History of Pomerania

The history of Pomerania starts shortly before 1000 AD, with ongoing conquests by newly arrived Polan rulers. Before that, the area was recorded nearly 2000 years ago as Germania, and in modern times Pomerania has been split between Germany and Poland. Its name comes from the Old Polish po more, which means "(land) at the sea".

Settlement in the area started by the end of the Vistula Glacial Stage, about 13,000 years ago. Starting in the 10th century, Piast Poland on several occasions acquired parts of the region from the south-east, while the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark reached the region in augmenting their territory to the west and north.

In the High Middle Ages, the area became Christian and was ruled by local dukes of the House of Pomerania and the Samborides, at various times vassals of Denmark, the Holy Roman Empire and Poland. From the late 12th century, the Griffin Duchy of Pomerania stayed with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Rügen with Denmark, while Denmark, Brandenburg, Poland and the Teutonic Knights struggled for control in Samboride Pomerelia. In 1325, the line of the princes of Rügen died out, and the principality was inherited by the House of Pomerania, as part of the Empire by then termed the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, Kashubia remained with the Roman Catholic Church. The Thirty Years' and subsequent wars severely ravaged and depopulated most of Pomerania. With the extinction of the Griffin house during the same period, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648.

Prussia gained the southern parts of Swedish Pomerania in 1720. It gained the remainder of Swedish Pomerania in 1815, when French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars was lifted. The former Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania and the former Swedish parts were reorganized into the Prussian Province of Pomerania, while Pomerelia in the partitions of Poland was made part of the Province of West Prussia. With Prussia, both provinces joined the newly constituted German Empire in 1871. Following the empire's defeat in World War I, Pomerelia became part of the Second Polish Republic (Polish Corridor) and the Free City of Danzig was created. Germany's Province of Pomerania was expanded in 1938 to include northern parts of the former Province of Posen–West Prussia, and in 1939 the annexed Polish territories became the part of Nazi Germany known as Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The Nazis deported the Pomeranian Jews to a reservation near Lublin and mass-murdered Jews, Poles and Kashubians in Pomerania, planning to eventually exterminate Jews and Poles and Germanise the Kashubians.

After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the German–Polish border was shifted west to the Oder–Neisse line and all of Pomerania was placed under Soviet military control. The area west of the line became part of East Germany, the other areas part of the People's Republic of Poland even though it did not have a sizeable Polish population. The German population of the areas east of the line was expelled, and the area was resettled primarily with Poles (some of whom were themselves expellees from former eastern Poland), and some Ukrainians (who were resettled under Operation Vistula) and Jews. Most of Western Pomerania (Vorpommern) today forms the eastern part of the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in Federal Republic of Germany, while the Polish part of the region is divided between West Pomeranian Voivodeship and Pomeranian Voivodeship, with their capitals in Szczecin and Gdańsk, respectively. During the late 1980s, the Solidarność and Die Wende movements overthrew the Communist regimes implemented during the post-war era. Since then, Pomerania has been democratically governed.

Prehistory and antiquity

thumb|One of more than 1,000 [[Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|megalith sites in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern – the Lancken-Granitz dolmen]]

After the glaciers of the Vistula Glacial Stage retreated from Pomerania during the Allerød oscillation, A climate change in 8000 BC allowed hunters and foragers of the Maglemosian culture,

During the Bronze Age, Western Pomerania was part of the Nordic Bronze Age cultures, while east of the Oder the Lusatian culture dominated.

Beginning in the 3rd century, many settlements were abandoned, and formed the Gustow, Debczyn and late Willenberg cultures, which existed in Pomerania until the 6th century.

Timeline 10,000 BC–600 AD

thumb|right|[[Pomeranian culture – Pomerelian faced urns]]

~10,000 BC (Early Stone Age): first humans hunt in Pomerania after the Ice Age glaciers left (Hamburg culture,
3000–1900 BC (Late Stone Age): Linear Pottery culture, Funnelbeaker culture, Havelland culture, Corded Ware culture, Globular Amphora culture Lusatian Culture (Eastern Pomerania)
~550 BC–~250 AD (Iron Age): Jastorf culture (Western Pomerania, 550–50 BC), Pomeranian culture (Pomerelia, 650–150 BC), like Suebi, Goths, and Rugians.
since 200: Migration Period: great parts of the population move south, associated with Burgundians, Goths, Gepids, and parts of the Rugians Between 650 and 850 AD, West Slavic tribes settled in Pomerania. These tribes were collectively known as "Pomeranians" between the Oder and Vistula rivers, or as "Veleti" (later "Liuticians") west of the Oder. A distinct tribe, the Rani, was based on the island of Rügen and the adjacent mainland. In the 8th and 9th centuries, Slavic-Scandinavian emporia were set up along the coastline as powerful centres of craft and trade.

