thumb|The original Roman relief upon which Gradiva was based ([[Vatican City). |300x300px]]

Gradiva, or "She who steps along", is a mythic figure created by Wilhelm Jensen as a central character in his novella Gradiva (1902). The character was inspired by an existing Roman relief. She later became a prominent subject in Surrealist art after Sigmund Freud published an essay on Jensen's work.

Origins

The character first appeared in Wilhelm Jensen's eponymous novella Gradiva. In the novella, the protagonist is fascinated by a female figure in an ancient relief and names her Gradiva, Latin for "she who steps along". Afterwards, he exchanged a few letters with Jensen, who was "flattered by Freud's analysis of his story".

Description

The relief is a neo-Attic Roman relief, which is likely a copy of a Greek original from the 4th century BCE. The full relief has three female figures identified as the so called Horae and Agraulids: Herse, Pandrosus and Aglaulos. The relief was reconstructed by archaeologist Friedrich Hauser from fragments found in multiple separate museum collections. The rest of the relief is on display in the Uffizi Museum in Florence. These paintings included Gradiva (1931), Gradiva finds the ruins of Antropomorphos (1931), William Tell and Gradiva (1931).

Gradiva inspired other Surrealist paintings as well. One such example, Gradiva (1939) by André Masson, explores the sexual iconography of the character.

In 1937 the Surrealist leader André Breton opened an art gallery in Paris called Galerie Gradiva. The façade was designed by Marcel Duchamp, and included a door in the shape of a man and woman in close contact.

In 1970, the actor and filmmaker Giorgio Albertazzi released a film titled Gradiva, based on Jensen's novel and featuring Laura Antonelli as Gradiva. Albertazzi is best known for his portrayal of the male protagonist in Last Year at Marienbad, a film by Alain Robbe-Grillet, who would himself go on to direct a film based on Jensen's novel.

The short art film Gradiva Sketch 1 (1978, camera: Bruno Nuytten) by the French filmmaker Raymonde Carasco was described as “a poetic construction about the fetishization of desire, one that seems to go against Freud's reading: the gracious movement of the maiden's foot is seen to be the object itself, not a mere referent, of male desire”.

In 1986, the Surrealist writer and ethnographer Michel Leiris, together with Jean Jamin, founded Gradhiva, an academic journal covering topics in anthropology. Since 2005, it has been published by the Musée du quai Branly in Paris.

In 2007, the writer and filmmaker Alain Robbe-Grillet released a film titled ("It's Gradiva Who is Calling You"), which was roughly based on the novel, although updated to more recent times. It begins with an English art historian who is doing research in Morocco on the paintings and drawings that French artist Eugène Delacroix (1798 – 1863) produced over a century before, when he travelled to the country as part of a diplomatic mission. Spotting a beautiful, mysterious blonde woman (Gradiva) in flowing robes, dashing through the back alleys of Marrakesh, he becomes consumed with the need to track her down.

References

  • Jensen's 'Gradiva' and Other Works
  • Gradiva - Chiaramonti Museum, Rome
  • Gradiva - Freud-Museum, London
  • Freud Museum Exhibition Archive: Gradiva: The Cure Through Love
  • Raymonde Carasco: Gradiva Sketch 1 (1978)
  • DailyArt Magazine - Gradiva: What did Freud and the Surrealists See in Her?