The Green Party of the United States (GPUS) is a federation of Green state political parties in the United States. The party promotes green politics, specifically environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice, participatory democracy, anti-war, and anti-racism. it is the fourth-largest political party in the United States by voter registration, behind the Libertarian Party. The Party first gained traction in 2000, when Ralph Nader ran for president.
The direct predecessor of the GPUS was the Association of State Green Parties (ASGP). In the late 1990s, the ASGP, which formed in 1996, had increasingly distanced itself from the Greens/Green Party USA (G/GPUSA), America's then-primary green organization which had formed in 1991 out of the Green Committees of Correspondence, a collection of local green groups active since 1984. In 2001, the GPUS was officially founded as the ASGP split from the G/GPUSA. After its founding, the GPUS soon became the primary national green organization in the country, surpassing the G/GPUSA. John Rensenbrink and Howie Hawkins were co-founders of the Green Party.
The Greens (as ASGP) first gained widespread public attention during the 2000 presidential election, when the ticket composed of Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke won 2.7% of the popular vote, raising questions as to whether they spoiled the election in favor of George W. Bush. Nader has dismissed the notion that he and other Green candidates are spoilers.
History
Early years
The political movement that began in 1984 as the decentralized Committees of Correspondence evolved into a more centralized structure by 1990, opening a national clearinghouse and forming governing bodies, bylaws and a platform as the Green Committees of Correspondence; vs. those who saw electoral strategies as a crucial engine of social change. A struggle for the direction of the organization culminated in a "compromise agreement", ratified in 1990 at the Greens National Congress in Elkins, West Virginia, in which both strategies would be accommodated within the same 527 political organization renamed the Greens/Green Party USA (G/GPUSA). It was recognized by the FEC as a national political party in 1991.
The compromise agreement subsequently collapsed and two Green Party organizations co-existed in the United States until 2019 when the Greens/Green Party USA was dissolved. The Green Politics Network was organized in 1990 and the National Association of Statewide Green Parties formed by 1994. Divisions between those pressing to break onto the national political stage and those aiming to grow roots at the local level continued to widen during the 1990s. The Association of State Green Parties (ASGP) encouraged and backed Nader's presidential runs in 1996 and 2000. By 2001, the push to separate electoral activity from the G/GPUSA issue-based organizing led to the Boston Proposal and the subsequent rise of the Green Party of the United States. The G/GPUSA lost most of its affiliates in the next few months and dropped its FEC national party status in the year 2005.
2020s
Howie Hawkins announced his candidacy for President in the 2020 United States presidential election on April 3, 2019, seeking the Green nomination, and later became the nominee.
On August 17, 2024, Jill Stein and Butch Ware officially became the 2024 Green Party's nominees for President and Vice President, winning 267 out of the 287 Green delegate votes at their national convention. Their campaign primarily focused on social justice reforms, labor rights, healthcare, economic restructuring, and demilitarizing. The party also campaigned heavily on ending American aid to Israel during the Gaza war and particularly attacked Democratic candidates Joe Biden and Kamala Harris.
In 2024, the party ceased to be a member of the Global Greens organisation of world-wide green parties. The European Green Party broke ties with the US Green Party, citing concerns about the American party's position on the War in Ukraine, its relationship to other authoritarian regimes, and Stein's potential spoiler status in the election.
The Stein/Ware ticket came in third place, securing 862,049 votes.
On February 3, Butch Ware announced that he would be campaigning to become the Governor of California in the 2026 California gubernatorial election.
On August 29, former presidential candidate Jill Stein spoke at and attended the second annual People's Conference for Palestine. She spoke in favor of the UN imposing an arms embargo, trade boycott, divestment, and utilizing the United Nations Protection Force.
Structure and composition
Committees
The Green Party has two national committees recognized by the Federal Election Commission (FEC):
- The Green National Committee (GNC)
- The Green Senatorial Campaign Committee (GSCC)
Green National Committee
The GNC is composed of delegates elected by affiliated state parties. The state parties also appoint delegates to serve on the various standing committees of the GNC. The National Committee elects a steering committee of seven co-chairs, a secretary and a treasurer to oversee daily operations. The National Committee performs most of its business online, but it also holds an annual national meeting to conduct business in person.
