Handicap (chess)

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Handicaps (or odds) in chess are setup or rule modifications which enable a weaker player to have a higher chance of winning against a stronger one. There are a variety of such handicaps, such as odds (the stronger player surrenders a certain piece or pieces), extra moves (the weaker player has an agreed number of moves at the beginning of the game), extra time on the chess clock, and special conditions (such as requiring the odds-giver to deliver checkmate with a specified piece or pawn). Various permutations of these, such as pawn and two moves, are also possible.

Handicaps were quite popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, when chess was often played for money stakes, in order to induce weaker players to play for wagers. Today handicaps are rarely seen in serious competition outside of human–computer chess matches. As chess engines have been routinely superior to even chess masters since the late 20th century, human players need considerable odds to have practical chances in such matches – as of 2024, approximately knight odds for grandmasters. Indeed, it was so prevalent in the 18th century that Philidor (1726–1795) played the vast majority of his games at odds. Other strong odds-givers of this time were George Henry Mackenzie (1837–1891) and Wilhelm Steinitz (1836–1900). In 1849, Staunton published The Chess-Player's Companion, a 510-page work "chiefly directed to the exposition of openings where one party gives odds". Just over 300 pages were devoted to odds games: Book I (pages 1 to 185) contained games played at various odds, and most of Book V (pages 380–496) discussed various types of odds, including exotic and unusual ones. The late-19th century chess opening treatise Chess Openings Ancient and Modern, by Edward Freeborough and Charles Ranken, included fourteen pages of analysis of best play in games played at odds of pawn and move, pawn and two moves, and either knight.

Macon Shibut writes that in the mid-19th century "chess was a gambling game ... . Individual matches for stakes were the focus of organized play. Matches between leading players attracted a wide following so masters often succeeded in finding sponsors to back their personal wagers." The available sums were generally relatively meager, however, and travel was arduous, so the amount of money obtained in this way was not sufficient to enable professional chess players to support themselves financially. and chess tournaments remained a rarity for several decades following. With tournaments an unreliable means of making a living, odds-giving became a way for masters to entice amateurs into playing for wagers, since the odds gave the amateur a fighting chance. The odds system even became the earliest rating system: amateurs were graded according to what handicap they needed to compete against a master, and were referred to as a "Rook player" or "Pawn and move player", for example, as many people would today speak of players by their Elo ratings (e.g. a "1200 player" or an "1800 player").

The playing of games at odds gradually grew rarer as the nineteenth century proceeded. Shibut posits that games played at material odds became unpopular for (1) technological, (2) political, and (3) philosophical reasons. Taking these in turn, first, the introduction of chess clocks gave rise to a new way to give odds, one that has today supplanted material odds as the preferred mode of odds-giving. Second, the Soviet Union supported chess masters and sponsored chess education, but expected chess masters "to be cultural icons, not hustlers". Third, chess began to be treated in a scientific, logical way, "with an assumption of idealized 'best play' [coming] to underpin all analysis". From this perspective, a game beginning from a "lost" position becomes less interesting, even distasteful. GM Larry Kaufman argued in 2024 that another factor was that chess became more popular and the standard of play rose, so that it was no longer reasonable to give piece odds to strong players.

World Chess Champion Bobby Fischer often gave odds, as did IM Israel Albert Horowitz before him. Against FIDE Master Asa Hoffmann, Fischer first gave pawn and move (f7), then pawn and two moves, and then pawn and three moves. Fischer later claimed that Ginzburg had distorted what he had said.

In 2001, London businessman Terence Chapman, a master-level player, played a match against former world champion Garry Kasparov, with Kasparov giving odds of two pawns in each game (the pawns removed were different each time); Kasparov won the match by two games to one, with one draw.

