SPARC64 is a microprocessor developed by HAL Computer Systems and fabricated by Fujitsu. It implements the SPARC V9 instruction set architecture (ISA), the first microprocessor to do so. SPARC64 was HAL's first microprocessor and was the first in the SPARC64 brand. It operates at 101 and 118 MHz. The SPARC64 was used exclusively by Fujitsu in their systems; the first systems, the Fujitsu HALstation Model 330 and Model 350 workstations, were formally announced in September 1995 and were introduced in October 1995, two years late. It was succeeded by the SPARC64 II (previously known as the SPARC64+) in 1996.
Description
The SPARC64 is a superscalar microprocessor that issues four instructions per cycle and executes them out of order. It is a multichip design, consisting of seven dies: a CPU die, MMU die, four CACHE dies and a CLOCK die.
CPU die
The CPU die contains the majority of logic, all of the execution units and a level 0 (L0) instruction cache. The execution units consist of two integer units, address units, floating-point units (FPUs), memory units. The FPU hardware consists of a fused multiply add (FMA) unit and a divide unit. But the FMA instructions are really fused (that is, with a single rounding) only as of SPARC64 VI. The FMA unit is pipelined and has a four-cycle latency and a one-cycle-throughput. The divide unit is not pipelined and has significantly longer latencies. The L0 instruction cache has a capacity of 4 KB, is direct-mapped and has a one-cycle latency.
The CPU die is connected to the CACHE and MMU dies by ten 64-bit buses. Four address buses carrying virtual addresses lead out to each cache die. Two data buses write data from the register file to the two CACHE dies that implement the data cache. Four buses, one from each CACHE die, deliver data or instructions to the CPU.
The CPU die contained 2.7 million transistors, has dimensions of 17.53 mm by 16.92 mm for an area of 297 mm<sup>2</sup> and has 817 signal bumps and 1,695 power bumps.
MMU die
The MMU die contains the memory management unit, cache controller and the external interfaces. The SPARC64 has separate interfaces for memory and input/output (I/O). The bus used to access the memory is 128 bits wide. The system interface is the HAL I/O (HIO) bus, a 64-bit asynchronous bus. The MMU has a die area of 163 mm<sup>2</sup>.
Cache dies
Four dies implement the level 1 (L1) instruction and data caches, which require two dies each. Both caches have a capacity of 128 KB. The latency for both caches is three cycles, and the caches are four-way set associative. The data cache is protected by error correcting code (ECC) and parity. It uses a 128-byte line size. Each CACHE die implements 64 KB of the cache and a portion of the cache tags.
The cache die contains 4.3 million transistors, has dimensions of 14.0 mm by 10.11 mm for a die area of 142 mm<sup>2</sup>. It has 1,854 solder bumps, of which 446 are signals and 1408 are power.
Physical
The SPARC64 consisted of 21.9 million transistors. It was fabricated by Fujitsu in their CS-55 process, a 0.40 μm, four-layer metal complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process. The seven dies are packaged in a rectangular ceramic multi-chip module (MCM), connected to the underside of the MCM with solder bumps. The MCM has 565 pins, of which 286 are signal pins and 218 are power pins, organized as a pin grid array (PGA). The MCM has wide buses which connect the seven dies.
SPARC64 II
The SPARC64 II (SPARC64+) was a further development of the SPARC64. It is a second-generation SPARC64 microprocessor. It operated at 141 and 161 MHz. It was used by Fujitsu in their HALstation Model 375 (141 MHz) and Model 385 (161 MHz) workstations, which were introduced in November 1996 and December 1996, respectively. The SPARC64 II was succeeded by the SPARC64 III in 1998.
The SPARC64 II has higher performance due to higher clock frequencies enabled by the new process and circuit tweaks; and a higher instructions per cycle (IPC) count due to the following microarchitecture improvements:
- The capacity of the level 0 (L0) instruction cache was doubled to 8 KB.
- The number of physical registers was increased to 128 from 116 and the number of register files to five from four.
- The number of branch history table entries was doubled to 2,048.
It was fabricated by Fujitsu in their CS-60 process, a 0.35 μm, five-layer metal CMOS process. The new process reduced the area of the dies, with the CPU die measuring 202 mm<sup>2</sup>, the MMU die 103 mm<sup>2</sup>, and the CACHE die 84 mm<sup>2</sup>. It was a third-generation SPARC64 microprocessor and was known as the SPARC64 III before it was introduced. The SPARC64 GP operated at clock frequencies of 225, 250 and 275 MHz <!--300?-->. It was the first microprocessor from HAL to support multiprocessing. It was fabricated by Fujitsu in their 0.15 μm CS85 process with six levels of copper interconnect. It used a 1.5 V internal power supply and a 1.8 or 2.5 V power supply for I/O.
See also
- SPARC64 V (this article also covers the SPARC64 V+, VI, VII, VII+, VIIIfx, IXfx, X, X+, and XIfx)
Notes
References
- Computergram International (11 March 1994). [ "HAL Gets First 64-Bit SPARC Silicon From Fujitsu"]. Computer Business Review.
- Computergram (19 September 1995). [ "HAL Finally Comes To Market With 64-Bit HALstation Line"]. Computer Business Review.
- Fujitsu Limited (17 July 2002). Fujitsu's PRIMEPOWER Servers Get Another Big Performance Boost. (Press release).
- Fujitsu Limited (17 July 2002). SPARC64 GP 400-810 MHz Technical Summary.
- HAL Computer Systems. SPARC64.
- HAL Computer Systems (14–15 August 1995). SPARC64+: HAL's Second Generation 64-bit SPARC Processor. Hot Chips VII.
- HAL Computer Systems (29 April 1999). SPARC64 I Product Overview.
- HAL Computer Systems (29 April 1999). SPARC64 II Product Overview.
- HAL Computer Systems (29 April 1999). SPARC64 III Product Overview.
- Gwennap, Linley (6 March 1995). "HAL Reveals Multichip SPARC Processor". Microprocessor Report.
- <cite id="MPR-1997-12-08">Song, Peter (8 December 1997). "HAL Packs SPARC64; onto Single Chip". Microprocessor Report.</cite>