In 936, the Holy Roman Empire set up the Billung and Northern marches in Western Pomerania, divided by the Peene. The Liutician federation, in an uprising of 983, managed to regain independence, but broke apart in the course of the 11th century because of internal conflicts. Meanwhile, Polish Piasts managed to acquire parts of eastern Pomerania during the late 960s, where the Diocese of Kołobrzeg was installed in 1000 AD. The Pomeranians regained independence during the Pomeranian uprising of 1005.

During the first half of the 11th century, the Liuticians participated in the Holy Roman Empire's wars against Piast Poland. The alliance broke off when Poland was defeated, and the Liutician federation broke apart in 1057 during a civil war. The Liutician capital was destroyed by the Germans in 1068/69, making way for the subsequent eastward expansion of their western neighbour, the Obodrite state. In 1093, the Luticians, Pomeranians

Timeline 600–1100

thumb|upright|[[Stone ships at the site of an early medieval Scandinavian settlement, Altes Lager Menzlin, near Anklam]]

~650–~850: Slavic peoples appear and differentiate into several tribes grouped as Polabian Veleti (later Liuticians, Lutizians) in the West and Pomeranians in the East, resettling the regions left by the Germanic tribes
since 800: various Scandinavian settlements and tradeposts, including Ralswiek, Altes Lager Menzlin, and Wollin (then "Vineta" or "Jomsborg" of the Jomsvikings).
In the 980s, a stronghold in Gdańsk was built, probably by the Polish ruler Mieszko I, who thereby connected the future Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty with the trade routes of the Baltic Sea.
983: uprising in the marches, Lutici regain independence after forming the Lutici federation
1000: Congress of Gniezno constitutes Reinbern's Bishopric of Kołobrzeg
1005: Pomerania regains independence, bishopric dissolved
1056/57: The Lutici alliance breaks apart in a civil war,
1067/68 and 1069: Saxon expeditions raid and destroy Rethra, the main Liutician stronghold and temple.
1093: Lutici, Pomeranians

High Middle Ages

thumb|Cathedral, [[Kamień Pomorski|Kammin (Cammin, Kamien Pomorski), see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin, set up in 1140 in Wollin (Wolin)]]

In the early 12th century, Obodrite, Polish, Saxon, and Danish conquests resulted in vassalage and Christianization of the formerly pagan and independent Pomeranian tribes. Local dynasties ruled the Principality of Rügen (House of Wizlaw), the Duchy of Pomerania (House of Pomerania), the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp (Ratiboride branch of the House of Pomerania), and the duchies in Pomerelia (Samborides).

The dukes of Pomerania expanded their realm into Circipania and Uckermark to the Southwest, and competed with the Margraviate of Brandenburg for territory and formal overlordship over their duchies. Pomerania-Demmin lost most of her territory and was integrated into Pomerania-Stettin in the mid-13th century. When the Ratiborides died out in 1223, competition arose for the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp, which changed hands numerous times.

Throughout the High Middle Ages, a large influx of German settlers and the introduction of German law, custom, and Low German language turned the area west of the Oder into a German one (Ostsiedlung). The Wends, who during the Early Middle Ages had belonged to the Slavic Rani, Lutician and Pomeranian tribes, were assimilated by the German Pomeranians. To the east of the Oder this development occurred later; in the area from Stettin eastward, the number of German settlers in the 12th century was still insignificant. The Kashubians descendants of Slavic Pomeranians, dominated many rural areas in Pomerelia.

The conversion of Pomerania to Christianity was achieved primarily by the missionary efforts of Absalon and Otto von Bamberg, by the foundation of numerous monasteries, and by the assimilatory power of the Christian settlers. A Pomeranian diocese was set up in Wolin, the see was later moved to Cammin.

