When the Soviet Union existed, different governments had ruled the northern Caucasus regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Within the Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, later annexed into the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, they were known as the Chechen Autonomous Oblast and the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which were unified on 15 January 1934, to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast. It was elevated to an autonomous republic as the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1936 to 1944 and again from 1957 to 1993. Its capital was Grozny.
However, because of alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War II, the autonomous republic was abolished on 7 March 1944 resulting the ethnic cleansing of the Chechens and Ingush from its territory. The autonomous republic's status was restored in January 1957. The 1979 census reported the territory had an area of and a population of 611,405 Chechens, 134,744 Ingush, and the rest were Russians and other ethnic groups. In 1810 a treaty facilitated Ingushetia's further integration into Russia. The Ingush needed an alliance with the Russians to protect their villages; at the same time, they hoped to gain political support in opposing the expansion of the Kabardian and Aksai princes. Finally, these agreements contributed to Ingushetia's economic development in the spread context of capitalist relations. The agreement of 23 August 1810 gave the Ingush the right to use the lands on the right side of the Terek River.
In 1859 historical Chechnya was annexed to Russia as well, in the context of the long Caucasian War of 1817–64.
Soviet period
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, on 20 January 1921, Chechnya and Ingushetia joined the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Partition of the Mountain ASSR began shortly after it was formed. On the advice of Anastas Mikoyan, the ASSR's Chechen District was separated on 30 November 1922, as the Chechen Autonomous Oblast. On 7 July 1924, the remains of the Mountain ASSR were split into North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and Ingush Autonomous Oblast. On 15 January 1934, Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Oblasts were joined into Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which was elevated in status to that of an ASSR (Checheno-Ingush ASSR) on 5 December 1936.
World War II
During World War II, in 1942–43, the republic was partly occupied by Nazi Germany while 40,000 Chechens fought in the Red Army. On 7 March 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the republic was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the Axis powers and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between Stavropol Krai (where Grozny Oblast was formed), the Dagestan ASSR, the North Ossetian ASSR, and the Georgian SSR where the extra territory was known as the Akhalkhevi District until 1957.
Khrushchev Thaw
During the Thaw period, Mikoyan advised Nikita Khrushchev on a policy that allowed the deportees and their families to return to Checheno-Ingushetia. On 9 January 1957, the ASSR was officially restored.
The collapse of Checheno-Ingushetia
On 27 November 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Checheno-Ingush Republic, and on 24 May 1991, according to the amendments to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called the Checheno-Ingush SSR. This decision before the dissolution of the USSR (December 1991) was not consistent with Art. 85 of the Constitution of the USSR, which retained the name of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR.
On 8 June 1991, at the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, a part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN). Following this, was proclaimed the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho), and the leaders of the Supreme Soviet of the republic were declared "usurpers".
On 15 September, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov arrived in Grozny. the last session of the Supreme Soviet of the republic was held, at which the deputies decided to dissolve the parliament. then up to 9.
On 27 October 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKChN The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Checheno-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, heads of a number of regions of the autonomous republic. The structures of previous power remained for several months after the September coup of Dudayev. Thus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB of Checheno-Ingushetia were abolished only by the end of 1991.
On 7 November, the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a decree declaring a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia. However, practical measures to implement it have failed. Two planes with special forces that landed at the airfield in Khankala were blocked by Chechen separatists. Leaders of anti-Dudayev parties and movements went over to the side of Chechen separatists. The Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia and its militia disintegrated in the first days of the crisis.
30 November – 1 December 1991 in three Ingush regions of Checheno-Ingushetia – Malgobek, Nazran and Sunzhensky – a referendum was held on the creation of the Ingush Republic within the RSFSR. 75% of the Ingush population took part in the referendum, 90% were in favor.
On 4 June 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation adopted the Law on the Education of the Ingush Republic. The creation of the republic was submitted for approval by the supreme authority of Russia – the Congress of People's Deputies. On 10 December 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the formation of the Ingush Republic by its resolution and made a corresponding amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR 1978, which officially divided the Checheno-Ingush Republic into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic. This amendment was published on 29 December 1992, in the "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" and entered into force on 9 January 1993, after 10 days from the date of official publication.
Demographics
- Vital statistics
:Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Births
! Deaths
! Birth rate
! Death rate
|-
| 1970
| align="right" | 22,651
| align="right" | 6,075
| align="right" | 21.2
| align="right" | 5.7
|-
| 1975
| align="right" | 22,783
| align="right" | 6,469
| align="right" | 20.4
| align="right" | 5.8
|-
| 1980
| align="right" | 24,291
| align="right" | 7,711
| align="right" | 20.7
| align="right" | 6.6
|-
| 1985
| align="right" | 30,745
| align="right" | 10,170
| align="right" | 25.0
| align="right" | 8.3
|-
| 1990
| align="right" | 31,993
| align="right" | 11,039
| align="right" | 28.2
| align="right" | 9.7
|-
| 1991
| align="right" | 31,498
| align="right" | 11,081
| align="right" | 26.3
| align="right" | 9.2
|-
| 1992
| align="right" | 28,875
| align="right" | 10,666
| align="right" | 23.1
| align="right" | 8.5
|}
- Ethnic groups
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! 1926 census<sup>1</sup>
! 1939 census
! 1959 census
! 1970 census
! 1979 census
! 1989 census
! 2002 census<sup>1</sup>
|-
| Chechens
|align="right" | 295,762 (61.4%)
|align="right" | 368,446 (52.9%)
|align="right" | 243,974 (34.3%)
|align="right" | 508,898 (47.8%)
|align="right" | 611,405 (52.9%)
|align="right" | 734,501 (57.8%)
|align="right" | 1,127,050 (71.7%)
|-
| Ingushes
|align="right" | 70,084 (14.5%)
|align="right" | 83,798 (12.0%)
|align="right" | 48,273 (6.8%)
|align="right" | 113,675 (10.7%)
|align="right" | 134,744 (11.7%)
|align="right" | 163,762 (12.9%)
|align="right" | 363,971 (23.2%)
|-
| Russians
|align="right" | 78,196 (16.2%)
|align="right" | 201,010 (28.8%)
|align="right" | 348,343 (49.0%)
|align="right" | 366,959 (34.5%)
|align="right" | 336,044 (29.1%)
|align="right" | 293,771 (23.1%)
|align="right" | 46,204 (2.9%)
|-
| Others
|align="right" | 38,038 (7.9%)
|align="right" | 43,761 (6.3%)
|align="right" | 69,834 (9.8%)
|align="right" | 74,939 (7.0%)
|align="right" | 73,612 (6.4%)
|align="right" | 78,395 (6.2%)
|align="right" | 33,755 (2.1%)
|}
- Combined results of Chechnya and Ingushetia
Maps
<gallery>
File:Ingush Autonomous Oblast.jpg|Map of the Ingush Autonomous Oblast
File:Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast (1934–1936).svg|Map of Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast
</gallery>
See also
- History of Chechnya
- History of Ingushetia
- List of leaders of Checheno-Ingushetia
- Checheno-Ingush Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Ingush nationalism
- Vainakhia