Historical capitals of China

thumb|Plot of major historical capitals of China prior to the 20th century

There are traditionally five major historical capitals of China, often addressed using cardinal directions:

Xi'an or the "western capital", known as Fenghao during the Western Zhou dynasty, as Chang'an during the Western Han, Western Jin and Tang dynasties, and as Daxing during the Sui dynasty;
Luoyang or the "central capital", during the Eastern Zhou and Eastern Han dynasties;
Nanjing or the "southern capital", as Jiankang during the Eastern Jin, the four Southern Dynasties and the late Republic of China, and as Yingtian during the early Ming dynasty;
Kaifeng or the "eastern capital", during the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song dynasty;
Beijing or the "northern capital", during the Ming and Qing dynasties (and the contemporary People's Republic of China), and as Dadu during the Yuan dynasty.

There are also many other cities that historically served as capitals of various rump states and minor states, although only the capitals of the uniform dynasties are typically mentioned.

List of historical capitals of China

:Sorted in alphabetical order

Acheng District of the city of Harbin was the capital of the Jin dynasty from 1115 to 1153. It was called Shangjing () or Huining Prefecture at the time. It was destroyed in 1157 and reestablished as a secondary capital in 1173.
Anyang was the capital of the Shang dynasty (1600 BC – 1046 BC) at its peak. It was called Yin () by the Zhou.
Balasagun in modern Kyrgyzstan was the capital of the Western Liao dynasty from 1134 to 1218.
Beijing (also romanized Peking), literally meaning "Northern Capital", previously also known as Beiping, was the capital of various dynasties and regional regimes, including:

::* The state of Yan (11th century BC – 222 BC) in the Zhou dynasty, when it was called Ji ().

::* The short-lived regional kingdom of Yan (911–914) established by Liu Shouguang during Five Dynasties period.

::* The Liao dynasty (907–1125), when it was a secondary capital called Yanjing (). (Liao Lang is used as another name for Dadu during Yuan dynasty. The city is called Nanjing (南京, not to be confused with city in Jiangsu) in Liao dynasty due to the southerly location.)

::* The Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, from the 1160s to 1215, when it was called Zhongdu ().

::* The Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), when it was called Dadu () in Chinese, Daidu (direct translation from Chinese) in Mongolian, and Khanbaliq ("city of the Khan") in Mongolian and Turkic languages. Marco Polo called it Cambuluc.

::* The Ming dynasty, from 1403 to 1644, when it was called Shuntian Prefecture () and then later simply as Jingshi ().

::* The Qing dynasty, from 1644 to 1912.

::* The Beiyang government of the Republic of China, from 1912 to 1927.

::* The People's Republic of China since 1949.

Changchun was the capital of Japanese puppet state Manchukuo during the Japanese occupation in WWII, then named Xinjing (; Japanese: Shinkyō, Mandarin: Xīnjīng, literally "New Capital").
Chengde was the summer residence and capital of the Qing dynasty from 1703 to 1820.
Chengdu was the capital city of various regional kingdoms in ancient China:

::*State of Shu in Warring States period

::* Shu Han (AD 221–263) during the Three Kingdoms period

::*Kingdom of Cheng-Han during Eastern Jin period

::*Qiao Shu, a short-lived kingdom during Eastern Jin period

::*The kingdom of Li Shu, a short-lived regime established by Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun during Song dynasty

::*Former Shu, one of Ten Kingdoms between Tang and Song dynasties

::*Later Shu, one of Ten Kingdoms between Tang and Song dynasties

::*Da Xi established by Zhang Xianzhong during the transition between Ming and Qing dynasties

::*It was also briefly the seat of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China in late 1949 towards the end of the Chinese Civil War.

Chongqing was the capital city of Ba State during Warring States period. Ming Yuzhen, the rebellion leader during the transition time between Yuan and Ming dynasties, established the Xia kingdom and set the capital city in Chongqing. Chongqing was also the provisional capital of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), and briefly the seat of the Nationalist government in late 1949 towards the end of the Chinese Civil War.
Datong was the capital of the Northern Wei dynasty from 398 to 493.
Emin was briefly the capital of the Western Liao dynasty from 1132 to 1134.
Fenghao, consisting of the twin cities of Fengjing and Haojing, was the capital of the Western Zhou dynasty.
Fuzhou was briefly the capital of the Southern Ming dynasty from 1645 to 1646.
Guangzhou (also romanized Canton) was the capital of:

::*Nanyue Kingdom (204–111 BC).

::*Southern Ming dynasty from 1646 to 1647.

::*Nationalist government of the Republic of China, before 1928 and in 1949 towards the end of the Chinese Civil War.

Hangzhou was the capital of:

::*Wuyue Kingdom (907–978) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

::*Southern Song dynasty, from 1127 to 1276, when it was called Lin'an ().