Caucuses
Five Identity Caucuses have achieved representation on the GNC:
- National Black Caucus
- Latinx Caucus
- Lavender Greens Caucus (LGBTQIA+)
- National Women's Caucus
- Young Ecosocialists
Other caucuses have worked toward formal recognition by the GNC:
- Disability Caucus
- Labor Caucus
- Indigenous Caucus
- Elder Caucus
Ideology
Values
The Green Party of the United States follows the ideals of green politics, which are based on the Four Pillars, namely:
Eco-socialism
In 2016, the Green Party passed a motion in favor of rejecting both capitalism and state socialism, supporting instead an "alternative economic system based on ecology and decentralization of power". The motion states the change that the party says could be described as promoting "ecological socialism", "communalism", or perhaps the "cooperative commonwealth". Consumer goods and services would be sold to consumers in the market by cooperatives, public enterprises, and small businesses.
Political positions
Economic and social issues
Healthcare
The Green Party supports the implementation of a single-payer healthcare system and the abolition of private health insurance in the United States. They have also called for contraception and abortion procedures to be available on demand. The Green Party has called for the repeal of the Hyde Amendment, an act that prohibits the use of federal taxpayer funds for abortions, unless in the cases of rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother.
Green New Deal
In 2006, the Green Party developed a Green New Deal that would ultimately serve as a transitional plan to a 100% clean, renewable energy including solar and wind energy by 2030 utilizing a carbon tax, jobs guarantee, tuition-free college, single-payer healthcare and a focus on using public programs.
Howie Hawkins focused his gubernatorial campaign on the Green New Deal, which was the first time the policy was introduced. Jill Stein also developed her presidential campaign based on the Green New Deal.
Criminal justice
The Green Party favors the abolition of the death penalty, repeal of three-strikes laws, banning of private prisons, legalization of marijuana, and decriminalization of other drugs.
Racial justice
The Green Party advocates for "complete and full" reparations to the African American community, as well the removal of the Confederate flag from all government buildings.
LGBT+ rights
The party supports same-sex marriage, the right of access to medical and surgical treatment for transgender and gender-nonconforming people, and withdrawing foreign aid to countries with poor LGBT+ rights records. The party opposes gender-critical feminism.
Over the years, some state Green parties have come to place less emphasis on the principle of self-imposed limits than they did in the past. Nevertheless, it is safe to say that Green Party fundraising (for candidates' campaigns and for the party itself) still tends to rely on relatively small contributions and that Greens generally decry not only the rise of the Super PACs, but also the big-money system, which some Greens criticize as plutocracy.
Some Greens feel that the Green Party's position should be simply to follow the laws and regulations of campaign finance. Other Greens argue that it would injure the Green Party not to practice a principled stand against the anti-democratic influence of money in the political process. Candidates for office, like Jill Stein, the 2012 and 2016 Green Party nominee for the President of the United States, typically rely on smaller donations to fund their campaigns.
Foreign policy
The Green Party calls on the United States to join the International Criminal Court, and sign the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and Non-Proliferation Treaty. Additionally, it supports cutting the defense budget in half, as well as prohibiting all arms sales to foreign countries.
In the Middle East, the Green Party supports the 2015 Iran nuclear deal to decrease sanctions while limiting Iran's capacity to make nuclear weapons. The party condemned the Twelve-Day War, proclaiming themselves as a party of peace and the Democrats and Republicans as militaristic. When Israel and the United States again went to war with Iran nine months later, three state parties denounced the war and called it illegal under international law.
The Green Party advocates for the Palestinian right of return and cutting all U.S. aid to Israel. It has also expressed support for the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement. The Green Party supports "...the creation of one secular, democratic state for Palestinians and Israelis on the land between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan as the national home of both peoples, with Jerusalem as its capital." The Green Party called for a ceasefire in the Gaza war and condemned Israeli war crimes in the Gaza Strip, and also recognizes the Gaza genocide. The party's 2024 presidential campaign focused heavily on Palestine.
Membership
{| class="wikitable" | style="float:right; margin:0em 1em 0em .5em"
|+Registered voters
!Party
!Percentage (2022)
|-
|Democratic
|38.73%
|-
|Republican
|29.6%
|-
|Libertarian
|0.6%
|-
|Green
|0.19%
|-
|Constitution
|0.11%
|}
The Green Party's membership encompasses the fourth-highest percentage of registered voters in the United States, with a total membership of 261,091 in July 2025. , Californians have elected 55 of the 226 office-holding Greens nationwide. Other states with high numbers of Green elected officials include Pennsylvania (31), Wisconsin (23), Massachusetts (18) and Maine (17). Maine has the highest per capita number of Green elected officials in the country and the largest Green registration percentage with more than 29,273 Greens comprising 2.95% of the electorate . Madison, Wisconsin is the city with the most Green elected officials (8), followed by Portland, Maine (7).
thumb|Membership in the Green Party of the United States by year (1986–2020)
The 2016 presidential campaign of Jill Stein got substantive support from counties and precincts with a high percentage of Native American population. For instance, in Sioux County (North Dakota, 84.1% Native American), Stein gained her best county-wide result: 10.4% of the votes. In Rolette County (also North Dakota, 77% Native American), she got 4.7% of the votes. Other majority Native American counties where Stein did above state average are Menominee (WI), Roosevelt (MT) and several precincts in Alaska.
