thumb|right|Fox's novella "The Man the Sun-Gods Made" was the cover story for the Winter 1946 issue of [[Planet Stories]]

thumb|right|Fox's novella "The Warlock of Sharrador" was cover-featured on the March 1953 issue of [[Planet Stories]]

Gardner Francis Cooper Fox (May 20, 1911 – December 24, 1986) was an American writer known best for creating numerous comic book characters for DC Comics. He is estimated to have written more than 4,000 comics stories, including 1,500 for DC Comics. Fox was also a science fiction author and wrote many novels and short stories.

Fox is known as the co-creator of DC Comics heroes Barbara Gordon, the original Flash, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Doctor Fate, Zatanna and the original Sandman, and was the writer who first teamed several of those and other heroes as the Justice Society of America, and later recreated the team as the Justice League of America. Fox introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics in the 1961 story "Flash of Two Worlds!".

Early life and career

Gardner Cooper Fox was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Julia Veronica (Gardner) and Leon Francis Fox, an engineer. Unlike many of his contemporaries in the comic book field, such as Jack Kirby and Jerry Siegel, who came from poor backgrounds, Fox came from an affluent family from Long Island. His family was of Irish and English descent, with his first known American ancestor being the either Irish-or-English born Richard Fox arriving in Connecticut in 1635. Fox had a sister, Catherine (born 1916), known as "Kay".

Fox recalled being inspired at an early age by the great fantasy fiction writers. On or about his eleventh birthday, he was given The Gods of Mars and The Warlord of Mars by Edgar Rice Burroughs, books which "opened up a complete new world for me."

On November 14, 1937, Fox married Lynda J. Negrini. Jeffrey Francis Fox (born April 9, 1940), and Lynda Anne Fox (born March 21, 1943). He went on to write novels and short stories using a variety of male and female pseudonyms for a number of publishers, including Ace, Gold Medal, Tower Publications, Belmont Books, Dodd Mead, Hillman, Pocket Library, Pyramid Books and Signet Books.

Comics

Golden Age

Fox's earliest stories for DC Comics featured the fictional district attorney Speed Saunders with art by Creig Flessel and later Fred Guardineer beginning at least with Detective Comics #4 (June 1937). Speed Saunders was initially credited to "E.C. Stoner," which many believe to be a Fox pseudonym, and Fox has gone on record as claiming he created the character, "cashing in on my law school work". As the 1930s progressed, Fox added writing credits for Steve Malone and Bruce Nelson for Detective Comics to his workload, as well as Zatara for early issues of Action Comics.

During World War II, Fox assumed responsibility for a variety of characters and books of several of his colleagues who had been drafted. He worked for numerous companies including Marvel Comics' 1940s predecessor, Timely Comics; Vin Sullivan's Magazine Enterprises, Columbia Comics where he created Skyman; and at EC, where he served a brief stint as chief writer. With the waning popularity of superheroes, Fox contributed western, science fiction, humor, romance, and talking animal stories.

Batman

During July 1939, just two issues after the debut of the character Batman by artist Bob Kane and scripter Bill Finger, Fox wrote the first of his several tales for that character, introducing an early villain in the story "The Batman Meets Doctor Death". Alongside Kane and Finger, Fox contributed to the evolution of the character, including the character's first use of his utility belt, which "contain[ed] choking gas capsules,"

Fox returned to the Batman in 1964. <small>(See below)</small>

Sandman

During 1939, Fox and artist Bert Christman co-created the character of the Sandman, a gasmask-wearing costumed crime-fighter whose first appearance in Adventure Comics #40 (July 1939) was pre-empted by an appearance in New York World's Fair Comics.

The Flash

Fox is credited with writing the first three of six stories in the inaugural issue of Flash Comics (Jan. 1940), including the debut of the titular character, The Flash. With a hero described as a "modern-day Mercury", the title feature saw college student Jay Garrick imbued with superhuman speed after inhaling hard water vapors. The character went on to appear in a host of nineteen-forties comics, including All Star, Comic Cavalcade, The Big All-American Comic Book, Flash Comics and his own title, All-Flash,

Debuting as the third story in Flash Comics #1 (Jan. 1940) — "Fox's imagination [transformed] that bird [into] the soaring, mysterious Hawkman." the origin of the 'Winged Wonder' featured archaeologist and collector Carter Hall reliving his past life as Prince Khufu of ancient Egypt, creating a costume (powered by Nth metal), confronting the reincarnation of Hath-Set, his former nemesis, and meeting his reincarnated love interest, Shiera Saunders.