Kaifeng was the capital of various dynasties, including:

::* The state of Wei (443 BC – 225 BC) in the Zhou dynasty, when it was called Daliang.

::*Later Liang dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, from AD 913 to 923.

::*Later Jin dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, in AD 937.

::*Later Han dynasty (AD 947–951) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

::*Later Zhou dynasty (AD 951–960) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

::*Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), when it was called Bianjing ().

Karakorum in modern Mongolia was the capital of the Northern Yuan dynasty from 1371 to 1388.
Luoyang was the capital of various dynasties, including:

::* The Eastern Zhou dynasty, from 510 BC to 314 BC.

::* The Eastern Han dynasty from AD 25 to 190 and then briefly in AD 196.

::* The Cao Wei (AD 220–265) during the Three Kingdoms period.

::* The Western Jin dynasty, from AD 265 to 311.

::* The Northern Wei dynasty from AD 493 to 534.

::* The Wu Zhou from AD 690 to 705.

::* The Later Tang dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, from AD 923 to 936.

::* The Later Liang dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, from AD 907 to 913.

Nanjing (also romanized Nanking), literally meaning "Southern Capital", was the capital of various dynasties and governments, including:

::* All the Six Dynasties from AD 220 to 589, when Nanjing was called Jianye () or Jiankang (). The Six Dynasties were:

:::* Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period, from AD 229 to 265, and then from AD 266 to 280.

:::* Eastern Jin dynasty, from AD 317 to 420.

:::* Liu Song dynasty (AD 420–479)

:::* Southern Qi dynasty (AD 479–502)

:::* Liang dynasty, from AD 502 to 552, and then from AD 555 to 557.

:::* Chen dynasty (AD 557–589)

::* The Southern Tang dynasty (AD 937–976) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, when it was called Jiangning Prefecture ()

::* The Ming dynasty, from 1368 to 1644, when it was also called Yingtian Prefecture ()

::* The Southern Ming dynasty from 1644 to 1645.

::* The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864) during the Taiping Rebellion in the Qing dynasty, when it was called Tianjing ().

::* The Nationalist government of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1949.

::* The Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (1940–1945), a pro-Japanese collaborationist government headed by Wang Jingwei during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Ruijin in Jiangxi province was the capital of the self-declared Chinese Soviet Republic from 1931 to 1934, until the Communist defeat during the Fifth Encirclement and the start of the Long March.
Shaoguan, then known in English as Kukong, was the temporary capital of Nationalist-controlled areas of Guangdong province (then known as Kwangtung) during the Sino-Japanese war, after the fall of Guangzhou.
Shenyang in the northeastern province of Liaoning, previously also known as Shengjing () or Mukden, briefly served as the capital of the Manchu Later Jin, the predecessor of the Qing dynasty, from 1625 until Qing occupation of Beijing in 1644.
Taipei in Taiwan has been the de facto capital and the seat of the Government of the Republic of China since the retreat of the Nationalist Government to the island in 1949 at the end of the Chinese Civil War.
Tongwancheng was the capital of the Hu Xia dynasty from 419 to 427.
Wuhan was the capital of a government formed in 1927 by Wang Jingwei and leftist members of the Kuomintang, who opposed the Nationalist government led by Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. It was also briefly a "provisional wartime capital" in 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when Wang was treasonously collaborating with the Japanese.
Xanadu / Shangdu (), located northwest of present-day Dolon Nor in Inner Mongolia, China, was the summer capital of the Yuan dynasty. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty, it briefly became the capital of the Northern Yuan dynasty between 1368 and 1369. It was destroyed in 1369.
Xi'an (also romanized Sian), previously usually called Chang'an, and including its surrounding areas in present-day Shaanxi Province, was the capital of various dynasties, including:

::* The Western Zhou dynasty, from around 1046 BC to 771 BC. See also Fenghao.

::* The state of Qin (9th century BC – 221 BC) and the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin capital, called Xianyang (), was located near present-day Xi'an. It was destroyed by fire in 206 BC by Xiang Yu.

::* The Western Han dynasty, from 206 BC to AD 9.

::* The Xin dynasty (AD 9–23), referred as Chang'an ()

::* The Eastern Han dynasty, from AD 190 to 195.

::* The Western Jin dynasty, from AD 312 to 316.

::* The state of Former Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, from AD 318 to 329.

::* The State of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, from AD 351 to 385.

::* The State of Later Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, from AD 384 to 417.

::* The Western Wei dynasty (AD 535–557)

::* The Northern Zhou dynasty (AD 557–581)

::* The Sui dynasty, from AD 581 to 605, referred to as Daxing ()

::* The Tang dynasty, from AD 618 to 684, and then from AD 705 to 904.

