Gerard David ( – 13 August 1523) was an Early Netherlandish painter and manuscript illuminator known for his brilliant use of color. Only a bare outline of his life survives, although some facts are known. He may have been the Meester gheraet van brugghe who became a master of the Antwerp guild in 1515. He was very successful in his lifetime and probably ran two workshops, in Antwerp and Bruges. Like many painters of his period, his reputation diminished in the 17th century until he was rediscovered in the 19th century.

Life

He was born in Oudewater, now located in the province of Utrecht. His year of birth is approximated as c. 1450–1460 on the basis that he looks to be around 50 years in the 1509 self-portrait found in his Virgin among the Virgins. He is believed to have spent time in Italy from 1470 to 1480, where he was influenced by the Italian Renaissance.

Erwin Panofsky identifies David as a student of Geertgen tot Sint Jans. Upon the death of Hans Memling in 1494, David became Bruges' leading painter. He became dean of the guild in 1501, and in 1496 married Cornelia Cnoop, daughter of the dean of the goldsmiths' guild. David was one of the town's leading citizens. Ambrosius Benson served his apprenticeship with David. Around 1519 they had a dispute over a number of paintings and drawings which Benson had collected from other artists. David refused to return the materials because Benson owed him a large debt. Benson sought legal recourse in court and after he won, David was condemned to a prison term.

He died on 13 August 1523 and was buried in the Church of Our Lady in Bruges.

Style

upright=1.4|thumb|The Annunciation, 1506

David's surviving work mainly consists of religious scenes. They are characterised by an atmospheric, timeless, and almost dream-like serenity, achieved through soft, warm and subtle colourisation, and masterful handling of light and shadow. He is innovative in his recasting of traditional themes and in his approach to landscape, which was then only an emerging genre in northern European painting.

In his early work David followed Haarlem artists such as Dirk Bouts, Albert van Oudewater, and which is now in the Rouen museum.

Only a few of his works have remained in Bruges: The Judgment of Cambyses, The Flaying of Sisamnes and the Baptism of Christ in the Groeningemuseum, and the Transfiguration in the Church of Our Lady.

The rest were scattered around the world, and to this may be due the oblivion into which his very name had fallen; this, and the fact that, some believed that for all the beauty and the soulfulness of his work, he had nothing innovative to add to the history of art. and a portrait of the Emperor Maximilian in Vienna. Several of his drawings also survive, and elements from these appear in the works of other painters and illuminators for several decades after his death.

Lesser-known but also of high quality are the works of David found in Spanish public collections. The Prado Museum in Madrid owns a table "Rest on the flight into Egypt" resembling the one in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp. The Prado also holds another two Works by the painter, one of them only attributed. Another of the Spanish capital's Museums, The Thyssen-Bornemisza holds a "Crucifixión" from 1475.

Legacy

At the time of David's death, the glory of Bruges and its painters was on the wane: Antwerp had become the leader in art as well as in political and commercial importance. Of David's pupils in Bruges, only Adriaen Isenbrandt,

David's name had been completely forgotten when in 1866 William Henry James Weale discovered documents about him in the archives of Bruges; these brought to light the main facts of the painter's life and led to the reconstruction of David's artistic personality,

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File:Gerard David - Adoration of the Shepherds (c. 1485) Google Art Project.jpg|The Adoration of the Shepherds, c. 1485, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest

File:Gerard David - Deposition - WGA6004.jpg|Lamentation, c 1495–1500. National Gallery, London, UK

File:Gerard David - The Judgment of Cambyses, panel 1 - The capture of the corrupt judge Sisamnes.jpg|The Judgment of Cambyses, 1498. Groeninge Museum, Bruges. Center panel

File:Doopsel van Christus, circa 1502 - circa 1508, Groeningemuseum, 0040009000FXD.jpg|Triptych of Jean des Trompes, 1505. Groeninge Museum, Bruges

File:Gerard David - God the Father.jpg|God the Father 1506, Louvre, Paris

File:Gerard David - Altarpiece of St Michael (Central panel).jpg|Altarpiece of St Michael c. 1510. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

File:Virgin and Child with Four Angels MET DP-1410-001.jpg|Virgin and Child with Four Angels, c. 1510–1515. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

File:Gerard David Le Christ au jardin des oliviers.jpg|Agony in the Garden, c. 1510–1520.Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg, France

File:Gerard David - Three Legends of Saint Nicholas - NG 2213 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|Three Legends of Saint Nicholas, , Scottish National Gallery

File:Gerard David - Salvator Mundi, c. 1500, Cat. 330.jpg|Salvator Mundi, , Philadelphia Museum of Art

File:Gerard David - Madonna and Child with the Milk Soup - Google Art Project.jpg|Madonna and Child with the Milk Soup, c. 1515. Oil on panel, 25 x 29&nbsp;cm, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium

File:Gerard David - The transfiguration.jpg|Transfiguration of Christ. Church of Our Lady, Bruges

File:Gerard David - Adoration of the Kings - Google Art Project.jpg|Adoration of the Kings, 1515–1523, National Gallery, London

File:Rust tijdens de vlucht naar Egypte, Gerard David, 16de eeuw, Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen, 47FXD.jpg|Rest on the Flight into Egypt, Gerard David, 16th century, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp

File:Gerard David - Christ on the Cross - Google Art Project.jpg|Christ on the Cross, 1480–85, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp

File:Gerard David, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Gemäldegalerie - Bildnis eines Goldschmiedes (wahrscheinlich Jacob Cnoop, der Schwiegervater Davids) - GG 970 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg|Portrait of a Goldsmith, 1500s, Kunsthistorisches Museum

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References

Notes

Sources

  • Ainsworth, Maryan Wynn. Gerard David: Purity of Vision in an Age of Transition . NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.
  • Ainsworth, Maryan Wynn; Christiansen, Keith. From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.
  • Campbell, Lorne. The Fifteenth-Century Netherlandish Paintings. London: National Gallery, 1998.
  • Harbison, Craig. "The Art of the Northern Renaissance". London: Laurence King Publishing, 1995.
  • Nash, Susie. Northern Renaissance art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Ridderbos, Bernhard; Van Buren, Anne; Van Veen, Henk. Early Netherlandish Paintings: Rediscovery, Reception and Research. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005.
  • Gerard David | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  • Gerard David at Artcyclopedia
  • Fifteenth- to eighteenth-century European paintings: France, Central Europe, the Netherlands, Spain, and Great Britain, a collection catalog fully available online as a PDF, which contains material on Gerard David (cat. no. 20-22)
  • Gerard David : purity of vision in an age of transition, a collection catalog fully available online as a PDF
  • Gerard David Foundation (Dutch)