Rybka, a top-rated computer chess engine designed by International Master Vasik Rajlich, played a series of handicap matches against strong human players. In March 2007, Rybka defeated Grandmaster (GM) Jaan Ehlvest after giving pawn odds (removing a different pawn each time). In January 2008, Rybka defeated GM Joel Benjamin after giving draw odds. In March 2008, Rybka gave pawn and move (removing a different pawn each time) to GM Roman Dzindzichashvili, drawing the match 4–4. In June 2008, Rybka gave knight odds to FIDE Master John Meyer, losing 4–0. On July 6, 2008, Rybka gave Meyer odds of pawn and three moves, winning 3–1. In 2015, Komodo (co-authored by Don Dailey and Larry Kaufman) defeated strong grandmasters at the f7-pawn handicap and rook (a1) for knight (b8), without losing a single game. In 2018, Komodo played another handicap series against Maxime Vachier-Lagrave. Komodo won four games at pawn and two moves odds, two-pawn odds, queen for rook + queen's knight odds, and knight for f7-pawn odds. Maxime Vachier-Lagrave won at odds of exchange and pawn for knight, while the last "Knightmare" game () was drawn. Finally, in 2020, Komodo played a 6-game match against GM David Smerdon at knight odds. GM Smerdon blundered away the first game, but rallied to win the remaining five.

From 9 November 2023, Leela Chess Zero supports playing at knight odds (b1 or g1) on Lichess. Against "par" grandmasters (Elo around 2500), the bot scored +24−5=2. Kaufman suggests that "only an 'elite' grandmaster could win a rapid match from LeelaKnightOdds".

The first version of LeelaKnightOdds played a ten-game knight odds blitz match against GM David Navara on 30 March 2024, alternating between the b1 and g1 knights: the first two games were at 5+3, the next four at 3+2, the next two at 3+1, and the last two at 3+2 again. Navara won 7–3 (+6−2=2). After upgrades to use a specialised network for chess handicaps, LeelaKnightOdds played a match (first to six wins) against GM Awonder Liang on 12 December 2024, alternating between the b1 and g1 knights. Liang scored +1−6=7, going +0−6=4 among the 3+2 games.

Kaufman argues that odds chess is excellent for training. He argues that if a master plays a weaker student for training, then the following options are available, and he finds the last one preferable: There are a variety of handicaps: odds; extra moves; time odds; special restrictions (such as pion coiffé); weighting of results (such as draw odds – counting a draw as a loss for the odds-giver); differential stakes; and physical restrictions, such as blindfold chess. Many different permutations of handicaps (for example, a material handicap plus time odds) are also possible, as are countervailing handicaps (for example, a player gives up a piece, but receives one of the opponent's pieces or pawns and/or extra moves, in return).

Main

The following list is based on that of Larry Kaufman, mostly describing the 19th-century situation.

Pawn (f7) and move;
This is a much larger handicap than f2-pawn odds, because after 1.e4 (clearly the best move), the threat of 2.Qh5+ means that Black has few options: 1...e5 loses immediately, 1...c5 and 1...d5 are gambits (Black loses the pawn to the check, though there is some compensation), 1...c6 fails because 2.Nc3 prevents 2...d5, and 1...g6 and 1...d6 (the latter with the idea of g6 later) are very risky because of the plan h2–h4–h5. The best options are probably 1...e6 and 1...Nc6; 1...Nh6 2.d4 Nf7 is also possible but loses time. Therefore, pawn and move is more like a 1.5-pawn handicap, though it demands that both players have specialised opening knowledge. because 1.e3 2.Bd3 3.Qh5+ g6 4.Qxg6+ hxg6 5.Bxg6 would win immediately.
Knight and move (more often b8 than g8);
This was rare historically. Black cannot create counterplay or force as easily as White, so that the move is a significant advantage. but Staunton argued that it should not. No consensus was reached on the issue during the heyday of odds-giving. Kaufman suggests not allowing this option in the modern age, because databases and servers do not allow it. Kaufman also points out that pawn and four moves is already problematic due to 1.e3 2.Bd3 3.Qg4 4.Nc3, and now Black is forced to give up the e-pawn and trade queens.