At its peak in 2004, the Green Party had 318,931 registered members in states allowing party registration and tens of thousands of members and contributors in the rest of the country.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Number of registered Green Party members by year (nationally)
!Year
!Number of members
|-
|2024
|249,276
|-
|2023
|242,882
|-
|2022
|238,552
|-
|2021
|246,088
|-
|2020
|248,071
|-
|2019
|258,028
|-
|2018
|257,939
|-
|2017
|260,874
|-
|2016
|258,444
|-
|2015
|256,929
|-
|2014
|251,900
|-
|2013
|252,328
|-
|2012
|251,976
|-
|2011
|243,226
|-
|2010
|248,488
|-
|2009
|249,542
|-
|2008
|262,050
|-
|2007
|273,938
|-
|2006
|297,285
|-
|2005
|298,031
|-
|2004
|318,931
|-
|2003
|302,226
|-
|2002
|277,241
|-
|2001
|232,651
|-
|2000
|204,321
|-
|1999
|129,183
|-
|1998
|123,650
|-
|1997
|110,229
|-
|1996
|113,440
|-
|1995
|88,505
|-
|1994
|92,094
|-
|1993
|96,113
|-
|1992
|102,830
|-
|1991
|101,286
|-
|1990
|9,552
|-
|1989
|142
|-
|1988
|109
|-
|1987
|24
|-
|1986
|24
|}
State and territorial parties
The following is a list of accredited state parties which comprise the Green Party of the United States.
- <s>Green Party of Alaska</s>
- Disaffiliated since January 12, 2021 due to nominating Jesse Ventura as its presidential candidate for the 2020 United States presidential election.
- Arizona Green Party
- Green Party of Arkansas
- Green Party of California
- Green Party of Colorado
- Connecticut Green Party
- Green Party of Delaware
- D.C. Statehood Green Party
- Green Party of Florida
- <s>Green Party of Georgia</s>
- Deaccredited on July 26, 2021, due to the adoption of the Declaration on Women's sex-based rights in its party platform.
- Green Party of Montana
- Green Party of Hawaii
- Idaho Green Party
- Illinois Green Party
- Indiana Green Party
- Iowa Green Party
- Kansas Green Party
- Kentucky Green Party
- Green Party of Louisiana
- Maine Green Independent Party
- Maryland Green Party
- Green-Rainbow Party (Massachusetts)
- Green Party of Michigan
- Green Party of Minnesota
- Green Party of Mississippi
- Green Party of New York
- Nebraska Green Party
- Green Party of New Jersey
- North Carolina Green Party
- Green Party of Ohio
- Green Party of Oklahoma
- Pacific Green Party (Oregon)
- Green Party of Pennsylvania
- <s>Green Party of Rhode Island</s>
- Disaffiliated since December 29, 2020 due to endorsing Joe Biden for president during the 2020 United States presidential election.
- Ocean State Green Party
- South Carolina Green Party
- Green Party of Texas
- Green Party of Utah
- Vermont Green Party
- Green Party of Virginia
- Green Party of Washington State
- Mountain Party (West Virginia)
- Wisconsin Green Party
List of national conventions and annual meetings
The Green National Convention is scheduled in presidential election years and the Annual National Meeting is scheduled in other years. The Green National Committee conducts business online between these in-person meetings.
- 1996 – Los Angeles, California
- 2000 – Denver, Colorado
- 2001 – Santa Barbara, California
- 2002 – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 2003 – Washington, D.C.
- 2004 – Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- 2005 – Tulsa, Oklahoma
- 2006 – Tucson, Arizona
- 2007 – Reading, Pennsylvania
- 2008 – Chicago, Illinois
- 2009 – Durham, North Carolina
- 2010 – Detroit, Michigan
- 2011 – Alfred, New York
- 2012 – Baltimore, Maryland
- 2013 – Iowa City, Iowa
- 2014 – Saint Paul, Minnesota
- 2015 – St. Louis, Missouri
- 2016 – Houston, Texas
- 2017 – Newark, New Jersey
- 2018 – Salt Lake City, Utah
- 2019 – Salem, Massachusetts
- 2020 – Virtual Online (originally planned for Detroit, Michigan prior to COVID-19 pandemic)
- 2024 – Virtual Online
Officeholders
thumb|Musician [[Jello Biafra ran for the Green Party's presidential nomination in 2000, and has run for other offices with the Green Party.]]
thumb|[[Malik Rahim, former Black Panther Party activist, ran for Congress in 2008 with the Green Party.]]
thumb|2012, 2016 and 2024 Green presidential nominee, [[Jill Stein, served from 2005 to 2010 as a member of Lexington's Town Meeting.]]