Timeline 1100–1300

thumb|right|upright|Monument of [[Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania|Swietopelk II the Great in Szeroka Street in Gdańsk]]

thumb|[[Stralsund, one of several Hanseatic cities in Pomerania. Brick Gothic was the typical medieval architecture that can be seen throughout the region.]]

1100: Unsuccessful siege of the Obodrite capital Liubice by the Rani
1102–1121/2: Bolesław III Wrymouth conquers Pomerania east of the Oder and the burghs of Szczecin (Stettin) and Wolin (Wollin, Jumne); first known dukes of the House of Pomerania (West) and Samborides (East)
1123–1125: Obodrite prince Henry subdues the Rani Wartislaw accepted the superiority of the Holy Roman Emperor and, with the exception of the newly won territories, also the superiority of the Polish duke.
1124/28: Otto of Bamberg's mission results in the Conversion of Pomerania to Christianity
1128: Rani forces assault and destroy Obodrite Liubice
1135: Boleslaw accepts the superiority of Holy Roman Emperor Lothair, who in turn grants him Pomerania as a fief, including the Oder area and the principality of Rügen which had not been subjugated yet.
since 1138: Boleslaw dies, the Griffin duchy regains independence from the Piasts
1140: Diocese of Cammin set up, centred at Wolin and subordinate directly to the Holy See
1164: Battle of Verchen, House of Pomerania becomes vassals of Henry the Lion's Duchy of Saxony
1168: Danish expedition led by Roskilde archbishop Absalon takes the Principality of Rügen, resulting in the conversion of the Rani who became Danish vassals
1170s and early 1180s: various encounters between Pomeranians and Danes. Danes raid Circipania and Wolin.
1181: House of Pomerania becomes vassal of Barbarossa's Holy Roman Empire
1184: Pomeranian navy repelled and destroyed by the Danes in the Bay of Greifswald
1186: All Pomerania under Danish control, Holy Roman Empire temporarily renounces her claims
since 1220: Ostsiedlung. Existing towns adopt German town law based on Lübeck law, Magdeburg law or Kulm law), new ones are established with these laws, woods and swamps are cleared and settled, existing villages are expanded and reorganized, new villages are founded.
1223–1283: House of Pomerania, the margraves of Brandenburg, the princes of Rügen and the Pomerelian Samborides compete for the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp after the Ratiborides branch of the House of Pomerania became extinct
1283–1294: Lands of Schlawe and Stolp part of Pomerelia

Late Middle Ages

thumb|300px|The [[Duchy of Pomerania (yellow) in 1400 within the Holy Roman Empire (P.-Stettin and P.-Wolgast are indicated); purple: Diocese of Cammin (BM. Cammin) and the Teutonic Order state; orange: Margraviate of Brandenburg; pink: duchies of Mecklenburg]]

The towns of the Hanseatic League were acting as quasi autonomous political and military entities. The Duchy of Pomerania gained the Principality of Rügen after two wars with Mecklenburg, the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp and the Lauenburg and Bütow Land. Pomerelia was integrated into the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights after the Teutonic takeover of Danzig in 1308, and became a part of Royal Prussia in 1466.

The Duchy of Pomerania was internally fragmented into Pomerania-Wolgast, -Stettin, -Barth, and -Stolp. The dukes were in continuous warfare with the Margraviate of Brandenburg due to Uckermark and Neumark border disputes and disputes over formal overlordship of Pomerania.

In 1478, the duchy was reunited under the rule of Bogislaw X, when most of the other dukes had died of the plague.