For the modern era, Kaufman advocates the following list:

| Pawn (remove f2)

| 0.71

| Pawn and move (remove f7)

| 1.20

| Pawn and two moves (remove f7, 1.e4 and White to move again)

| 1.59

| Two pawns and move (remove c7 and f7)

| 2.03

| To replace the historically unpopular pawn and three moves; odds of two pawns gives a more normal game.

| Knight for second move (remove either b1 or g1, 1.e4 and White to move again)

| 2.44

| Knight (remove b1 or g1)

| 2.81

| For a match, alternate the knight removed. Kaufman calls this "the critical handicap between engines and grandmasters", and notes that it is also useful and important between good players. It is a smaller handicap to give the g1-knight.

| Knight and move (remove b8 or g8)

| 3.28

| Historically rare, but fills the large gap between knight and rook odds.

| Rook (remove a1)

| 3.70

| 0-0-0 is not allowed; the a-pawn starts on a2.

| Rook and move (remove a8)

| 4.07

| Rook and pawn (remove a1 and f2)

| 4.48

| Queen for knight (remove d1 and b8)

| 5.21

| Replaces Morphy's preferred and comparable rook, pawn, and move (remove a8 and f7), as this produces a more normal game.

| Queen for knight and move (remove d8 and b1)

| 5.48

| Replaces Morphy's preferred and comparable rook, pawn, and two moves (remove a8 and f7, 1.e4 and White to move again), as this produces a more normal game.

| Two knights (remove b1 and g1)

| 5.64

| Two knights and move (remove b8 and g8)

| 5.84

| Rook and knight (remove a1 and b1)

| 6.59

| Rook, knight, and move (remove a8 and b8)

| 6.76

| Rook, knight, and pawn (remove a1, b1, and f2)

| 7.33

| Rook, knight, pawn, and move (remove a8, b8, and f7)

| 7.56

| Queen (remove d1)

| 7.95

| Queen and move (remove d8)

| 8.20

| Queen and pawn (remove d1 and f2)

| 8.80

| Queen, pawn, and move (remove d8 and f7)

| 9.08

| Queen, pawn, and two moves (remove d8 and f7, 1.e4 and White to move again)

| 9.44

Kaufman mentions even greater handicaps, such as queen and knight; queen and two knights; and queen and two rooks.

Knight;
Rook;
Queen for knight;
Two knights;
Two bishops;
Rook and knight;
Two rooks;
Queen;
Two bishops and knight;
Rook and two knights;
Rook and two bishops;
Queen and knight;
Two bishops and two knights;
Queen and rook;
Queen and two knights;
Queen and two bishops;
Queen, rook, and knight;
Queen and two rooks.

Others

Some other rarer material odds are mentioned by Harry Golombek:

In the 16th–19th centuries pion coiffé (capped or marked pawn) handicapping was sometimes used. The stronger player must checkmate with a particular pawn, which is usually marked at the start of play. The pawn cannot be promoted; giving checkmate with any other pawn or piece loses the game. Pion coiffé is considered to be about equivalent to giving odds of a queen. Similarly, games have occasionally been played with a ringed piece, where a ring or band is placed around a particular piece, and the player giving odds must checkmate with that piece. This form of odds, along with pion coiffé, are very difficult for the odds-giver, who cannot allow the odds-receiver to sacrifice for the capped or ringed piece or pawn. For instance, in pion coiffé, after 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5, Black already threatens to sacrifice the queen for the capped pawn if it is the a-, d-, or g-pawn, to play 3...Qe5+ followed by such a sacrifice if it is the b- or h-pawn, or to play 3...Qe4+ followed by a sacrifice if it is the c-pawn.

