Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (; born 24 February 1942) is an Indian literary theorist and feminist critic. She is a professor at Columbia University and a founding member of Columbia's Institute for Comparative Literature and Society.

Considered as one of the most influential postcolonial intellectuals, Spivak is best known for her essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" and her translation of and introduction to Jacques Derrida's De la grammatologie. She has also translated many works of Mahasweta Devi into English with critical notes on Devi's life and writing style, notably Imaginary Maps and Breast Stories.

Spivak was awarded the 2012 Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for "speaking for the humanities against intellectual colonialism in relation to the globalized world." In 2013, she received the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award in India. In 2025, Spivak received the Holberg Prize for "her groundbreaking work in the fields of literary theory and philosophy."

Although often associated with postcolonialism, Spivak has stated her separation from the discipline in her book A Critique of Postcolonial Reason (1999), a position she maintained in a 2021 essay titled "How the Heritage of Postcolonial Studies Thinks Colonialism Today", published in Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies.

Life

Early life

Spivak was born on 24 February 1942 as Gayatri Chakravorty in Calcutta, India, into a Bengali Brahmin family. Her great-great-grandfather was Biharilal Bhaduri, a physician advocating homeopathy and a close friend of the Bengali reformer Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. After completing her secondary education at St. John's Diocesan Girls' Higher Secondary School, Spivak attended Presidency College, Kolkata, from which she graduated in 1959. Talbot Spivak published an autobiographical novel centred on their early marriage, The Bride Wore the Traditional Gold, in 1972.

1960s and 1970s

In 1959, upon graduation from Presidency College, she secured full-time employment as an English tutor. In 1961, Spivak joined the graduate program in English at Cornell University in the United States, travelling on money borrowed on a so-called "life mortgage". Unable to secure financial aid from the department of English, she transferred to the new comparative literature program, although she had insufficient preparation in French and German. She completed her Master of Arts in 1962, studying under M. H. Abrams. In 1963–1964, she attended Girton College, Cambridge, as a research student under the supervision of T.R. Henn, writing on the representation of the stages of development of the lyric subject in the poetry of W. B. Yeats. She presented a course in the summer of 1963 on "Yeats and the Theme of Death" at the Yeats Summer School in Sligo, Ireland.

Spivak was appointed assistant professor at the University of Iowa in 1965. She co-founded the MFA in Translation in 1974 and became a full professor and director of the Comparative Literature Program a year later. While teaching at Iowa, she worked towards her PhD at Cornell. While at Cornell, she served as the second female member of the Telluride Association. She taught at the University of Iowa until 1977.

In 1977–78, she was a National Humanities Fellow at the University of Chicago. Also in 1978, she joined the University of Texas at Austin as professor of English and comparative literature, teaching there until 1982. In 1991, she joined the faculty at Columbia University as Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities; in 2007, she was made University Professor in the Humanities at Columbia.

Since 1986, Spivak has been engaged in teaching adults and children among the landless illiterate Dalit people living in western West Bengal. In 1997, her friend Lore Metzger, a survivor of Nazi Germany, left Spivak $10,000 in her will to help with the work of rural education. With this, Spivak established the Pares Chandra and Sivani Chakravorty Memorial Foundation for Rural Education, to which she contributed the majority of her Kyoto Prize. Judith Butler, the chief signatory, subsequently apologised for certain aspects of the letter. NYU ultimately found Ronell guilty of sexual harassment and suspended her for a year.

In May 2024, Spivak repeatedly corrected the pronunciation of W. E. B. Du Bois' name by a Dalit graduate student, Anshul Kumar, who asked her a question as part of a discussion at an event in Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Kumar shared in a blog post about feeling humiliated and insulted during the incident. Spivak remarked in an interview that Anshul Kumar "had not identified himself as a Dalit." Dalit scholar Anilkumar Payyappilly Vijayan called the student's reaction "a strategy of counter-violence" against "the structural violence built into the very edifice of postcoloniality on which many dominant class intellectuals [like Spivak] have been comfortably placed."