, 143 officeholders in the United States were affiliated with the Green Party. The party has not had any representation in federal or statewide offices.
Previously in 2016, the majority of them were in California, several in Illinois, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, with five or fewer in ten other states. These included one mayor and one deputy mayor and fourteen county or city commissioners (or equivalent). The remainder were members of school boards, clerks and other local administrative bodies and positions.
Several Green Party members have been elected to state-level office, though not always as affiliates of the party. John Eder was elected to the Maine House of Representatives, re-elected in 2004, but defeated in 2006. Audie Bock was elected to the California State Assembly in 1999, but switched her registration to independent seven months later running as such in the 2000 election. Richard Carroll was elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives in 2008, but switched parties to become a Democrat five months after his election. Fred Smith was elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives in 2012, but re-registered as a Democrat in 2014. In 2010, former Green Party leader Ben Chipman was elected to the Maine House of Representatives as an unenrolled candidate and was re-elected in 2012 and 2014. He has since registered as a Democrat, and is serving in the Maine Senate.
Gayle McLaughlin was twice elected mayor of Richmond, California, defeating two Democrats in 2006 and then reelected in 2010; and elected to City Council in 2014 after completing her second term as mayor. With a population of over 100,000 people, it was the largest American city with a Green mayor. Fairfax, California; Arcata, California; Sebastopol, California; and New Paltz, New York are the only towns in the United States to have had a Green Party majority in their town councils. Twin Ridges Elementary in Nevada County, California held the first Green Party majority school board in the United States.
On September 21, 2017, Ralph Chapman, a member of the Maine House of Representatives, switched his party registration from unaffiliated to Green, providing the Green Party with their first state-level representative since 2014. Henry John Bear became a member of the Green Party in the same year as Chapman, giving the Maine Green Independent Party and GPUS its second currently-serving state representative, though Bear is a nonvoting tribal member of the Maine House of Representatives.
Though several Green congressional candidates have topped 20%, no nominee of the Green Party has been elected to office in the federal government. In 2016, Mark Salazar set a new record for a Green Party nominee for Congress. Running in the Arizona 8th district against incumbent Republican Congressman Trent Franks, Salazar received 93,954 votes or 31.43%.
Legislative caucuses
With exception to state legislatures and major city councils, all other legislative bodies included in the following chronological table had/have more than two affiliated members simultaneously serving in office.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Years
!Government position
!Jurisdiction
!State
!Notes
|-
|2001–2022
| Minority<br />(1/13 seats)<br />
|Minneapolis City Council
|
|
|-
|2018–2019
| Minority<br />(1/141 seats)
|Maryland House of Delegates
|
|
|-
|2017–2018
| Minority<br />(2/154* seats)
|rowspan=2|Maine House of Representatives
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|-
|2002–2006
|Minority<br />(1/151 seats)
|-
|2016–2017
| Minority<br />(2/5 seats)
|Anoka Water Conservation District
|
|
|-
|2013–2015
| Minority<br />(1/100 seats)
|rowspan=2|Arkansas House of Representatives
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|-
|2008–2009
| Minority<br />(1/100 seats)
|-
|2002–2014
| Minority<br />'<br />(3–4 out of 9 seats)
|Berkeley Rent Stabilization Board
|
|
|-
|2009–2013
| Majority<br />(3/5 seats)
|rowspan=2|Fairfax Town Council
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|-
|2004–2008
| Minority<br />(2/5 seats)
|-
|1990–2012
| Minority<br />'<br />(2–5 out of 30 seats)
|Douglas County Board of Supervisors
|
|
|-
|2001–2009
| Minority<br />'<br />(2–4 out of 20 seats)
|Madison Common Council
|
|
|-
|1998–2008
| Minority<br />'<br />(2–4 out of 39 seats)
|Dane County Board of Supervisors
|
|
|-
|2004–2008
| Minority<br />'<br />(3–4 out of 29 seats)
|Portage County Board of Supervisors
|
|
|-
|2000–2008
| Majority<br />(3/5 seats)
|Sebastopol City Council
|
|
|-
|2004–2007
| Minority<br />'<br />(2–4 out of 9 seats)
|Portland Board of Education
|
|
|-
|2003–2007
| Minority<br />(2/7 seats)
|Kalamazoo City Commission
|
|
|-
|2004–2006;<br />1996–1998
| Majority<br />(3/5 seats)
|rowspan=2|Arcata City Council
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|-
|2002–2004;<br />1998–2000
| Minority<br />(2/5 seats)
|-
|2002–2006
| Majority<br />(3/5 seats)
|School Board of Twin Ridges Elementary
|
|
|-
|2003–2004
| Majority<br />(3/5 seats)
|New Paltz Village Council
|
|
|-
|2002–2004
| Minority<br />(1/80 seats)
|New Jersey General Assembly
|
|
|-
|1998–2004
| Minority<br />(2/7 seats)
|Santa Monica City Council
|
|
|-
|2001–2003
| Minority<br />(2/30 seats)
|New Haven Board of Aldermen
|
|
|-
|2000–2002
| Minority<br />(2/8 seats)
|Salem City Council
|
|
|-
|2000–2002
| Minority<br />(2/8 seats)
|Santa Fe City Council
|
|
|-
|1995–2002
| Minority<br />(2/5 seats)
|Point Arena Town Council
|
|
|-
|1999
| Minority<br />(1/80 seats)
|California State Assembly
|
|
|-
|1996–1998
| Minority<br />(2/8 seats)
|Fayetteville City Council
|
|
|}
Other notable people
- Ellen Brown
- Tom Clements
- Mike Feinstein
- Margaret Flowers
- Paul Glover
- Daniel Hamburg
- Howie Hawkins
- Dario Hunter
- Brent McMillan
- Ross Mirkarimi
- Ralph Nader
- Efia Nwangaza
- <!-- Kent Warner Smith -->
- Dona Spring
- Charlene Spretnak
- Jill Stein
- Kevin Zeese
Presidential ballot access
2004 to present
{|class=wikitable