Timeline 1300–1500

thumb|University of Greifswald, founded in 1456

1294–1308: Margraviate of Brandenburg and Poland compete for Pomerelia after the Samborides died out.
1308: Teutonic take-over of Danzig (Gdańsk)
1309: Treaty of Soldin (Myślibórz) – The Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights purchases the Margraviate of Brandenburg's disputed claim to Pomerelia after conquering the territory.
1317–47: Duchy of Pomerania takes the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp as a Brandenburgian fief; in 1317, local Swenzones dynasty continues to rule; full incorporation into Pomerania-Wolgast in 1347.
1325–1356: Rügen War of Succession with Mecklenburg. Pomerania-Wolgast incorporates the Principality of Rügen.
1368/72: Pomerania-Wolgast partitioned into P.-Wolgast and P.-Stolp
1376–1394: Pomerania-Wolgast partitioned into P.-Wolgast and P.-Barth
1410: Gdańsk (Danzig) sides with Poland during the Polish war against the Teutonic Order.
1425: Pomerania-Wolgast again partitioned into P.-Wolgast and P.-Barth.
1448: First Peace of Prenzlau ends a war between Pomerania-Stettin and Brandenburg.
1455: Lauenburg and Bütow Land granted to the House of Pomerania.
1464: death of Otto III of Pomerania-Stettin, causes war for succession between Pomerania-Wolgast and Brandenburg.
1466: Treaty of Soldin: Duchy of Pomerania becomes a nominal fief of the Electorate of Brandenburg. Implementation failed, war flares up again.
1466: Second Peace of Thorn: the Teutonic Order cedes Pomerelia to the Polish Crown as part of what is later called Royal Prussia, Lauenburg and Bütow Land confirmed to the Duchy of Pomerania.
1478: Bogislaw X becomes sole ruler of the Duchy of Pomerania since all other male Griffins deceased, most of a plague epidemic.
1493: Treaty of Pyritz ends the armed Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflicts.

Early Modern Age

thumb|left|Invasion of the [[Swedish Pomerania|Swedish Rügen by Brandenburg-Prussia during the Scanian War, 1678]]thumb|right|The former [[Duchy of Pomerania (center) partitioned between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg after the Treaty of Stettin in 1653. Swedish Pomerania (West Pomerania) is indicated in blue; Brandenburg, including Brandenburgian Pomerania (East Pomerania) is shown in orange.]]

Following the Imperial reform of 1500, the Duchy of Pomerania became part of the Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, and after the division of that circle in 1512 it formed part of the Upper Saxon Circle.

The Duchy of Pomerania was fragmented into Pomerania-Stettin (Farther Pomerania) and Pomerania-Wolgast (Western Pomerania) in 1532, underwent Protestant Reformation in 1534, and was even further fragmented in 1569, while all parts stayed part of the Empire's Upper Saxon Circle. In 1627, the Thirty Years' War reached the duchy. Since the Treaty of Stettin (1630), it was under Swedish control. In the midst of the war, the last duke Bogislaw XIV died without an issue. Garrison, plunder, numerous battles, famine and diseases left two thirds of the population dead and most of the country ravaged. In the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia agreed on a partition of the duchy, which came into effect after the Treaty of Stettin (1653). Western Pomerania became Swedish Pomerania, a Swedish dominion, while Farther Pomerania became a Brandenburg-Prussian province. Swedish Pomerania stayed part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Swedish king became Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

A series of wars affected Pomerania in the following centuries. As a consequence, most of the formerly free peasants became serfs of the nobles. Brandenburg-Prussia was able to integrate southern Swedish Pomerania into her Pomeranian province during the Great Northern War, which was confirmed in the Treaty of Stockholm in 1720.

Throughout this time, Pomerelia was within Royal Prussia, a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with considerable autonomy. In the late 18th century, it became a part of Prussia.

Timeline 1500–1806

thumb|upright|[[Gustavus II Adolphus started the Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War from Pomerania, parts of which would remain Swedish until 1815. This and subsequent wars severely ravaged the region, two thirds of the population died during the Thirty Years' War.]]

1500: Imperial reform – Duchy of Pomerania becomes part of the Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.
1520s: Protestant Reformation
1627: Thirty Years' War reaches Pomerania, Duchy of Pomerania surrendered to the imperial army in the Capitulation of Franzburg.
1628: Battle of Stralsund (1628), Battle of Wolgast
1630: Treaty of Stettin (1630): Duchy of Pomerania allied to and occupied by the Swedish Empire.
1637: last Duke of Pomerania deceased, districts of Lauenburg and Bütow Land (Lębork and Bytow) had returned to Polish rule.
1644: Battle of Colberger Heide

thumb|left|Pomerania as part of the [[Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Westphalia]]

