The Harbin Y-12 () is a high wing twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft built by Harbin Aircraft Industry Group (HAIG). It is the first Chinese-designed and produced aircraft to receive a type certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in March 1995. Around 300 aircraft were delivered by 2023.

Design and development

The Y-12 started as a development of the Harbin Y-11 airframe

called Y-11T in 1980. The design featured numerous improvements including a redesigned wing with a new low drag section, a larger fuselage and bonded rather than riveted construction. It also replaced the radial piston engines with turboprops. followed by about 30 production Y-12 (I) aircraft before a revised version was produced. This was designated the Y-12 (II), which featured more powerful engines and removal of leading edge slats, first flying on 16 August 1984 and receiving Chinese certification in December of the following year.

China and the US signed a bilateral airworthiness agreement to allow the FAA and General Administration of Civil Aviation of China overseeing the manufacture of US aircraft in China in 1991. Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (HAMC) and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) applied for Part 23 certification of the Y-12 in September 1992. Modifications are made to the Y-12 (II) to meet US requirements, including a larger, reshaped, wing with wing-lets and landing gear reinforced with stronger struts. The power plants are two locally made Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops with Hartzell propellers. The Y-12 has a maximum takeoff weight of 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) with seating for 17 passengers and two crew. The aircraft is operated as a light commuter and transport aircraft. The Y-12 (IV) received its type certificate from the FAA in March 1995, a first for an aircraft designed and produced in China. received CAAC type certification on 10 December 2015, FAA type certification on 22 February 2016, and type certification from the EASA on 13 July 2023. In 2015, Kenmore Air announced that they would begin development of floats for the Y-12 for FAA certification. The Y-12 completed the FAA evaluation flight tests for its automatic flight control system on 30 June 2018, with its performance meeting the requirements, said AVIC Harbin Aircraft Industry Company Ltd (AVIC HAFEI).

Variants

thumb|Harbin Y-12 (II) at China Aviation Museum, Beijing

thumb|Harbin Y-12E

thumb|Harbin Y-12F

  • Y-12 (I): Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 500-shp (373-kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-11 turboprop engines. Seating for 17 passengers and a MTOW of 5,000 kg.
  • Y-12C: Basically a (IV) version with WJ-9 turboprop, used by PLAAF for aerial survey.
  • Y-12D: Domestically deployed military version with upgraded engines driving four-bladed propellers, used by PLA Airborne Corps for parachute training.
  • Y-12E: Variant with 18 passenger seats. PT6A-135A engines of equal horsepower but increased torque driving four-bladed propellers. This version was certified by the FAA in 2006.
  • Y-12F: The latest development with almost everything redesigned: wider fuselage, new wings, retractable landing gear and more powerful PT6A-65B engines. The Y-12F has higher cruise speed, longer range and can accommodate 19 passengers or 3x LD3 containers. Design started in April 2005 and the maiden flight was on 29 December 2010. CAAC type certification was received on 10 December 2015 and FAA certification on 22 February 2016.

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  • Royal Cambodian Air Force

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  • People's Liberation Army Air Force - 12 Y-12D operated by the Airborne Corps

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  • Djibouti Air Force - 2 as of December 2016.

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  • Eritrean Air Force

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  • Ghana Air Force

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  • Guyana Air Force

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  • Kenya Air Force To be replaced by the C-145 Skytruck.

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  • Mali Air Force – 2

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  • Mauritanian Air Force

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  • Myanmar Air Force - 20 as of 2020.