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="7"|Ballot Access of the Green Party of the United States
|-
!
!style="text-align:center;" |2004
!style="text-align:center;" |2008
!style="text-align:center;" |2012
!style="text-align:center;" |2016
!style="text-align:center;" |2020
!style="text-align:center;" |2024
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |Number of states + D.C.<br />(number of write-in states)
|style="text-align:center;" |28<br />(14)
|style="text-align:center;" |33<br />(10)
|style="text-align:center;" |37<br />(6)
|style="text-align:center;" |45<br />(3)
|style="text-align:center;" |30<br />(17)
|style="text-align:center;" |45<br />(7)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |Possible electoral votes<br />(possible write-in electoral votes)
|style="text-align:center;" |294<br />(201)
|style="text-align:center;" |413<br />(68)
|style="text-align:center;" |439<br />(47)
|style="text-align:center;" |480<br />(42)
|style="text-align:center;" |381<br />(133)
|style="text-align:center;" |+508<br />(69)
|-
|Alabama
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" colspan="2"|Not on ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Alaska
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Arizona
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="3" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Arkansas
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|California
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Colorado
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Connecticut
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" colspan="2"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="3" |On ballot
|-
|Delaware
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|District of Columbia
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Florida
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Georgia
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" colspan="5"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Hawaii
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6"|On ballot
|-
|Idaho
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" colspan="2"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="3" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|-
|Illinois
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="4" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|-
|Indiana
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" colspan="5"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" |Not on ballot
|-
|Iowa
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="5"|On ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|-
|Kansas
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" colspan="3"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;"|On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|-
|Kentucky
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" colspan="2"|Not on ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Louisiana
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="4" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Maine
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Maryland
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Massachusetts
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Michigan
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Minnesota
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Mississippi
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Missouri
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="3" |On ballot
|-
|Montana
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Nebraska
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Nevada
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" |Not on ballot
|-
|New Hampshire
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" colspan="2"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|New Jersey
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|New Mexico
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|New York
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="4" |On ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|-
|North Carolina
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" colspan="2"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2"|On ballot
|-
|North Dakota
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" colspan="2"|Not on ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
|-
|Ohio
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="5" |On ballot
|-
|Oklahoma
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" |Not on ballot
|-
|Oregon
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|Pennsylvania
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Rhode Island
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="4" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|South Carolina
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|South Dakota
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" |Not on ballot
|-
|Tennessee
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="5" |On ballot
|-
|Texas
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="5" |On ballot
|-
|Utah
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="5" |On ballot
|-
|Vermont
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" colspan="2"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|-
|Virginia
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="3" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Washington
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="6" |On ballot
|-
|West Virginia
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="5" |On ballot
|-
|Wisconsin
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="4" |On ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Wyoming
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" colspan="3"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" |(write-in)
|}
1996 and 2000
{|class=wikitable
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|Ballot Access of the Association of State Green Parties
|-
!