The Justice Society of America

Regularly writing more than six stories in five titles per month, every month throughout the early 1940s, Fox continued to create new features.

At the time, DC Comics consisted of two discrete sub-companies, Max Gaines' All-American Publications and Harry Donenfeld & Jack Liebowitz's National Periodical Publications. Though he continued to script for National/Detective Comics, Inc., Fox became the chief writer for All-American. While Fox's Dr. Fate (and other titles) was published by National; Sandman, Hawkman and the Flash were released by All-American. For Winter 1940, the third issue of All-American's All Star Comics debuted the Justice Society of America, the first superhero team in comics. Fox had worked on the Hawkman, Flash and Sandman features in All-Star for its first two issues (Summer and Autumn 1940), but from issue #3 (Winter), he assumed full writing duties for the issue, with all features by different artists working within the framing device wherein the characters were described as part of a "Justice Society".

In the pages of All-Star Comics #3, in collaboration with editor Sheldon Mayer and with artists including E. E. Hibbard, Fox created the first superhero team, the Justice Society of America. and the character would later join the JSA. Fox wrote the Justice Society's adventures from All Star Comics #3 until leaving the feature as of issue #34 (April–May 1947) with a story that introduced a new super-villain, the Wizard.

Non-DC work

thumb|180px|Crom, the Barbarian in [[Out of This World Adventures #1, June 1950, art by John Giunta.]]

Between 1940 and 1941, Fox wrote for the Columbia Comic Corporation, penning stories featuring characters including "Face," "Marvelo," "Rocky Ryan," "Skyman," and "Spymaster." and of "Kenton of the Star Patrol." During 1953, he entered into correspondence with fan Jerry Bails, which initially emphasized Bails' fondness for the Justice Society and All-Star Comics, but ultimately became a friendship that not only influenced the beginning of comics' so-called "Silver Age", but also comics fandom, in which Bails had a major role.

During the mid-1950s, after Fredric Wertham's publication of Seduction of the Innocent and the United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency hearings on the dangers of comic books, the content of comics was changed and became subject to censoring by the private Comics Code Authority. In partial response to this shift, DC editor Julius Schwartz began a widespread reinvention/revival of many earlier characters, and "Fox was one of the first writers... Schwartz called in to help".

Fox scripted most of the Silver Age adventures of science-fiction hero Adam Strange, who debuted in the comic book Showcase #17 (Nov. 1958) with art by Mike Sekowsky. The Adam Strange stories were co-plotted by Fox and the character's creator, Julius Schwartz. With the "creative guidance" of Fox and Schwartz, "Hawkman and the Atom were given new costumes, new identities," and drew an audience of fans old and new. Fox penned the reinvention of the new Hawkman in The Brave and the Bold #34 (March 1961) and the Atom, who debuted in Showcase #34 (Sep–Oct. 1961) with art by Gil Kane.

Justice League of America

Another of Fox's major achievements was his revival of the concept of the Justice Society as the Justice League of America, debuting in the comic book The Brave and the Bold #28 (Feb.–Mar. 1960). Soon given their own title during Oct.–Nov. 1960, the Justice League would become the basis of the DC Universe. The supervillain Doctor Light first battled the team in issue #12 (June 1962). Justice League of America #21 and #22 (August–September 1963) featured the first team-up of the Justice League and the Justice Society of America as well as the first use of the term "Crisis" in reference to a crossover between characters. The next year's team-up with the Justice Society introduced the threat of the Crime Syndicate of America of Earth-Three. The character Zatanna, introduced by Fox and artist Murphy Anderson in Hawkman #4 (Nov. 1964), was the center of a plotline which ran through several DC titles and was resolved in Justice League of America #51 (Feb. 1967). Fox and Sekowsky were the creative team for the title's first eight years. Sekowsky's last issue was #63 (June 1968) and Fox departed with #65 (September 1968).

