Heloderma is a genus of toxicoferan lizards that contains five species, all of which are venomous. It is the only extant genus of the family Helodermatidae.

Description

The genus Heloderma contains the Gila monster (H. suspectum) and four species of beaded lizards. Their eyes are immobile and fixed in their heads. The Gila monster is a large, stocky, mostly slow-moving reptile that prefers arid deserts. Beaded lizards are seen to be more agile and seem to prefer more humid surroundings. The tails of all species of Heloderma are used as fat-storage organs. The scales of the head, back, and tail are bead-like, containing osteoderms for better protection. The scales of the belly are free from osteoderms. Most species are dark in color, with yellowish or pinkish markings.

Venom

The venom glands of Heloderma are located at the end of the lower jaws, unlike snakes' venom glands, which are located behind the eyes. Also, unlike snakes, the Gila monster and beaded lizards lack the musculature to inject venom immediately by high pressure mechanism. They have to chew the venom into the flesh of a victim. Heloderma venom is used only in defense. Venom glands are believed to have evolved early in the lineage leading to the modern helodermatids, as their presence is indicated even in the 65-million-year-old fossil genus Paraderma. In general, adult helodermatids have 15 to 20 mg of venom, while the lethal dose for humans is 5 to 8 mg of dryed venom.

Venom production among lizards was long thought to be unique to this genus, but researchers studying venom production have proposed many others also produce some venom, all placed in the clade Toxicofera, which includes all snakes and 13 other families of lizards. Like for snakes, envenomation by helodermatids are considered medically significant for humans.

Diet

Helodermatids are carnivorous, preying on rodents and other small mammals, and eating the eggs of birds and reptiles.

Reproduction

All species of Heloderma are oviparous. The Gila monster typically lays four to six eggs.

{| class="wikitable"

! Image

! Species

! Taxon author

! Common name

! Geographic range

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|190px

|H. alvarezi

|Bogert and Martin del Campo, 1956

|Chiapan beaded lizard

| style="width:40%" |Mexico: northern Chiapas to extreme northwestern Guatemala

|-

|190px

|H. charlesbogerti<span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>T</sup></span>

|Campbell and Vannini, 1988

|Guatemalan beaded lizard

|Guatemala: the Motagua Valley

|-

|190x190px

|H. exasperatum

|Bogert and Martin del Campo, 1956

|Rio Fuerte beaded lizard

|Mexico: Rio Fuerte, Rio Mayo, southern Sonora, northern Sinaloa, western Chihuahua and the Sierra Madre Occidental

|-

|210x210px

|H. horridum<span style="font-size:100%;"><sup>T</sup></span>

|Wiegmann, 1829

|Mexican beaded lizard

|Mexico: southern Sinaloa to Oaxaca

|-

|190px

|H. suspectum

|Cope, 1869

|Gila monster

|Southwest United States, Sonora

|}

thumb|A partial Heloderma skull from the [[Miocene of Florida (FLMNH). These lizards are no longer found in the region.]]

Members of the genus Heloderma have many extinct relatives in the Helodermatidae, whose evolutionary history may be traced back to the Cretaceous period, such as Estesia. The genus Heloderma has existed since the Miocene, when H. texana lived, and fragments of osteoderms from the Gila monster have been found in late Pleistocene (8,000-10,000 years ago) deposits near Las Vegas, Nevada. Because the helodermatids have remained relatively unchanged morphologically, they are occasionally regarded as living fossils. Although the beaded lizards and the Gila monster appear closely related to the monitor lizards (varanids) of Africa, Asia, and Australia, the wide geographical separation and unique features not found in the varanids indicate they are better placed in a separate family.

thumb|Mexican beaded lizard skeleton ([[Museum of Osteology)|left]]

The type species is Heloderma horridum, which was first described in 1829 by Arend Wiegmann. Although he originally assigned it the generic name Trachyderma, he changed it to Heloderma six months later, which means "studded skin", from the Ancient Greek words hêlos (ηλος)&mdash;the head of a nail or stud&mdash;and derma (δερμα), meaning skin.

Conrad, 2008 and Estes et al., 1988 (using morphological data) place the Helodermatidae within Varanoidea along with Lanthanotus borneensis and Varanus. However, Estes et al., 1988 understood the Helodermatidae as having split earlier from Lanthanotus and Varanus, whereas Conrad, 2008 groups them at the same branch point.

In contrast, molecular studies have identified Heloderma as being within the Anguioidea along with Anguidae and Xenosauridae, but specifically sister to Anguidae.alt=Heloderma suspectum skull with dentitio|thumb|Heloderma suspectum skull with dentition, Photo by A. Laube

In captivity

alt=Hatchling sizes of H. exasperatum and H. suspectum (taxidermy)|thumb|Hatchling sizes of H. horridum (top) and H. suspectum, Photo: R. Bär

H. horridum, H. exasperatum, and H. suspectum are frequently found in captivity and are well represented in zoos throughout much of the world. The other two species of Heloderma, H. alvarezi and H. charlesbogerti, have limited distribution areas, and only a few captive specimens are known.

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220" caption="Heloderma suspectum in captivity">

File:Heloderma Eiablage.jpg|alt=Helderema suspectum with 4 eggs|Heloderma suspectum with four eggs

File:Gila-monster-6-eggs.jpg|alt=Helderema suspectum with 6 eggs|Heloderma suspectum with six eggs

File:Schluepfendes-jungtier-OS6.jpg|alt=Gila monster hatching|Gila monster hatching

File:Group of young gila monster.jpg|alt=Group of young Gila monsters|Group of young Gila monsters

</gallery>alt=Heloderma Skin|thumb|Heloderma skin

References

alt=Captured Gila monster|thumb|Captured Gila monster

alt=Heloderm horridum captive bred|thumb|Heloderm horridum captive bred

thumb|right|A Chiapan beaded lizard in captivity.

Notes

  • Ariano-Sánchez, D. & G. Salazar. 2007. Notes on the distribution of the endangered lizard, Heloderma horridum charlesbogerti, in the dry forests of eastern Guatemala: an application of multi-criteria evaluation to conservation. Iguana 14: 152–158. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/11116925/Ariano-D-y-G-Salazar-2007-Notes-on-the-Distribution-of-the-Endangered-Lizard-Heloderma-horridum-charlesbogerti-in-the-Dry-Forests-of-Eastern-Gu]
  • Ariano-Sánchez, D. 2006. The Guatemalan beaded lizard: endangered inhabitant of a unique ecosystem. Iguana 13: 178–183. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/11117893/Ariano-D-2006-The-Guatemalan-beaded-lizard-Endangered-inhabitant-of-a-unique-ecosystem-Iguana-133-178183]
  • CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA . 2007. Resume of the 14th Convention of the Parts. The Hague. The Netherlands.

alt=Heloderma exasperatum near Los Alamos|thumb|Heloderma exasperatum near Los Alamos

Schwandt, Hans- Joachim www.heloderma.net 2006 in 6 languages

Further reading

{| class="wikitable"

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|Wikispecies has information related to Heloderma suspectum

|}

  • About Beaded Lizards
  • Heloderma information
  • Family Helodermatidae (Gila Monsters)