!style="text-align:center;" |1996
!style="text-align:center;" |2000
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |Number of states + D.C.<br />(number of write-in states)
|style="text-align:center;" |22<br />(14)
|style="text-align:center;" |44<br />(4)
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |Possible electoral votes<br />(possible write-in electoral votes)
|style="text-align:center;" |239<br />(200)
|style="text-align:center;" |481<br />(32)
|-
|Alabama
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Alaska
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Arizona
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Arkansas
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|California
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Colorado
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Connecticut
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Delaware
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|District of Columbia
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Florida
|style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Georgia
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|-
|Hawaii
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2"|On ballot
|-
|Idaho
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" |(write-in)
|-
|Illinois
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Indiana
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;" colspan="2"|(write-in)
|-
|Iowa
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2"|On ballot
|-
|Kansas
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Kentucky
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Louisiana
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Maine
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Maryland
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Massachusetts
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Michigan
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Minnesota
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Mississippi
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Missouri
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Montana
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Nebraska
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Nevada
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|New Hampshire
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|New Jersey
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|New Mexico
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|New York
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|North Carolina
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
|-
|North Dakota
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Ohio
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Oklahoma
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" colspan="2"|Not on ballot
|-
|Oregon
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Pennsylvania
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Rhode Island
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|South Carolina
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|South Dakota
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;" colspan="2"|Not on ballot
|-
|Tennessee
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Texas
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Utah
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Vermont
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Virginia
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Washington
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|West Virginia
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" |On ballot
|-
|Wisconsin
| style="text-align:center; background:#88ee88;" colspan="2" |On ballot
|-
|Wyoming
| style="text-align:center; background:#eaa;"|Not on ballot
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|(write-in)
|}
Electoral results
thumb|alt=|400x400px|This map shows the percentage of the popular vote Jill Stein received in each county (2016) (with a max vote share of 4.5%).
Presidential elections
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Year
!Presidential/vice presidential candidate
!Popular votes
!Percentage
!Electoral votes
!Image
|-
|colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | GPUS
|-
|2024
|Jill Stein/Butch Ware<br />(campaign)
|868,963
|0.6%<br />(Third)
|0 EV
|100px 100px
|-
|2020
|Howie Hawkins/Angela Walker<br />(campaign)
|407,068
|0.3%<br />(Fourth)
|0 EV
|100px 101px
|-
|2016
|Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka<br />(campaign)
|1,457,218
|1.1%<br />(Fourth)
|0 EV
|100px 96px
|-
|2012
|Jill Stein/Cheri Honkala<br />(campaign)
|469,627
|0.4%<br />(Fourth)
|0 EV
|100px 105px
|-
|2008
|Cynthia McKinney/Rosa Clemente<br />(campaign)
|161,797
|0.1%<br />(Sixth)
|0 EV
|100px 101px
|-
|2004
|David Cobb/Pat LaMarche<br />(campaign)
|119,859
|0.1%<br />(Sixth)
|0 EV
|100px 100px
|-
|colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | ASGP
|-
|2000
|Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke<br />(campaign)
|2,882,897
|2.7%<br />(Third)
|0 EV
|100px 101px
|-
|1996
|Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke<br />(campaign)
|684,902
|0.7%<br />(Fourth)
|0 EV
|100px 101px
|}
Congress
House of Representatives
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Election year
!No. of overall general<br />election votes
!% of overall vote
!No. of overall seats won
!+/-
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | G/GPUSA
|-
!1992
|134,072
|0.14
|
|
|-
!1994
|52,096
|0.07
|
|
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | ASGP
|-
!1996
|42,510
|0.05
|
|
|-
!1998
|70,932
|0.11
|
|
|-
!2000
|260,087
|0.26
|
|
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | GPUS
|-
!2002
|297,187
|0.40
|
|
|-
!2004
|344,549
|0.30
|
|
|-
!2006
|243,391
|0.29
|
|
|-
!2008
|580,263
|0.47
|
|
|-
!2010
|252,688
|0.29
|
|
|-
!2012
|372,996
|0.30
|
|
|-
!2014
|246,567
|0.30
|
|
|-
!2016
|515,263
|0.42?