Multiverse

Fox's script for "Flash of Two Worlds!", from The Flash #123 (Sept. 1961), introduced the concept that the Golden Age heroes existed on a parallel Earth named Earth-Two, as the current Flash, Barry Allen, travels to the Earth of Jay Garrick, the 1940s Flash. This event heralded more generally the concept of the DC Comics Multiverse, a decades-long recurring theme of the DC Comics universe, allowing old and new heroes to co-exist and crossover.

Silver Age Batman

During 1964, Schwartz was made responsible for reviving the Batman titles and Fox returned to writing Batman stories. Eighteen issues later, Fox and Moldoff similarly resuscitated and relocated Professor Jonathan Crane, launching the Earth-1 Scarecrow in "Fright of the Scarecrow", Batman #189 (Feb 1967). He and artist Carmine Infantino created the Blockbuster in Detective Comics #345 (Nov. 1965) and the Cluemaster in issue #351 (May 1966). Fox and Infantino introduced Barbara Gordon as a new version of Batgirl in a story titled "The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl!" in Detective Comics #359 (January 1967). Fox's final Batman story, "Whatever Will Happen to Heiress Heloise?", was published in Detective Comics #384 (Feb. 1969). and four books about the adventures of "Kyrik," starting with Warlock Warrior (1975).

For Tower Books, Belmont Books, and Belmont-Tower, he produced between thirteen and twenty-five "Lady from L.U.S.T." (League of Undercover Spies and Terrorists) novels between 1968 and 1975 using the name Rod Gray. (see also: The Man from O.R.G.Y.) With Rochelle Larkin and Leonard Levinson, Fox used the pen-name "Glen Chase" to write entries in the "Cherry Delight, The Sexecutioner" series.

Later comics work

During the early 1970s, Fox briefly worked for DC's rival publisher, Marvel Comics, writing scripts for The Tomb of Dracula, Red Wolf, and the "Doctor Strange" feature in Marvel Premiere. In July 1971, Fox estimated he had written "[f]ifty million words" over the course of his career to date.

He was a member of a number of literary and genre organisations, including the Academy of Comic Book Arts, the Authors Guild, the Authors League of America, and the Science Fiction Writers of America. A voracious reader, he stated, "I have two writers that I reread and reread. One that I'm sure nobody's every heard of is Jeffery Pond <!--Anyone ever heard of an author with a name like this?-->. I have every book he ever wrote. The other is the mystery writer John Dickson Carr, whose style I admire tremendously... and of course the old standbys – Merritt I always particularly liked – and Burroughs." — as well as a 1963 Alley, for Favorite Novel ("Crisis on Earths 1 and 2" in Justice League of America #21–22, with penciler Mike Sekowsky), and the 1965 Alley for Best Novel ("Solomon Grundy Goes on a Rampage" in Showcase #55) with penciler Murphy Anderson.

He was honored at the New York Comic Art Convention during 1971. During 1982, at Skycon II, he was awarded the "Jules Verne Award for Life-time achievement."

The character Guy Gardner is named after Fox. During 1985, DC Comics named Fox as one of the honorees in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.

During 2002, the Cartoon Network broadcast an episode of the Justice League animated TV series titled "Legends", an homage to Fox's Justice Society and his annual Silver Age Justice Society/Justice League crossovers. The episode was dedicated to Fox. Additionally, in the episode titled "Paradise Lost", a TV news reporter refers to Hurricane Gardner.

In the sixth episode of the second season of Young Justice, during a disaster caused by Neutron that destroys part of Central City, the Flash directs a woman to a homeless shelter located between streets named Gardner and Fox.

