reached approximately 35%. Furthermore, high-power hydrogen fuel cell tugboats have commenced operations in the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta regions. By 2026, the national fleet of hydrogen-powered public buses is projected to number between 12,000 and 14,000 vehicles. These buses are primarily concentrated in regions with access to low-cost green hydrogen sources—such as Beijing, Zhangjiakou, Zhengzhou, and certain extreme-cold climate zones. Conversely, between 2024 and early 2026, cities like Foshan and Guangzhou experienced a "wave of service suspensions"; this phenomenon was triggered by a confluence of factors, including the expiration of local subsidies (necessitating the procurement of hydrogen from external sources at higher costs) and the end of the operational lifespan of fuel cell stacks. Consequently, other cities lacking access to affordable local hydrogen supplies have also begun adjusting their respective local policies. Green Chemicals: The primary focus of hydrogen application is shifting from the transportation sector toward industrial decarbonization. Million-ton-scale, near-zero-carbon steel production lines have achieved stable operation, marking the first instance where hydrogen has successfully replaced traditional coke as a reducing agent. Additionally, a project in Ningxia—integrating a 150,000-ton-per-year green hydrogen facility with coal chemical production—has officially commenced operations. Projects for the production of green ammonia and green alcohols (specifically green methanol) are coming online in rapid succession, directly addressing the rigid decarbonization demands of the shipping and refining industries. By 2026, hydrogen-powered trains and distributed hydrogen power generation stations are no longer considered novelties; indeed, cutting-edge explorations have even emerged at the intersection of hydrogen technology, quantum computing, and embodied AI.

European Union

EU Member States which have a relatively large natural gas pipeline system already in place include Italy, Belgium, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. In 2020, The EU launched its European Clean Hydrogen Alliance (ECHA).

France

Green hydrogen has become more common in France. A €150 million Green Hydrogen Plan was established in 2019, and it calls for building the infrastructure necessary to create, store, and distribute hydrogen as well as using the fuel to power local transportation systems like buses and trains. Corridor H2, a similar initiative, will create a network of hydrogen distribution facilities in Occitania along the route between the Mediterranean and the North Sea. The Corridor H2 project will get a €40 million loan from the EIB.

Germany

German car manufacturer BMW has been working with hydrogen for years..

The German government has announced plans to hold tenders for 5.5 GW of new hydrogen-ready gas-fired power plants and 2 GW of "comprehensive H2-ready modernisations" of existing gas power stations at the end of 2024 or beginning of 2025

Iceland

Iceland has committed to becoming the world's first hydrogen economy by the year 2050. Iceland is in a unique position. As of 2024-2026, Iceland continues to import nearly all the petroleum products necessary to power its transportation and fishing fleet. Iceland has large geothermal resources, making the transition to a hydrogen economy easier.

Iceland already converts its surplus electricity into exportable goods and hydrocarbon replacements. In 2002, it produced 2,000 tons of hydrogen gas by electrolysis, primarily for the production of ammonia (NH3) for fertilizer. Ammonia is produced, transported, and used throughout the world, and 90% of the cost of ammonia is the cost of the energy to produce it.

Neither industry directly replaces hydrocarbons. Reykjavík, Iceland, had a small pilot fleet of city buses running on compressed hydrogen, and research on powering the nation's fishing fleet with hydrogen is under way (for example by companies as Icelandic New Energy). For more practical purposes, Iceland might process imported oil with hydrogen to extend it, rather than to replace it altogether.

The Reykjavík buses are part of a larger program, HyFLEET:CUTE, operating hydrogen fueled buses in eight European cities. HyFLEET:CUTE buses were also operated in Beijing, China and Perth, Australia (see below). A pilot project demonstrating a hydrogen economy is operational on the Norwegian island of Utsira. The installation combines wind power and hydrogen power. In periods when there is surplus wind energy, the excess power is used for generating hydrogen by electrolysis. The hydrogen is stored, and is available for power generation in periods when there is little wind.

