In Islam, the terms (; , ) and (; ) are primarily used to refer to pre-Islamic Arabians who were Abrahamic monotheists. Muslims regard these people favorably for shunning Arabian polytheism and instead solely worshipping the God of Abraham, thus setting themselves apart from what is called . However, they were not associated with Judaism or Christianity; instead exemplifying what they perceived as the unaltered beliefs and morals of Abraham.
The form appears 10 times in the Quran, and the form twice. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad himself was a (before he met the angel Gabriel) and was a direct descent from Abraham's first son Ishmael.
Likewise, Islam regards all Islamic prophets and messengers before Muhammad — that is, those affiliated with Judaism and/or Christianity, such as Moses and Jesus — as , underscoring their God-given infallibility. or "to turn or bend sideways" from the Syriac root of the different meaning “to deceive, to turn pagan, to lead into paganism”. The Syriac word refers to pagans and deceivers. The Arabic is defined as "true believer, orthodox; one who scorns the false creeds surrounding him/her and profess the true religion" by The Arabic-English Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. The unique association of ḥanīf with Abraham underscores his foundational role in the development of monotheistic faith and his exemplary status in the Islamic tradition.
Oxford Islamic Studies online defines as "one who is utterly upright in all of his or her affairs, as exemplified by the model of Abraham"; and that prior to the arrival of Islam "the term was used [...] to designate pious people who accepted monotheism but did not join the Jewish or Christian communities."
Others translate as the law of Ibrahim; the verb as "to turn away from [idolatry]". Others maintain that the followed the "religion of Ibrahim, the , the Muslim[.]" It has been theorized by Watt that the verbal term Islam, arising from the participle form of Muslim (meaning "surrendered to God"), may have only arisen as an identifying descriptor for the religion in the late Medinan period.
Historicity
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "there is no evidence that a true cult existed in pre-Islamic Arabia."
A Greek source from the 5th century CE, The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, speaks of how "Abraham had bequeathed a monotheist religion" to the Arabs, who are described being descended "from Ishmael and Hagar" and adhering to certain practices of the Jews, such as shunning pork consumption.
Sozomen, a 5th-century Roman lawyer and historian of the Christian Church, is thought to have been a native of Gaza City and a native speaker of Arabic Therefore, according to Ibn Rawandi, he provides a "reliable source" that Arabs—at least in northwest Arabia—were familiar with the idea there were pre-Islamic "Abrahamic monotheists () [...] whether this was true of Arabs throughout the [Arabian] peninsula it is impossible to say."
List of Arabian monotheists
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "some of Muḥammad's relatives, contemporaries, and early supporters were called "
Among those who are thought to have been are:
- All the prophets and messengers after Abraham according to Islamic tradition
- Muhammad
- Old Najranites
- Seven Sleepers
- Sa'id bin Zayd
- Khaled bin Sinan
- Ilyas ibn Mudar
- Hashim ibn Abd Manaf
- Umayya ibn Abi as-Salt
The four friends in Mecca from ibn Ishaq's account:
- Zayd ibn Amr: rejected both Judaism and Christianity
- Waraqah ibn Nawfal: was a Nestorian priest and patrilineal third cousin to Muhammad. He died before Muhammad declared his Prophethood.
- Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith: travelled to the Byzantine Empire and converted to Christianity
- Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh: early Muslim convert who emigrated to the Kingdom of Aksum.
opponents of Islam from Ibn Isḥāq's account:
- Abū 'Amar 'Abd Amr ibn Sayfī: a leader of the tribe of Banu Aws at Medina and builder of the "Mosque of the Schism" mentioned in the Quranic verse and later allied with the Quraysh then moved to Ta'if and onto Syria after subsequent early Muslim conquests.
- Abu Qays ibn al-Aslaṭ
See also
- Banu Khuza'a
- Noahidism, similar concept with Judaism
- Abrahamites
- Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia
- Perennial Philosophy
- People of the Book
- Prisca theologia, equivalent concept in esoteric Christianity
- Rahmanism
- Urmonotheismus