Bibliography

Comic books

DC Comics

  • Action Comics #8–79 (Zatara); #134, 139–144 (Vigilante); #138 (Congo Bill) (1939–1950)
  • Adventure Comics #35–67, 69–77, 81, 83–89 (1939–1944)
  • All-American Western #105–106, 113, 115 (1949–1950)
  • All-Flash #6–24, 28 (1942–1947)
  • All-Flash Quarterly #1–5 (1941–1942)
  • All Star Comics #1–34, 46, 50, 53 (1940–1950)
  • All Star Western #62, 90–92, 94–95, 97–99, 107–119 (1951–1961)
  • Atom #1–37 (1962–1968)
  • Atom and Hawkman #40–41 (1968–1969)
  • Batman #41, 165, 170–172, 174–175, 179, 181, 183–184, 186, 188–192, 194–197, 199, 201–202 (1947, 1964–1968)
  • Big All-American Comic Book #1 (1944)
  • Boy Commandos #36 (1949)
  • The Brave and the Bold #28–30 (Justice League); #34–36, 42–44 (Hawkman); #45–49 (Strange Sports); #61–62 (Starman and Black Canary) (1960–1965)
  • Comic Cavalcade #1–19 (1942–1947)
  • Detective Comics #4–26, 37–43 (Speed Saunders); #29–34, 331, 333–340, 344–345, 347, 349, 351, 353, 356, 359, 361, 363, 366–369, 371, 374, 376–377, 384 (Batman); #328–330, 332–339, 341–342, 345–358, 360–365, 367–383 (Elongated Man) (1937–1969)
  • The Flash #117, 123, 129, 137–138, 140, 142–146, 150–152, 154, 159, 162, 164, 166–167, 170–171, 177 (1960–1968)
  • Flash Comics #1–80 (1940–1947)
  • Funny Stuff #22–27 (1947)
  • Green Lantern #27 (1947)
  • Green Lantern vol. 2 #16–17, 21–23, 25–29, 32–38, 41–44, 46, 48, 50, 57–58, 60, 62, 65, 67 (1962–1969)
  • Hawkman #1–21 (1964–1967)
  • Hopalong Cassidy #86, 89, 91–92, 112–113, 115, 117–121, 124 (1954–1957)
  • Jimmy Wakely #1–3, 7–9, 11, 15 (1949–1952)
  • Justice League of America #1–38, 40–47, 49–57, 59–65 (1960–1968)
  • More Fun Comics #55–95 (Doctor Fate) (1940–1944)
  • Mystery in Space #1–5, 7–15, 31–32, 36, 41, 43, 45–48, 50–91 (1951–1964)
  • New York World's Fair Comics #1–2 (1939–1940)
  • Sensation Comics #1–10, 109 (1942–1952)
  • Showcase #15–16 (Space Ranger); #17–19 (Adam Strange); #34–36 (the Atom); #55–56 (Doctor Fate and Hourman); #60–61, 64 (Spectre) (1958–1966)
  • Spectre #1–2, 6–7 (1967–1968)
  • Strange Adventures #1–21, 23–26, 29—30, 35, 38, 50, 69, 71, 73–74, 78–81, 83–84, 86–97, 99, 101–107, 109–116, 118–159, 161, 163, 226 (1950–1970)
  • Superboy #20 (1952)
  • Western Comics #4, 19–21, 23–27, 31–37, 39–46, 56–85 (1948–1961)
  • World's Best Comics #1 (1941)
  • World's Finest Comics #2–8, 51–60, 62, 64 (1941–1953)

Marvel Comics

  • Chamber of Chills #2–4 (1973)
  • Creatures on the Loose #26–27 (1973–1974)
  • Doc Savage #5–7 (1973)
  • Dracula Lives! #4 (1974)
  • Gunhawks #7 (1973)
  • Journey into Mystery vol. 2 #4 (1973)
  • Marvel Premiere #5–8 (Doctor Strange) (1972–1973)
  • Marvel Spotlight #1 (Red Wolf) (1971)
  • Monsters Unleashed #1 (1973)
  • Red Wolf #2–8 (1972–1973)
  • The Tomb of Dracula #5–6 (1972–1973)
  • Vampire Tales #1–2 (1973)

Avon Books

Crom the Barbarian

  • Out of This World Adventures #1 - Crom the Barbarian (July 1950) with John Giunta [only as by Gardner Fox and John Giunta ]
  • Out of This World Adventures #2 - The Spider God of Akka! (December 1950) with John Giunta [only as by Gardner Fox and John Giunta ]
  • Strange Worlds #2 - The Giant From Beyond (April 1951) with John Giunta [only as by Gardner Fox and John Giunta ]