|
|
|-
!2018
|276,877
|0.22
|
|
|-
!2020
|90,121
|0.06
|
|
|-
!2022
|69,802
|0.06
|
|
|-
!2024
|182,841
|0.12
|
|
|}
Senate
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Election year
!No. of overall general<br />election votes
!% of overall vote
!No. of overall seats won
!+/-
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | ASGP
|-
!2000
|685,289
|0.90
|
|
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | GPUS
|-
!2002
|94,702
|0.20
|
|
|-
!2004
|157,671
|0.20
|
|
|-
!2006
|295,935
|0.50
|
|
|-
!2008
|427,427
|0.70
|
|
|-
!2010
|516,517
|0.80
|
|
|-
!2012
|212,103
|0.20
|
|
|-
!2014
|152,555
|0.32
|
|
|-
!2016
|695,604
|0.72
|
|
|-
!2018
|200,599
|0.22
|
|
|-
!2020
|258,348
|0.03
|
|
|-
!2022
|87,964
|0.10
|
|
|-
!2024
|288,495
|0.??
|
|
|}
Best results in major races
Bold indicates race where Green candidate was elected to office
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Office
!Percent
!District
!Year
!Candidate
|-
|rowspan="3"|President
|align=right|10.07%
|Alaska
|2000
|rowspan="3"|Ralph Nader
|-
|align=right|6.92%
|Vermont
|2000
|-
|align=right|6.42%
|Massachusetts
|2000
|-
|rowspan="3"|US Senate
|align=right|20.5%
|Arkansas
|2008
|Rebekah Kennedy
|-
|align=right|15.4%
|District of Columbia
|2018
|Eleanor Ory
|-
|align=right|14.3%
|District of Columbia
|2006
|Joyce Robinson-Paul
|-
|rowspan="3"|US House
|align=right|31.5%
|Arizona District 8
|2016
|Mark Salazar
|-
|align=right|27.5%
|California District 34
|2018
|Kenneth Mejia
|-
|align=right|23.2%
|Arkansas District 2
|2008
|Deb McFarland
|-
|rowspan="3"|Governor
|align=right|10.4%
|Illinois
|2006
|Rich Whitney
|-
|align=right|10.3%
|New Mexico
|1994
|Roberto Mondragón
|-
|align=right|9.5%
|Maine
|2006
|Pat LaMarche
|-
|rowspan="3"|Other statewide
|align=right|32.7%
|New Mexico State Treasurer
|1994
|Lorenzo Garcia
|-
|align=right|32.4%
|Arkansas State Treasurer
|2010
|Bobby Tullis
|-
|align=right|26.7%
|Arkansas Attorney General
|2010
|Rebekah Kennedy
|-
|rowspan="3"|State Legislature
|align=right|67.1%
|Maine District 38
|2002
|rowspan="3"|John Eder
|-
|align=right|50.9%
|Maine District 118
|2004
|-
|align=right|48.4%
|Maine District 118
|2006
|}
Criticism and controversies
Spoiler campaigns
Campaigns run by the Green Party have been seen by some analysts and academics as tossing the election outcomes in favor of Republican candidates – most notably George W. Bush in 2000 In 2019, former Green presidential candidate Ralph Nader told the Washingtonian that, while he still does not consider himself a spoiler, he regretted not entering the 2000 Democratic primary.
A 2020 New York Times article highlighted instances where supporters of a Republican candidate worked to get the Green Party on ballots in close races hoping that it would split votes away from Democratic candidate, including during the 2020 presidential election.
In September 2024, Democratic Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez criticized the Green Party's political strategy as "predatory", alleging that they have failed to build political power at the local level while only "show[ing] up every four years" to run presidential candidates.
On November 1, 2024, Green parties across Europe urged Jill Stein to drop out and endorse Kamala Harris, arguing that Stein risked electing Donald Trump by staying in the race.
On December 27, 2024, James Skoufis accused the Green Party of spoiling the 2024 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania in favor of Dave McCormick.
Russia
The United States Senate's probe into Russian election interference investigated Jill Stein and the Green Party for potential collusion and looked to better understand why and how Russia was promoting the party. NBC News reported that a "growing body of evidence [exists] that [shows] the Russians worked to boost the Stein campaign as part of the effort to siphon support away from Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton and tilt the election to Trump." NBC News additionally documented over 100 instances where Stein appeared on Russian state media, receiving favorable coverage. One of Green Party's 2016 VP candidates, Chris Hedges, worked for RT, while Stein's 2016 running mate, Ajamu Baraka, also often appeared on the network criticizing NATO as "Gangster states". Stein also met with Sergey Lavrov at an RT Gala in New York.