India

The discovered price of green hydrogen in India is US$3.9 (INR 328) per kg as of July 2025. The discovered price of green ammonia in India is US$641 (INR 55,750) per tonne as of July 2025.

India is said to adopt hydrogen and H-CNG, due to several reasons, amongst which the fact that a national rollout of natural gas networks is already taking place and natural gas is already a major vehicle fuel. In addition, India suffers from extreme air pollution in urban areas. According to some estimates, nearly 80% of India's hydrogen is projected to be green, driven by cost declines and new production technologies.

Currently however, hydrogen energy is just at the Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) stage. As a result, the number of hydrogen stations may still be low, although much more are expected to be introduced soon.

Poland

It planning open first hydrogen publication stations, The Ministry of Climate and Environment (MKiŚ) will soon schan competitions for 2-3 hydrogen refueling stations, Polish Deputy Minister in this ministry Krzysztof Bolesta.

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia as a part of the NEOM project, is looking to produce roughly 1.2 million tonnes of green ammonia a year, beginning production in 2025.

In Cairo, Egypt, Saudi real estate funding skyscraper project powered by hydrogen.

South Korea

The Ulsan Green Hydrogen Town is a hydrogen city project being developed in Ulsan. As of October 2024, 188 km of underground pipelines have been laid to connect hydrogen produced as a byproduct from petrochemical complexes to the city center.

Turkey

The Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization created the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (UNIDO-ICHET) in Istanbul in 2004 and it ran to 2012. In 2023 the ministry published a Hydrogen Technologies Strategy and Roadmap.

United Kingdom

The UK started a fuel cell pilot program in January 2004, the program ran two Fuel cell buses on route 25 in London until December 2005, and switched to route RV1 until January 2007. The Hydrogen Expedition is currently working to create a hydrogen fuel cell-powered ship and using it to circumnavigate the globe, as a way to demonstrate the capability of hydrogen fuel cells.

In 2009, Dr Graham Cooley was appointed CEO of ITM Power PLC, a manufacturer of electrolysers for green hydrogen production. Cooley raised almost £500 million for ITM and in 2021 opened the world’s largest electrolyser manufacturing facility in Sheffield. Cooley also served as a member of the UK Government’s Hydrogen Advisory Council.

In August 2021 the UK Government claimed it was the first to have a Hydrogen Strategy and produced a document.

In August 2021, Chris Jackson quit as chair of the UK Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association, a leading hydrogen industry association, claiming that UK and Norwegian oil companies had intentionally inflated their cost projections for blue hydrogen in order to maximize future technology support payments by the UK government.

United States

Several domestic U.S. automobile companies have developed vehicles using hydrogen, such as GM and Toyota. However, as of February 2020, infrastructure for hydrogen was underdeveloped except in some parts of California. The United States have their own hydrogen policy. A joint venture between NREL and Xcel Energy is combining wind power and hydrogen power in the same way in Colorado. Hydro in Newfoundland and Labrador are converting the current wind-diesel Power System on the remote island of Ramea into a Wind-Hydrogen Hybrid Power Systems facility. Five pump station hubs being delivered to heavy-duty H2 trucks in Texas. Hydrogen City built Green by Hydrogen International (GHI), to planning open in 2026.

In 2006, Florida’s infrastructure project was commissioned. First opened Orlando as public bus transportation, Ford Motor Company announced putting a fleet of hydrogen-fueled Ford E-450. Liquidated hydrogen mobile system was constructed at Titusville. An FPL’s pilot clean hydrogen facility operated in Okeechobee County.

A similar pilot project on Stuart Island uses solar power, instead of wind power, to generate electricity. When excess electricity is available after the batteries are fully charged, hydrogen is generated by electrolysis and stored for later production of electricity by fuel cell. The US also have a large natural gas pipeline system already in place. Australian clean energy company Pure Hydrogen Corporation Limited announced on July 22 that it has signed an MoU with Vietnam public transportation.