Strong king: The weaker player's king may move up to two squares in any direction in a straight line. Considered greater than queenside odds by Golombek. Assiac observed of the first, "This sounds like a formidable proposition, but it really isn't. All the better player has to do is reduce the game to a favorable ending. Thereafter, having promoted a pawn or two, he will find the rest easy."
Checkmate with a pawn: The mating pawn may be any pawn, not a specified pawn, as in pion coiffé. Carrera considered this form of odds equivalent to giving odds of two pawns.
Giving all the pieces for two moves each time: The odds-giver begins the game with only the king and pawns, while the odds-receiver has a full complement of pieces and pawns. In exchange for this, the odds-giver plays two moves on each turn, while the odds-receiver can only play one. Carrera wrote that while some considered this an even game, he thought that it favored the pieces, although the side with the pieces must play cautiously. The player with the pieces should try to eliminate the pawns, for instance by giving up two pawns for one, or a minor piece for two pawns. This is also called Monster chess (which usually uses four pawns).
Giving the king the knight's move: The odds-receiver's king, in addition to being able to move in the usual manner, is able to move like a knight. Carrera considered this form of odds improper because it allows the odds-receiver to use their king to checkmate the enemy king from a knight's move away (for example, with the odds-receiver's king at g6 and the odds-giver's king at h8, the latter is in check and, if no legal response is possible, is checkmated). Carrera considered this form of odds equivalent to giving rook and pawn odds. Because of the king's unusual power, the odds-giver requires more material than usual in order to checkmate a bare king (for example, queen and another piece, or two rooks).

Staunton also mentioned the following unusual forms of odds not discussed by Carrera:

Odds of the losing game: The odds-giver undertakes to force the odds-receiver to checkmate him. (See Paris–Marseille, correspondence 1878, given below.)
Additional pawns: The odds-giver permits the odds-receiver to begin the game with a specified number of extra pawns (for example, eight extra pawns). Unless specially agreed, the side with the extra pawns moves first.
Odds of queen rook in exchange for the opponent's queen knight, or pawn and move, or pawn and two moves.
Odds of queen knight in exchange for pawn and move, or in exchange for the first two moves.

Opening theory

Kaufman provides the following lines of pawn and move opening theory, analysed using Leela Chess Zero. He only considers 1.e4, noting that it is "clearly the best move" in this handicap.

<blockquote>[T]he Elo equivalent of a given handicap degrades as you go down the scale. A knight seems to be worth around a thousand points when the "weak" player is around IM level, but it drops as you go down. For example, I'm about 2400 and I've played tons of knight odds games with students, and I would put the break-even point (for untimed but reasonably quick games) with me at around 1800, so maybe a 600 value at this level. An 1800 can probably give knight odds to a 1400, a 1400 to an 1100, an 1100 to a 900, etc. This is pretty obviously the way it must work, because the weaker the players are, the more likely the weaker one is to blunder a piece or more. When you get down to the level of the average 8 year old player, knight odds is just a slight edge, maybe 50 points or so.</blockquote>

Kaufman has written that Kasparov could give pawn and move odds to a weak grandmaster (2500 FIDE rating) and be slightly favored, and would have even chances at knight odds against a player with a FIDE rating of 2115.

In 2024, Kaufman provided a more detailed table, giving rating equivalents for a fair game (based on Chess.com ratings at 10+10 rapid; classical ratings would be 200 points higher, and blitz 3+2 or 5+0 ratings would be 200 points lower). He wrote that players below 1600 or above 2000 should "look for the same Elo difference" between opponents in the table. Ratings above 2900 (italicised below) would only apply for engines; perfect play for engines is expected to be 4000.