1648: Peace of Westphalia – partition of the Duchy of Pomerania: Western Pomerania becomes Swedish Pomerania, Farther Pomerania granted to Brandenburg-Prussia. Two thirds of the population dead, most of the duchy ravaged.
1653: Treaty of Stettin: Swedes withdraw from Farther Pomerania, Brandenburg sets up Province of Pomerania there.
1656–1660: Second Northern War – all of Pomerania affected by campaigns of Sweden, Brandenburg and Poland.
1656: Treaty of Labiau – Sweden allies with Prussia.
1657: Treaty of Wehlau, confirmed by subsequent Treaty of Bromberg – Prussian rights in Pomerania assured by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1658: Sweden and Prussia break their alliance and battle each other in Swedish Pomerania.
1660: Peace of Oliva restores the conditions before the war to Pomerania.
1675–1679: Scanian War between Sweden, Prussia and Denmark affects Swedish Pomerania and the Prussian province of Pomerania. Battle of Stralsund (1678).
1679: Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye restores pre-war conditions in Pomerania.
1700–1721: Great Northern War between Prussia, Sweden and Denmark; Kolberg was the subject of sieges in 1759, 1760 and 1761.
1772–1793: Partitions of Poland – Pomerelia is annexed into Prussia's province of West Prussia, plans to Germanize the province and discrimination of Polish population.

Modern Age

thumb|left|[[Gdynia, a major port city constructed in 1921 as Poland's harbour within the Polish Corridor]]

thumb|Map of the Prussian province Pomerania (Pommern) in 1905

thumb|right|Acquisitions of land from ethnic Poles for settling ethnic German commoners by the Prussian Settlement Commission in the [[Province of Posen|provinces of Posen and West Prussia (outside Prussian Pomerania)]]

thumb|Map of West Prussia and the [[Gdańsk Bay in 1896]]

From the Napoleonic Wars to World War I, Pomerania was administered by the Kingdom of Prussia as the Province of Pomerania (Western and Farther Pomerania) and West Prussia (Pomerelia).

The Province of Pomerania was created from the Province of Pomerania (1653–1815) (Farther Pomerania and southern Vorpommern) and Swedish Pomerania (northern Vorpommern), and the districts of Schivelbein and Dramburg, formerly belonging to the Neumark. While in the Kingdom of Prussia, the province was heavily influenced by the reforms of Karl August von Hardenberg and Otto von Bismarck. The Industrial Revolution had an impact primarily on the Stettin area and the infrastructure, while most of the province retained a rural and agricultural character. Since 1850, the net migration rate was negative, Pomeranians emigrated primarily to Berlin, the West German industrial regions and overseas. Also, more than 100,000 Kashubian Poles emigrated from Pomerania between 1855 and 1900, for economic and social reasons, in what is called the Kashubian diaspora. In areas where ethnically Polish population lived along with ethnic Germans a virtual apartheid existed (in Prussian Pomerania this was mostly the Lauenburg and Bütow Land), with bans on Kashubian or Polish language and religious discrimination, besides attempts to colonize areas of prevailingly ethnically Polish population with ethnic Germans the Prussian Settlement Commission, established in 1886 and restricted to act in Posen and West Prussia provinces only, parcelled acquired noble latifundia into 21,727 homesteads of an average of 13 to 15 hectares, introducing 154,000 ethnic German colonists before World War I, which were all outside of Prussian Pomerania, but are also located in areas today denominated as Pomerania in Polish geography. This was surpassed after 1892 by efforts of new private initiatives by minority of ethnically Polish Germans, but a majority in wide parts of Posen and West Prussia province, who founded the Prussian banks Bank Ziemski, Bank Społek Zarobkowych (cooperative central clearing bank) and land acquisition cooperatives (spółki ziemskie) which collected private funds and succeeded to buy more latifundia from defaulted owners and settle more ethnically Polish Germans as farmers on the parcelled land than their governmentally funded counter-party. A big success of the Prussian activists for the Polish nation.

After the First World War, under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the Pomeranian Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic was established from the bulk of West Prussia. Poland became a democracy and introduced the women's right to vote in 1918.

The German minority in the newly created Polish Republic moved to Germany in large numbers, mostly of their own free will and due to their economic situation. For use as a harbor within the Polish Corridor, Poland built a large Baltic port at the site of the former village Gdynia. Also under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the Danzig (Gdańsk) area became the Free City of Danzig, a city-state under League of Nations protection.

After the Kaiser's abdication, democracy and the women's right to vote were introduced to the Weimar Republic and through it to the Free State of Prussia and the Province of Pomerania of which it was a part. The economic situation worsened due to the consequences of World War I and the worldwide recession. As in the Kingdom of Prussia before, Pomerania was a stronghold of the nationalistic and anti-Semitic German National People's Party. Between 1920 and 1932, the government of the state of Prussia was led by the Social Democrats, with Otto Braun Prussian minister-president almost continuously during this time.

