or is a style of obfuscated (cant) Japanese writing popular amongst urban Japanese youth. As the name suggests ( meaning "gal"), this writing system was created by and remains primarily employed by young women.

Several online guides for exist, as well as one published book: (2004).

Formation

Like leet, replaces characters with visually similar characters or combinations of characters. The Japanese language consists of traditional characters of Chinese origin, kanji, and two native syllabic scripts called kana: hiragana and katakana. These characters and scripts are altered to form hidden messages. Hiragana consisting of connected strokes are replaced by symbols or Greek letters: for example, may be rendered as the section symbol <code>§</code>. Hiragana consisting of detached elements are replaced by sequences of kana, Western letters, or symbols. For example, may be typed as <code>|ま</code> (vertical bar and hiragana ) or <code>(ま</code> (open parenthesis and ), may be typed as <code>レナ</code> (katakana ), <code>Iナ</code> (capital i, ), or <code>(†</code> (open parenthesis, dagger), and may be typed as <code>ナ=</code> (katakana , equals sign) or <code>†こ</code> (dagger, hiragana ).

Katakana is frequently replaced by similar-looking kanji, such as for or for , in a reversal of the process that turned man'yōgana into kana. Kana and rōmaji may be mixed freely, even within a word, and Latin letters in rōmaji may be replaced with similar-looking Cyrillic letters, such as replacing N with И (Cyrillic I). Compound kanji are decomposed into left and right elements, which are written as individual kanji or kana. For example, the kanji in , meaning "like, enjoy" may be split into (the kanji for woman and child, respectively).

In addition to the basic obfuscation provided by character replacement, another technique used to disguise the content of the message is to use vocabulary and grammar that is uncharacteristic of standard usage. Combined with character substitution, this can make the meaning of the message almost unintelligible to those not "in the know". This is analogous to the use of leet's specialized grammar. However, the flexible nature of the Japanese language means that although phrases sound peculiar to someone expecting formal or even commonly colloquial Japanese, they are often technically still grammatically correct.

For example, the sentence is "Right now I am feeling very good." in standard normal-polite Japanese.

By first rewording this as or – which roughly translates as "(I have a) Super good feeling!" – and then converting to to get or , the message could prove difficult for those not versed in the style to understand.

Conversion chart

The original Japanese hiragana followed by romaji, and then various versions of the Japanese character in . The following chart is also available in image form.

  • あ a： ぁ・ァ・了
  • い i： ぃ・ィ・ﾚヽ・ﾚ丶・レ）・ﾚ`・L丶・Lヽ
  • う u： ぅ・ゥ・宀・ヴ
  • え e： ぇ・ェ・之・工・ヱ
  • お o： ぉ・ォ・才・汚
  • か ka： ｶゝ・ｶ丶・ｶヽ・ｶ`・ｶゞ【が】
  • き ki： (ｷ・(≠・L≠・‡
  • く ku： ＜・〈・勹
  • け ke： ヶ・(ﾅ・ﾚ†・ﾚﾅ・|ナ・l+・Iﾅ
  • こ ko： 〓・=・<nowiki>]</nowiki>・⊃
  • さ sa： 廾・±・(十・L+
  • し shi： ι・∪
  • す su： £
  • せ se： 世・Ш
  • そ so： ξ・ζ・`ﾉ・丶/・ヽ丿
  • た ta： ﾅ=・+=・†ﾆ・ﾅﾆ
  • ち chi： 干・千・于・5
  • つ tsu： っ・ッ・⊃
  • て te： τ・〒
  • と to： ┠・┝・┣・├
  • な na： ﾅょ・十ょ・†ょ・ﾅg
  • に ni： (ﾆ・|=・丨ﾆ・L=・I=・
  • ぬ nu： йu
  • ね ne： йё
  • の no： /・丿・σ
  • は ha： ﾊ〃【バ】・ﾊo【パ】・'`・八・l£・(£・ﾉ|・ﾉl・ﾚ£
  • ひ hi： ﾋ〃【ビ】・ﾋo【ピ】・匕
  • ふ fu： ﾌ〃【ブ】・ﾌo【プ】・ヴ
  • へ he： ﾍ〃【べ】・ﾍo【ペ】・～
  • ほ ho： ﾎ〃【ボ】・ﾎo【ポ】・朮
  • ま ma： ма・мα
  • み mi： 彡
  • む mu： £′・厶
  • め me： ×・x・χ・乂
  • も mo： м○・мσ
  • や ya： ゃ・ャ
  • ゆ yu： ゅ・ュ・ф
  • よ yo： ょ・ョ・∋・чo
  • ら ra： яа
  • り ri： L|・l)・ﾚ｣・ﾚ)・┗』・└丿
  • る ru： ゐ・ゑ・儿・lﾚ・｣レ
  • れ re： яё
  • ろ ro： з・З・□・回
  • わ wa： ゎ・ヮ・wα
  • を wo： щo
  • ん n： ω・冫・w・h
  • ー (long vowel mark)： →・⇒

Compound kanji

Here are some examples of created from compound kanji. The kanji characters are followed by their reading and meaning, and the derived from them:

  • →
  • →
  • →

Examples

{| class="wikitable"

!Usual Japanese writing

!

!Meaning

|-

|

|

|Good morning

|-

|

|

|Pokémon

|-

|

|

|I like Takeshi.

|}

Cultural attitudes

As a youth culture element produced by women, is not well received by the older Japanese public. From a traditionalist perspective, rejects the elegant, painstaking brushstrokes of Japanese writing embraced by the art of Japanese calligraphy. From a contemporary perspective, may be likened to other recent comical scripts, such as the bubble-like from the 1980s. Since its widespread use in the early 2000s, television programs and public attention has taken note of . However, this innovative writing system subverts cultural norms and breaks linguistic barriers, endowing with a rebellious nature.