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|+ Eckart vs. Tarrasch, 1887–88

K. Eckart vs. Tarrasch, Nuremberg Chess Club Championship 1887–88 (remove Black's f-pawn) 1. e4 Nc6 2. f4 e5 3. Nf3 exf4 4. Bc4 Bc5 Planning the following unsound but tricky sacrifice. 5. d4 Nxd4 6. Nxd4 Qh4+ 7. Kf1 d5 Sacrificing another pawn for rapid . 8. exd5 Bg4 9. Bb5+ Evidently overlooking Black's next move. Correct was 9.Qd3, with a satisfactory defense. c6 10. dxc6 0-0-0! 11. cxb7+ Kxb7 12. Bc6+ Kb6 13. Qd3 Rxd4 Black has regained the sacrificed piece and, contrary to appearances, his king is quite safe. 14. Qb5+ Kc7 15. Qb7+ Kd6 16. Nc3 Allowing a pretty finish, but 16.Bf3 Rd1+! 17.Ke2 (17.Bxd1 Qf2#) Bxf3+ 18.Qxf3 Rxh1 also wins for Black. Qf2+! 17. Kxf2 Rd1+ (discovered check) 18. Be3 Bxe3# Notes based on those by Fred Reinfeld.

Pawn and two moves

Daniel Harrwitz vs. Howard Staunton, 1846 (remove Black's f-pawn) 1. e4 2. d4 2.Nc3 is better. e6 3. c4 3.Nc3! is better: 3...Bb4 4.Bd3 Nc6 5.e5 Qe7 6.Nf3 d5 7.0-0 gives White better development, a spatial advantage, and better king safety (Black will probably be unable to safely castle on either wing) in addition to his extra pawn. c5 4. d5 d6 5. f4 g6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. Nc3 Ne7 8. Bd3 Na6 9. 0-0 0-0 10. h3 Nc7 11. Qc2?! 11.a4! is better. a6?! Better was 11...b5! 12.dxe6 bxc4 13.Bxc4 Bxe6, where although Black is still lost, he has more play than he would typically have at pawn and two moves handicap. 12. a4 Bd7 13. Be3 Rc8 14. Rad1 Better is 14.a5! exd5 15.cxd5 Nb5 16.Qb3 with decisive advantage to White. exd5 15. cxd5 Ne8 16. b3 Qa5 17. Ne2 b5 18. axb5 axb5 19. Rc1 Qa3 20. Nd2 20.Bf2! gives a decisive advantage. Qa5 21. Bf2 Nc7 22. Bh4 Rf7?! 22...Rce8 is a bit better. 23. Bxe7? A blunder, conceding the bishop pair for a poorly placed knight even though the position is open, though this may not have been well-understood in 1846. Rxe7 24. Nf3 Na6 25. Kh2? 25.e5! was necessary to preserve the winning advantage. c4? Better was 25...Nb4 26.Qd2 Qa2 27.Qd1 Nxd3 28.Qxd3 Qa3 where Black threatens c4, and has a bishop pair for a knight pair and a pawn. Black has reduced his disadvantage to what it usually would be in normal chess, and thus should win given that the handicap implies a strength difference. 26. bxc4 bxc4? 26...Qa3 27.Qd1 Nb4 28.Bb1 bxc4 would give practical compensation for the missing pawn, though White still stands better. 27. Bxc4 Bb5 28. Qb3 White is up two pawns and has a decisive advantage. Ba4 29. Qe3 Bb2 30. Bxa6 Bxc1 31. Rxc1 Rxc1 32. Qxc1 Qxa6 33. Ng3 Qb7 34. f5 Be8 35. Qg5 Rg7 36. f6 Rd7 37. Nf5 Kh8 38. Ne7 Qb2 39. e5 dxe5 40. f7 Notes based on those by Larry Kaufman.