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  • Namibian Air Force
  • Pakistan Army Aviation Corps

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  • Policía Nacional del Perú
  • Peruvian Air Force

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  • Sri Lanka Air Force

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  • Tanzanian Air Force

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  • Zambian Air Force

Government operators

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  • Air Vigilance Service (2)

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  • China Marine Surveillance (3) (Former)

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  • Ministry of Transport (2)

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  • Federated States of Micronesia (1)

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  • Republic of Seychelles (2)

Civil operators

thumb|An [[Air Vanuatu Harbin Y-12 with revised wingtips]]

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  • China Flying Dragon Aviation
  • China Heilongjiang Longken General Aviation
  • Donghua General Aviation
  • Jiangnan General Aviation
  • Ordos General Aviation Co. Ltd.
  • Shuangyang General Aviation
  • Xinjiang General Aviation

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  • Caroline Islands Air

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  • Air Fiji

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  • Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter (SMAC)
  • Dirgantara Air Service (DAS)

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  • Pouya Air

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  • Air Kiribati

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  • Berjaya Air

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  • MIAT Mongolian Airlines- After 2 planes crashed, the remaining 3 planes were returned to the manufacturer.

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  • Nepal Airlines - 4 Delivered in 2012. All 4 grounded in 2020 due to sub-standard performance and high operating costs.

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  • Air Eagle

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  • Helitours

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  • Lulutai Airlines (1)

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  • Uganda Air Cargo (2)

Accidents and incidents

  • On 13 December 1993, a Lao Aviation (now Lao Airlines) Y-12-II, registration RDPL-34117, clipped trees in fog and crashed at Phonsavan, Laos, killing all 18 on board.
  • On 4 April 1995, a TANS Y-12-II, registration 333/OB-1498, crashed shortly after takeoff from Iquitos Airport, Peru, killing all three on board.
  • On 21 June 1996, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3822, crashed into a mountain near Changhai Airport after the crew began the final approach too early and deviated from the intended course, killing two of 12 on board.
  • On 20 January 1997, a Sri Lanka Air Force Y-12-II, CR851, crashed off Palali Air Base while on a surveillance mission, killing all four on board.
  • On 10 June 1997, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1020, crashed at Mandalgobi Airport due to windshear, killing seven of 12 on board.
  • On 26 May 1998, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1017, crashed into a mountain near Galt, Mongolia, en route to Tosontsengel due to heavy icing, wing de-ice system fault and overloading, killing all 28 on board; this crash is the worst ever accident involving the Y-12.
  • On 19 October 2000, Lao Aviation Flight 703 crashed in a mountainous area in bad weather while on approach to Sam Neua, killing eight of 15 passengers; both pilots survived.
  • On 18 May 2005, a Zambia Air Force Y-12-II, AF-216, crashed shortly after takeoff from Mongu Airport, killing all 13 on board.
  • On 10 April 2006, a Kenya Air Force (KAF) Y-12-II, 132, struck the side of Mount Marsabit, killing 14 of 17 on board.
  • On 15 June 2008, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3841, struck a small hill during a survey flight for a new aluminum mine, killing three of four on board.
  • On 12 July 2012, a Y-12-II of the Mauritanian Air Force crashed while transporting gold, killing all 7 occupants.
  • On 12 May 2014, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force crashed in El Wak, Kenya. The airplane operated on a flight from Mandera to Nairobi with stops at El Wak and Garissa. Preliminary information suggests that one pilot was killed and the remaining eleven occupants were injured.
  • On 26 August 2018, a Y-12e of the Colombian Air Force was damaged in flight as it encountered severe turbulence. The pilot made an emergency landing at Florencia. The aircraft was not repaired, and was scrapped in situ.
  • On 3 January 2020, a Y-12-II of the Sri Lankan Air Force crashed to Haputale, Sri Lanka, while on aerial observations, killing all 4 airmen.
  • On 4 August 2020, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force resupplying AMISOM crashed after taking off from Dhobley Airstrip in Somalia. All 10 occupants survived. The aircraft was seriously damaged.

Specifications (Y-12 (II))

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International. Vol. 182, No. 5321, 11–17 December 2012, pp. 40–64. .
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International. Vol. 190, No. 5566, 6–12 December 2016, pp. 22–53. .
  • Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, Surry, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. .
  • Taylor, Michael J.H. (ed.). Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London: Brassey's, 1999. .
  • Thisdell, Dan and Fafard, Antoine. "World Airliner Census". Flight International. Vol. 190, No. 5550, 9–15 August 2016, pp. 20–43. .
  • Y-12 website