Ye (), located within the present-day city of Handan, was one of secondary capital cities of Cao Wei (220–265), and the capital city of several of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Eastern Jin period: Later Zhao (319–351), Ran Wei (350–352) and Former Yan (337–370). It was also the capital of two major northern dynasties in Southern and Northern dynasties period: Eastern Wei dynasty (534–550), and the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577).
Yinchuan was the capital of the Tangut Western Xia from 1038 to 1227, when it was called Xingqing ().
Yingchang was briefly the capital of the Northern Yuan dynasty from 1369 to 1370.
Zhaoge was the secondary capital city during last years of Shang dynasty when it was ruled by the final monarch King Zhou. Later, it was the capital city of Wey state during the Eastern Zhou period.
Zhaoqing was the capital of the Southern Ming dynasty from 1646 to 1662.

Chronology

{| class=wikitable

!colspan=2| Dynasty / Government !! Capital !! Period !! Notes

| rowspan=17 | Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors || Nüwa || || ||

| Youchao || ||

| Suiren || || ||

| Zhurong || || ||

| Fuxi || Chen 陳 || c. 2852–2737 BC ||

| Shennong / Yan Emperor || Lu 魯 || c. 2737–2699 BC ||

| Yellow Emperor || Xuanyuan 軒轅 || c. 2699–2588 BC ||

| Taihao || Wanqiu 宛丘 || ||

| Shaohao || Qiongsang 窮桑 || c. 2587–2491 BC ||

| Gonggong || || ||

| rowspan=2| Zhuanxu || Gaoyang 高陽 || c. 2490 BC – 25th century BC ||

| Diqiu 帝丘 || c. 25th century BC – 2413 BC ||

| rowspan=2| Ku || Diqiu 帝丘 || c. 2412 BC – 24th century BC ||

| Bo 亳 || c. 24th century BC – 2343 BC ||

| Zhi || Qinghua 清化 || c. 2343–2333 BC ||

| Yao || Pingyang 平陽 || c. 2333–2234 BC ||

| Shun || Puban 蒲坂 || c. 2233–2184 BC ||

| rowspan=13 colspan=2 | Xia dynasty || Daxia 大夏 || rowspan=2| Gun ||

| Song 嵩 ||

| Yangcheng 陽城 || Yu ||

| Yangzhai 陽翟 || Yu, Qi, Taikang ||

| Chu 鉏 || Hou Yi ||

| Qiongshi 窮石 || Hou Yi, Hanzhuo ||

| Zhen 斟 || Taikang, Zhongkang ||

| Diqiu 帝丘 || Xiang, Shaokang ||

| Yuan 原 || Zhu ||

| Laoqiu 老丘 || Zhu to Jiong ||

| Xihe 西河 || Jin to Fa ||

| Zhen 斟 || Jie ||

| Henan 河南 || Jie ||

| rowspan=16 colspan=2 | Shang dynasty || Bo 亳 || Tang – August 1368 || Also called Khanbaliq; located in modern-day Beijing.

| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Northern Yuan

|Shangdu 上都 || August 1368 – 1369 || Known in the West as "Xanadu."

| Yingchang 應昌 || 1369–1370 ||

| Karakorum 哈拉和林 || 1371–1388 ||

| rowspan=2 colspan=2| Ming dynasty || Nanjing 南京 || 23 January 1368 – 2 February 1421 ||

| Beijing 北京 || 2 February 1421 – 25 April 1644 ||

| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Southern Ming

|Nanjing 南京 || 1644 – 1645 ||

| Fuzhou 福州 || 1645 – 1646 ||

| Guangzhou 廣州 || 1646 – 1647 ||

| Zhaoqing 肇慶 || 1646 – 25 April 1662 ||

| rowspan=6 colspan=2| Later Jin || Fe Ala 費阿拉 || 1587–1603 ||

| Hetu Ala 赫圖阿拉 || 1603–1619 || Later renamed Xingjing (興京).

| Jiefan 界凡 || 1619 – September 1620 ||

| Sarhu 薩爾滸 || September 1620 – April 1621 ||

| Dongjing 東京 || April 1621 – 11 April 1625 ||

| Shengjing 盛京 || 11 April 1625 – 1636 || Today known as Shenyang, also called by the Manchu name "Mukden."

|rowspan=2 colspan=2| Qing dynasty || Shengjing 盛京 || 1636 – 30 October 1644 || Today known as Shenyang, also called by the Manchu name "Mukden."

| Beijing 北京 || 30 October 1644 – 12 February 1912||

| colspan="2" rowspan="18" | Republic of China || Nanjing 南京 || 1 January 1912 – 2 April 1912 || Provisional Government

| Beijing 北京 || 2 April 1912 – 30 May 1928 || Beiyang government

| Nanjing 南京 || 18 April 1927 – 20 November 1937 || the Nanjing decade Furthermore, Had the capital of the Ming dynasty not been located there, in the 17th century the Manchus could not have attacked it so easily, taking over and establishing the Qing dynasty.