Rook odds

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|+ Kashdan vs. Horneman, 1930

Isaac Kashdan vs. Buster Horneman, Manhattan Chess Club 1930 (remove White's queen rook) 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. e5 c5 4. Qg4 cxd4 5. Nf3 Nh6 6. Qh3 Be7 7. Bd3 b6 8. Qg3 Nf5 9. Bxf5 exf5 10. Qxg7 Rf8 11. Nxd4 Ba6? 12. Nxf5 Nd7 13. Bg5 f6? 14. e6! fxg5 15. Qg6+!! hxg6 16. Ng7# 1–0

It would be a mistake to suppose that the odds-giver always wins. Even the strongest players sometimes meet with disaster:

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|+ Morphy vs. Maurian, 1855

Paul Morphy vs. Charles Maurian, Springhill 1855 (remove White's queen rook) 1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Bc4 Qh4+ 4. Kf1 b5 5. Bd5 Nc6 6. Nf3 Qh5 7. d4 Nf6 8. Bb3 Ba6 9. Qe2 Nxd4! 10. Nxd4 b4! 11. Qxa6 Qd1+ 12. Kf2 Ng4# 0–1

Queen odds

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|+ Apšenieks vs. Amateur, 1934

Apšenieks vs. Amateur, Riga 1934 (remove White's queen) 1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 d6 3. Nc3 Be7 4. 0-0-0 Nf6 5. f3 0-0 6. e3 c6 7. g4 h6 8. Nge2 Be6 9. Ng3 Nbd7 10. h4 Nh7 11. g5 hxg5 12. hxg5 Bxg5 13. Bd3 Bh6 14. Rdg1 d5 15. Nf5 Bxf5 16. Bxf5 Qf6 17. Bxd7 d4 18. exd4 exd4 19. Ne2 Qe7 20. Nxd4 Qxd7 21. Rxh6 Rad8 22. Rxg7+! Kxg7 23. Nf5+ (double check) Kg8 24. Rg6+! fxg6 25. Nh6# 1–0

Ringed piece

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|+ Lange vs. von Schierstedt, 1856

Max Lange vs. Jenny von Schierstedt, Halle 1856 (White's queen knight is the ringed piece with which he must checkmate) 1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nc6 3. f4 exf4 4. Nf3 g5 5. Bc4 g4 6. 0-0 gxf3 7. d4 fxg2 8. Bxf7+ Kxf7 9. Qh5+ Kg7 10. Rxf4 Nh6 11. Be3 d6 12. Ne2 Qe7 13. Kxg2 Be6 14. Raf1 Bf7? Black could have won with 14...Qg5+!!, when 15.Qxg5# would checkmate Black, but violate the stipulation that the queen knight must checkmate. 15. Qxh6+!! Kxh6 16. Rg4+ Kh5 17. Ng3+ Kxg4 18. Rf5 h6 19. h3+ Kh4 20. Rh5+ Bxh5 21. Nf5# 1–0 1. Nc3 e5 2. Ne4 d5 3. Ng3 Covering the pawn to make it less assailable by Black's pieces. f5 4. e3 Bd6 5. c4 h5 6. Nxh5 Qg5 7. Ng3 f4 8. exf4 Not 8.Nf3??, when 8...Bh3! would win the g-pawn and the game. exf4 9. d4 Qg6 10. Bd3 Qh6 Now Black threatens 11...Qh3! and wins. 11. Qh5+ Qxh5 12. Nxh5 Rxh5 13. Bg6+ Ke7 14. Bxh5 Nf6 15. Bf3 g5 16. c5 g4 17. cxd6+ cxd6 18. Bxg4 Bxg4 19. Bxf4 Nh5 20. Bg3 Nc6 21. h3 21.f3? Be6 22.Ne2 Rg8 23.Kf2 Bh3! 24.gxh3 Nxg3 followed by 25...Rh8 would win the capped pawn. Be6 22. Ne2 Rg8 23. Rc1 Bf5 24. Rc3 Be4 25. Re3 Nb4 26. Kd2 Nxa2 27. Ra1 Nb4 28. Rxa7 Nc6 29. Rxb7+ Ke6 30. Rh7 Rg5 31. Rxe4+ dxe4 32. Rxh5 Rxh5 33. Nf4+ Ke7 34. Nxh5 Nxd4 35. Ke3 Nc2+ 36. Kxe4 Ne1 Attacking the "game pawn". 37. Bh4+ Kd7 38. g4 Kc6 39. f4 Nc2 40. f5 d5+ 41. Kf4 d4 42. Bf2 d3 43. Be3 Nd4 44. Ke4 d2 45. Bxd2 Nb3 46. Be3 Kd6 47. Nf6 Kc6 48. h4 Na5 49. h5 Nc4 50. Bf4 Nxb2 51. h6 Na4 52. h7 Nc5+ 53. Ke3 Kb5 54. Ne4 Na6 55. h8=Q Ka5 56. Qc3+ Kb5 57. Qb3+ Ka5 58. Nc3 Nc5 59. Bc7+ Ka6 60. Qb5+ Ka7 61. Qxc5+ Ka6 Deliberately allowing checkmate. 62. Qa5+ Kb7 63. Ke4 Kc8 64. Qa7 Kd7 65. Qb7 Ke7 66. Qc8 Kf6 67. Bd8+ Kg7 68. Qe6 Kf8 69. Qe7+ Kg8 70. Nd5 Kh8 71. g5 Kg8 72. g6 Kh8 73. Ke5 Kg8 74. Nf6+ Kh8 75. g7# 1–0 Notes by Staunton, who wrote that he and his opponent played many games at these odds, of which this was "perhaps the weakest, but ... also the shortest".