Timeline 1806–1933

thumb|[[Narrow gauge railways like "Rügensche Kleinbahn", operating since 1895, were built in all of Pomerania during the late 19th century.]]

thumb|Since the late 19th century, the Pomeranian coast is a tourist resort. In [[Binz, tourism started in the 1860s.]]

1806–1813: Napoleonic Wars in Pomerania
1806: Gustavia constructed.
1806/7: French forces take Province of Pomerania except for Kolberg.
1815: With the Kingdom of Prussia, the Province of Pomerania and West Prussia join the German Confederation (1815–1866).
1829–1878: West Prussia merged with East Prussia into Province of Prussia.
since 1840: introduction of a railway system
1846: 100 Kashubians led by Florian Ceynowa fail in an attempt to take the Prussian garrison Preußisch Stargard (Starograd Gdański) as part of anti-Prussian uprising.
1848: Poles stage an uprising in southern Pomerelia, engage in fights Tuchola Forest against Prussian soldiers.
1862: Oder and Swine deepened, heavy industry settled in Stettin.
1867: with the Kingdom of Prussia, the Province of Pomerania and Pomerelia within the Province of Prussia join the North German Confederation (1867–1871).
since 1870: considerable tourism at the Baltic coast, former fishing villages are turned into seaside resorts
1871: with the Kingdom of Prussia, the Province of Pomerania (and Pomerelia within the Province of Prussia) join the German Empire (1871–1918).
1872, 1875, 1891: administrative reforms
1878: West Prussia reestablished.
1918: November Revolution after World War I, "soldiers' and workers' councils" take over most Pomeranian towns.
1919: Treaty of Versailles: West Prussia dissolved, Pomerelia becomes part of the Second Polish Republic as part of Pomeranian Voivodeship, Danzig (Gdańsk) made Free City of Danzig.
1919: Counter-revolution, Freikorps active in German Pomerania.
1920: new democratic constitution of the Free State of Prussia now within the Weimar Republic
1920: Pomeranian Freikorps participate in the Kapp Putsch. Pomerelia then formed the Polish Corridor of the Second Polish Republic. Concerning Pomerania, Nazi diplomacy aimed at incorporation of the Free City of Danzig and a transit route through the corridor, which was rejected by the Polish government.

In 1939, the German Wehrmacht invaded Poland. Inhabitants of the region from all ethnic backgrounds were subject to numerous atrocities by Nazi Germany forces, of which the most affected were Polish and Jewish civilians. Pomerelia was made part of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The Nazis set up concentration camps, ethnically cleansed Poles and Jews, and systematically exterminated Poles, Roma and the Jews. In Pomerania Albert Forster was directly responsible for extermination of non-Germans in Danzig-West Prussia. He personally believed in the need to engage in genocide of Poles and stated that "We have to exterminate this nation, starting from the cradle", and declared that Poles and Jews were not human.

Around 70 camps were set up for Polish populations in Pomerania where they were subjected to murder, torture and in case of women and girls, rape before executions. Between 10 and 15 September Forster organised a meeting of top Nazi officials in his region and ordered the immediate removal of all "dangerous" Poles, all Jews and Polish clergy In some cases Forster ordered executions himself. On 19 October he reprimanded Nazi officials in the city of Grudziadz for not "spilling enough Polish blood".

Timeline 1933–1945

thumb|[[World War II devastated Kolberg (Kolobrzeg), like most of Pomerania.]]

1933/1934: Enabling Act of 1933 established Nazi rule in the German Province of Pomerania. Gleichschaltung of the Province of Pomerania's administration, institutions and society. Repressions and internment of opponents. Establishment of an SA-led "wild" concentration camp in Stettin.
1939: Nazi Germany invades Poland and annexes Pomerelia and the Free City of Danzig, which were made part of the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia.
since 1939: atrocities by German Selbstschutz units and mass murder of the Polish, Kashubian and Jewish population of Danzig-West Prussia at Stutthof concentration camp and in the Mass murders in Piaśnica as part of the Intelligenzaktion in Pomerania
1940: deportation of all Jews from German Pomerania, including non-Jewish spouses living in mixed marriages, who had resisted pressure to divorce, to a reservation near Lublin in annexed Poland, where later they were murdered at the extermination camps of Belzec, Majdanek and Sobibor, prepared according to the Nisko Plan; Province of Pomerania declared judenfrei. Mass suicides, evacuations, flight, expulsion.