Work

alt=Gayatri Spivak|thumb|Spivak speaking on "The Strength of Critique: Trajectories of Marxism–Feminism" at the Internationaler Kongress

Spivak rose to prominence with her translation of Derrida's De la grammatologie, which included a translator's introduction that has been described as "setting a new standard for self-reflexivity in prefaces." After this, as a member of the Subaltern Studies collective, she carried out a series of historical studies and literary critiques of imperialism and international feminism. She has been referred to as a "practical Marxist-feminist-deconstructionist." Her predominant ethico-political concern has been for the space occupied by the subaltern, especially subaltern women, both in discursive practices and in Western cultural institutions. Edward Said wrote of Spivak's work: "She pioneered the study in literary theory of non-Western women and produced one of the earliest and most coherent accounts of that role available to us." Writing for the New Statesman, Stephen Howe complains that "Spivak is so bewilderingly eclectic, so prone to juxtapose diverse notions without synthesis, that ascribing a coherent position to her on any question is extremely difficult."

Judith Butler, in a response critical of Eagleton's position, cites Theodor W. Adorno's comment on the lesser value of the work of theorists who "recirculate received opinion," and opines that Spivak "gives us the political landscape of culture in its obscurity and proximity" and that Spivak's language has resonated with "tens of thousands of activists and scholars."

"Can the Subaltern Speak?" and postcolonial theory

Her essay, "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988), established Spivak among the ranks of feminists who consider history, geography, and class when thinking about women. In "Can the Subaltern Speak?", Spivak discusses the lack of accounts of the Hindu practice of sati (the burning of widows), leading her to reflect on whether the subaltern can even speak. Spivak writes about the focus on the Eurocentric subject and how by invoking the subject of Europe, intellectuals constitute the subaltern "other" of Europe as anonymous and mute. In all her work, Spivak's main effort has been to try to find ways of accessing the subjectivity of those who are being investigated. She feminises and globalises the philosophy of deconstruction, considering the position of the subaltern.

In the early 1980s, she was also hailed as a co-founder of postcolonial theory, which she refused to accept fully. Her A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, published in 1999, explores how major works of European metaphysics (e.g., Kant, Hegel) not only tend to exclude the subaltern from their discussions, but actively prevent non-Europeans from occupying positions as fully human subjects. In this work, Spivak launched the concept of "sanctioned ignorance" for the "reproducing and foreclosing of colonialist structures." This concept denotes a purposeful silencing through the "dismissing of a particular context as being irrelevant."

Spivak coined the term strategic essentialism, which refers to a temporary solidarity for the purpose of social action. For example, women's groups have many different agendas that potentially make it difficult for feminists to work together for common causes. Strategic essentialism allows for disparate groups to accept temporarily an essentialist position that enables them able to act cohesively and "can be powerfully displacing and disruptive." While others have built upon the idea of strategic essentialism, Spivak has been unhappy with the ways the concept has been taken up. In interviews, she has disavowed the term, although not completely the concept itself.

In speeches given and published since 2002, Spivak has addressed the issue of terrorism and suicide bombings. With the aim of bringing an end to suicide bombings, she has explored and "tried to imagine what message [such acts] might contain," ruminating that "suicidal resistance is a message inscribed in the body when no other means will get through." One critic has suggested that this sort of stylised language may serve to blur important moral issues relating to terrorism. However, Spivak stated in the same speech that "single coerced yet willed suicidal 'terror' is in excess of the destruction of dynastic temples and the violation of women, tenacious and powerfully residual. It has not the banality of evil. It is informed by the stupidity of belief taken to extreme."

Academic roles and honours

She has been a Guggenheim Fellow. She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2007.

Spivak serves on the editorial board of Boundary 2 and Diaspora; on the advisory boards Janus Unbound, differences, and Signs; and as a consultant editor for Interventions.

Spivak has received honorary doctorates from the University of Toronto, University of London, University of Rovira i Virgili, Rabindra Bharati University, Paris 8 University, Presidency University, University of Ghana-Legon,

In 2012, she received the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy, In 2025, Spivak received the Holberg Prize.

Phire Esho, Chaka, a 1961 book of love poems by Binoy Majumdar, is dedicated to her.

Awards

  • Guggenheim Fellowship in 1995
  • Holberg Prize in 2025