Odds of queen

In response for receiving the queen, Black undertakes to force White to checkmate Black.

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|+ Paris vs. Marseille, 1878

Paris vs. Marseille, correspondence 1878 (remove White's queen) 1. d4 d5 2. Nc3 c6 3. Nf3 g6 4. e4 e6 5. e5 Bb4 6. Bd2 Bxc3 7. Bxc3 b5 8. h4 h5 9. 0-0-0 a6 10. Ng5 f5 11. g3 Nh6 12. Bd3 Nf7 13. Bxf5? gxf5 14. Nxf7 Kxf7 15. Bd2 Nd7 16. Rhe1 c5 17. dxc5 Nxc5 18. Bg5 Qg8 19. Re3 Bb7 20. Rc3 Rc8 21. Be3 Nd7 22. Bd4 Rxc3 23. bxc3 a5 24. Kd2 a4 25. Rb1 Ba6 26. Rg1 Qg4 27. Rb1 Rc8 28. Rb4 Rc4 29. Rxc4 dxc4 30. a3 f4 31. Kc1 fxg3 32. fxg3 Qxg3 33. Kb2 Qxh4 34. Kc1 Qe1+ 35. Kb2 Qd1 36. Ba7 Nxe5 37. Bc5 h4 38. Bd4 Nc6 39. Be3 e5 40. Bf2 h3 41. Bg3 e4 42. Bf4 Ke6 43. Bg3 e3 44. Bf4 e2 45. Bg3 Kd7 46. Bh2 e1=Q 47. Bf4 Qee2 48. Bg3 Qdxc2+ 49. Ka1 Qf1+ 50. Be1 Qd2 Now White is reduced to shuffling the king back and forth while Black sets up selfmate. 51. Kb1 h2 52. Ka1 h1=Q 53. Kb1 Qf8 54. Ka1 Qxa3+ 55. Kb1 Qad6 56. Ka1 Qf6 57. Kb1 Kc7 58. Ka1 b4 59. Kb1 b3 60. Ka1 Kb6 61. Kb1 Ka5 62. Ka1 Ne7! 63. Kb1 Nc8 64. Ka1 Bb5 65. Kb1 Qa6! 66. Ka1 Nb6 67. Kb1 Qh7+ (not 67...Qhxe1#??, when White wins) 68. Ka1 Qxc3+! 69. Bxc3# The only legal move. 0–1 Black, having forced White to checkmate, wins.

Handicap (chess)

Main

Others

Opening theory

Pawn and two moves

Rook odds

Queen odds

Ringed piece

Odds of queen

See also

Notes

References

External links