Communist era and recent history

thumb|Historical [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania (yellow) superimposed on modern Germany (red) and Poland (blue)]]

thumb|[["Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport]]

thumb|Centrum Dialogu „Przełomy”, a part of the [[National Museum, Szczecin|National Museum in Szczecin]]

thumb|[[Nowe Warpno - a popular destination for regional tourism near the border between Poland and Germany, close to Altwarp]]

In 1945, Pomerania was taken by the Red Army and Polish Armed Forces in the East during the East Pomeranian Offensive and the Battle of Berlin. After the post-war border changes, the German population that had not yet fled was expelled from what in Poland was propagated to be recovered territory. The area east of the Oder and the Szczecin (former Stettin) area was resettled primarily with Poles, who themselves were expelled from Eastern Poland that was re-attached to the USSR. Most of the German cultural heritage of the region was destroyed. Most of Western Pomerania stayed with Germany and was merged into Mecklenburg.

With the consolidation of Communism in East Germany and Poland, Pomerania was part of the Eastern Bloc. In the 1980s, the Solidarność movement in Gdańsk (Danzig) and the Wende movement in East Germany forced the Communists out of power and led to the establishment of democracy in both the Polish and German part of Pomerania.

Timeline 1945–present

1945: The Oder-Neisse line becomes the border between Poland and Germany
5July 1945: In addition, Stettin/Szczecin and the mouth of the Oder River were assigned to Poland by the Soviet Union
1945–1949: Soviet military officials east of the Oder-Neisse line subsequently hand over administration to Polish officials, Farther Pomerania and the Stettin area reorganized in the Polish Szczecin Voivodeship
1945/46: land reform in German Pomerania (Bodenreform)
1950: Koszalin Voivodeship split off Szczecin Voivodeship.
1946–1952: Western Pomerania (Vorpommern) without the Stettin/Szczecin area and Wollin/Wolin was fused with Mecklenburg to form the East German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, later Mecklenburg.
1952: German Pomerania partitioned between newly created administrative units ("Bezirk") Rostock, Neubrandenburg, and Frankfurt.
1970: Polish 1970 protests
1975: administrative reform of the Szczecin Voivodeship
1980: Solidarność movement emerges in Gdańsk and Szczecin, Communist rule in Poland starts to collapse.
1986: new port built in Sassnitz-Neu Mukran for the railway ferry between East Germany and the Soviet Union
1989: Die Wende movement results in a collapse of Communist rule in East Germany.
1990: Western Pomerania becomes part of the newly re-established state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern prior to German reunification.
1990: systematical decline of shipbuilding in Polish Pomerania
1995: Pomerania euroregion established
1999: Koszalin Voivodeship and Szczecin Voivodeship with some parts of neighboring voivodeships Słupsk Voivodeship, Piła Voivodeship, and Gorzów Voivodeship merged into West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
2007: the whole Pomerania in Schengen Area.
2011: new administrative division of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

History of Pomerania

Prehistory and antiquity

Timeline 10,000 BC–600 AD

Timeline 600–1100

High Middle Ages

Timeline 1100–1300

Late Middle Ages

Timeline 1300–1500

Early Modern Age

Timeline 1500–1806

Modern Age

Timeline 1806–1933

Timeline 1933–1945

Communist era and recent history

Timeline 1945–present

See also

Sources

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Prehistory and antiquity

Timeline 10,000 BC&ndash;600 AD

Timeline 600–1100

High Middle Ages

Timeline 1100–1300

Late Middle Ages

Timeline 1300&ndash;1500

Early Modern Age

Timeline 1500&ndash;1806

Modern Age

Timeline 1806&ndash;1933

Timeline 1933&ndash;1945

Communist era and recent history

Timeline 1945&ndash;present

See also

Sources

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Timeline 10,000 BC–600 AD

Timeline 1300–1500

Timeline 1500–1806

Timeline 1806–1933

Timeline 1933–1945

Timeline 1945–present