After the 2020 Green Party Nominating Convention named Hawkins as their presidential candidate, runner-up Dario Hunter announced that he would run as an independent candidate. Hunter cited alleged irregularities and undemocratic processes throughout the primary, arguing that party leaders had committed "ethical lapses" to ensure Hawkins' nomination, and criticizing Hawkins for what he saw as his "imperialist perspective" and "CIA talking points."
See also
- 2000 United States presidential election
- 2016 United States presidential election
- Electoral fusion in the United States
- List of political parties in the United States
- Ranked Choice Voting
- Third party (U.S. politics)
Notes
References
Further reading
- Capra, Fritjof and Spretnak, Charlene (1984). Green Politics: The Global Promise. New York: E. P. Dutton, distributed by Penguin Random House. . Chapter Nine, "The Green Alternative – It Can Happen Here", examined the prospects for a Green party or movement in the U.S., which co-author Spretnak then helped organize.
- Coleman, Daniel A. (1994). Ecopolitics: Building a Green Society. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, distributed by Chicago Distribution Center. . By a co-author of the first Green platform. Chapter 10, "From Participation to Power", provides a first-hand and sometimes cautionary look at the U.S. Green movement.
- Gaard, Greta (1998). Ecological Politics: Ecofeminists and the Greens. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, distributed by Chicago Distribution Center. . Scholarly survey of the U.S. Greens' first 15 years, from an explicitly social justice and ecofeminist perspective.
- Green, Donald J. (2010). Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger / ABC-CLIO, distributed by Bloomsbury Publishing. . By a lecturer in American political history. Chapter Six, "Ralph Nader and the Green Party", argues that Nader's 2000 campaign was one of the most consequential third-party efforts in U.S. history.
- Hawkins, Howie, ed. (2006). Independent Politics: The Green Party Strategy Debate. Chicago: Haymarket Books, distributed by Consortium Books. . Twenty-four Green activists and "allies" including David Cobb, Matt Gonzalez, and Norman Solomon discuss how Greens can disrupt the two-party domination of U.S. politics.
- Mayer, Margit, and Ely, John, eds. (1998). The German Greens: Paradox Between Movement and Party. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, distributed by Chicago Distribution Center. . Co-editor Ely is a social and political commentator. His Chapter 10, "Green Politics in Europe and the United States", includes a section on the U.S. Greens from a Euro-left perspective.
- Nader, Ralph (2002). Crashing the Party: Taking On the Corporate Government in an Age of Surrender. New York: St. Martin's Press, distributed by Macmillan Distribution. . Detailed description and analysis of the author's 2000 Green Party Presidential campaign.
- Rensenbrink, John (1999). Against All Odds: The Green Transformation of American Politics. Raymond, ME: Leopold Press, now permanently closed, no distributor. . Parts III and IV discuss the Green movement and Green Party, respectively.
- Satin, Mark (2023). Up From Socialism: My 60-Year Search for a Healing New Radical Politics. New York: Bombardier Books, distributed by Simon & Schuster. . Chapter Eight, "Co-founding the U.S. Green Party Movement", is a first-hand and often critical account of the formative years of the U.S. Greens, from an explicitly radical centrist perspective.
- Sifry, Micah L. (2002). Spoiling for a Fight: Third-Party Politics in America. New York: Routledge, distributed by Taylor & Francis. . By a former assistant editor at The Nation. Section III, "Organizing the Left", includes researched, sympathetic material on the early U.S. Greens.
- Tokar, Brian (1994). The Green Alternative: Creating an Ecological Future. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, distributed by Ingram Publisher Services. By a founder of the Left Greens. Introduces the U.S. Greens and discusses their choices and prospects.
- Whaley, Rick (2007). How Green Is the Green Party?: Stories from the Margins. Ossipee, NH: Beech River Books, distributed by Ingram Content Group. . By a founder of the Wisconsin Greens. Critical look at the U.S. Greens from an explicitly decentralist and bioregionalist perspective.
- Zelko, Frank, and Brinkmann, Carolin, eds. (2006). Green Parties: Reflections on the First Three Decades. Washington, DC: Heinrich Böll Foundation North America, distributed by University of Chicago Press via its Chicago Distribution Center. Large booklet, no ISBN. Symposium papers by global Greens including U.S. Green activists John Rensenbrink, Lorna Salzman, Steven J. Schmidt, Charlene Spretnak, and Brian Tokar.
External links
- Green Party of the United States at the Encyclopedia Britannica