Fiction series

;Alan Morgan

  1. Warrior of Llarn (1964)
  2. Thief of Llarn (1966)

;Kothar

  1. Kothar - Barbarian Swordsman (Belmont Books, 1969)
  2. Kothar of the Magic Sword! (Belmont Books, 1969)
  3. Kothar and the Demon Queen (Belmont Books, 1969)
  4. Kothar and the Conjurer's Curse (Belmont Books, 1970)
  5. Kothar and the Wizard Slayer (Belmont Books, 1970)

;Kyrik

  1. Kyrik: Warlock Warrior (Leisure Books, 1975)
  2. Kyrik Fights the Demon World (Leisure Books, 1975)
  3. Kyrik and the Wizard's Sword (Leisure Books, 1976)
  4. Kyrik and the Lost Queen (Leisure Books, 1976)

Novels

  • Five Weeks in a Balloon (1962)
  • Escape Across the Cosmos (1964) only appeared as:
  • variant title: Escape Across the Cosmos (1964) [as by Gardner Fox ]
  • variant title: Titans of the Universe (1978) [as by Moonchild (inside Title Page) / James Harvey (front cover) under Manor Books imprint ]
  • The Arsenal of Miracles (1964)
  • The Hunter Out of Time (1965)
  • Beyond the Black Enigma (1965) [only as by Bart Somers ]
  • Abandon Galaxy! (1967) [only as by Bart Somers ]
  • Laid in the Future (1969) [only as by Rod Gray ]
  • The Druid Stone (1970) [only as by Simon Majors ]
  • Conehead (1973)
  • Omnibus
  • The Arsenal of Miracles / Endless Shadow (1964) [O/2N] with John Brunner
  • Fantasy Inverno 1993. Spade per la gloria (1993) [O]

Nonfiction

  • Thun'da: King of the Congo (2010) with Frank Frazetta and Bob Powell [only as by Frank Frazetta and Gardner Fox and Bob Powell ]

Historic fiction

  • One Sword for Love (1953)
  • Iron Lover (1959)
  • The Bastard of Orleans (1960)
  • The Lion of Lucca (1966)
  • The Bold Ones (1976)

Short fiction

  • The Weirds of the Woodcarver (1944)
  • The Last Monster (1945)
  • Man nth (1945)
  • Engines of the Gods (1946)
  • Rain, Rain, Go Away! (1946)
  • Heart of Light (1946)
  • The Man the Sun-Gods Made (1946)
  • Sword of the Seven Suns (1947)
  • Vassals of the Lode-Star (1947)
  • Werwile of the Crystal Crypt (1948)
  • When Kohonnes Screamed (1948)
  • The Rainbow Jade (1949)
  • Temptress of the Time Flow (1950)
  • Tonight the Stars Revolt! (1952)
  • The Warlock of Sharrador (1953)
  • The Holding of Kolymar (1972)
  • Shadow of a Demon (1976)
  • Beyond the Wizard Fog (1977)
  • The Stolen Sacrifice (1978)
  • The Thing From the Tomb (1979)
  • The Eyes of Mavis Deval (1980)
  • The Cube From Beyond (1980)
  • The Cup of Golden Death (1980)
  • Out of the Eons (1980)
  • The Lure of the Golden Godling (1980)
  • The Coming of the Sword (1981)
  • The Return of Dargoll (1982)

Essays

  • Letter (Fantastic Novels, September 1940): A. Merritt Books Scarce (1940)
  • P.S.'s Feature Flash (1947)
  • Letter (Planet Stories, Spring 1948): Fox Lets Fly (1947)
  • Foreword (Kothar of the Magic Sword!) (1969)
  • Introduction (Kyrik: Warlock Warrior) (1975)

Notes

References

Sources

  • Gardner Fox at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
  • Gardner Fox at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
  • Gardner Fox at the Lambiek Comiclopedia
  • Gardner Fox literary manuscripts, comic books and other material, 1936-1978
  • The Gardner Francis Fox Library