Gordon Allport

Gordon William Allport (November 11, 1897 – October 9, 1967) was an American psychologist. Allport was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality, and is often referred to as one of the founding figures of personality psychology. He contributed to the formation of values scales and rejected both a psychoanalytic approach to personality, which he thought often was too deeply interpretive, and a behavioral approach, which he thought did not provide deep enough interpretations from their data. Instead of these popular approaches, he developed an eclectic theory based on traits. Part of his influence stemmed from his knack for exploring and broadly conceptualizing important topics (e.g., rumor, prejudice, religion, traits). Another part of his influence resulted from the deep and lasting impression he made on his students during his long teaching career, many of whom went on to have important careers in psychology. Among his many students were Jerome S. Bruner, Anthony Greenwald, Stanley Milgram, Leo Postman, Thomas Pettigrew, and M. Brewster Smith. His brother, Floyd Henry Allport, was professor of social psychology and political psychology at Syracuse University's Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs (in Syracuse, New York) from 1924 until 1956, and visiting professor at University of California, Berkeley. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Allport as the 11th most-cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Biography

Allport grew up in a religious family of Christian missionaries. He was born in Montezuma, Indiana, and was the youngest of four sons of John Edward and Nellie Edith (Wise) Allport. When Gordon Allport was six years old, the family had already moved many times and finally settled in Ohio. His early education was in the public schools of Cleveland, Ohio.

John Allport was a country doctor and had his clinic and hospital in the family home. Allport's father turned their home into a makeshift hospital, with patients as well as nurses residing there. Gordon Allport and his brothers grew up surrounded by their father's patients, nurses, and medical equipment, and he and his brothers often assisted their father in the clinic. Allport reported that "Tending office, washing bottles, and dealing with patients were important aspects of my early training" (p. 172). During this time, Allport's father was encapsulated in a blurb in Samuel Hopkins Adams' exposé in Collier's Magazine on fraudulent medicinal cures, later reprinted as the book The Great American Fraud: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery. While much of the book focuses on large scale, heavily advertised patent medicines available at the turn of the century, the author states Allport "would never have embodied this article were it not for the efforts of certain physicians of Cleveland." Allport was criticized for diagnosing and treating morphine addicts via mail simply on the basis of letters and no in-person appointments. Upon receiving Adams' letter detailing his concocted affliction, Allport replied back via mail, diagnosing Adams as a morphine addict and sending doses of the "Dr. J. Edward Allport System," designed to cure morphine addicts. Analysis of the medicine revealed its active ingredient to be nothing more than additional morphine, packed with a bottle of pink whiskey "to mix with the morphin[sp] when it gets low." Adams referred to Allport as a "[quack] who pretend[s] to be a physician," is "no less scoundrelly," and "is even more dangerous" than other fraudulent addiction cure peddlers mentioned earlier in the book.

Allport's mother was a former school teacher, who forcefully promoted her values of intellectual development and religion.

Allport earned his A.B. degree in 1919 in Philosophy and Economics (not psychology). The following year, he traved to Europe and visited Sigmund Freud in Vienna. He did graduate work at the University of Berlin and the University of Hamburg before traveling to Robert College in Istanbul, Turkey, to teach.

Harvard then awarded Allport a Sheldon Traveling Fellowship. He spent the first Sheldon year studying with the new Gestalt School in Berlin and Hamburg, Germany; and then the second year at Cambridge University.

Allport was a member of the faculty at Harvard University from 1930 to 1967. In 1931, he served on the faculty committee that established Harvard's Sociology Department. In the late 1940s, he helped to develop an introductory course for the new Social Relations Department. At that time, he was also editor of the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. Allport was also a Director of the Commission for the United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1933.

By 1937, Allport began to act as a spokesman for personality psychology. He appeared on radio talk shows and wrote literature reviews, articles, and a textbook. In 1943, he was elected President of the Eastern Psychological Association (EPA). In 1944, he served as President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. In 1950, Allport published his third book titled The Individual and His Religion. His fourth book, The Nature of Prejudice, was published in 1954, based on his work with refugees during World War II. His fifth book, published in 1955, was titled Becoming: Basic Considerations for Psychology of Personality. In 1963, Allport was awarded the Gold Medal Award from the American Psychological Foundation. He was also made an honorary member of the British Psychological Society and similar groups in Austria, France, and Germany. In his work, Concepts of Trait and Personality (1927), Allport states that traits are "habits possessed of social significance" and become very predictable. Traits are a unit of personality. Allport emphasized that an individual's personality is the single most unique thing about a person. This is similar to Goldberg's fundamental lexical hypothesis, or the hypothesis that humans develop widely used, generic terms for individual differences in their daily interactions over time.

Allport's three-level hierarchy of traits are:

1. Sense of bodily "me" (first year) - Infants perceive themselves through sensations to understand what makes them up and what does not.

2. Sense of self-identity (second year) - They understand themselves by the significance of their name. This can then give them a sense of how they are and what that can mean socially.

Allport gives the example of a man who seeks to perfect his task or craft. His original motive may be a sense of inferiority engrained in his childhood, but his diligence in his work and the motive it acquires, later on, is a need to excel in his chosen profession, which becomes the man's drive. Allport says that the theory:

<blockquote>"... avoids the absurdity of regarding the energy of life now, in the present, as somehow consisting of early archaic forms (instincts, prepotent reflexes, or the never-changing Id). Learning brings new systems of interests into existence just as it does new abilities and skills. At each stage of development, these interests are always contemporary; whatever drives, drives now."</blockquote>

Bibliography

Concepts of Trait and Personality. Psychological Bulletin, 24(5-1927), pp. 284–293
Studies in expressive movement (with Vernon, P. E.) (1933) New York: Macmillan Publishers.
Attitudes, in A Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. C. Murchison, (1935). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press, 789–844.
Personality: A psychological interpretation. (1937) New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
The Psychologist's Frame of Reference (1940). Classics in the History of Psychology -- Allport (1940)
The Psychology of Rumor [with Leo Postman] (1947). New York: Henry Holt & Company
The Individual and His Religion: A Psychological Interpretation. Oxford, England: Macmillan, 1950.
The Nature of Personality: Selected Papers. (1950; 1975). Westport, CN : Greenwood Press.
The Nature of Prejudice. (1954; 1979). Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality. (1955). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Personality & social encounter. (1960). Boston: Beacon Press.
Pattern and Growth in Personality. (1961). Harcourt College Pub.
Letters from Jenny. (1965) New York: Harcourt, Brace & World
The Person in Psychology (1968). Boston: Beacon Press.

Notes

References

Matlin, MW., (1995) Psychology. Texas: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

External links

Allports classic paper on autonomy of motives at Classics in the History of Psychology page.
Gordon Allport, The Scapegoats (1954)
Gordon Allport, Becoming (1955)
Gordon Allport, The Open System in Personality Theory (1960)