The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO; ) were the games set up by Indonesia as a counter to the Olympic Games. Established for the athletes of the so-called "emerging nations" (mainly socialist states and newly independent former colonies), GANEFO was the name given both to the games held in Jakarta in 1963 and the 36-member sporting federation established the same year. A second GANEFO scheduled for Cairo in 1967 was cancelled and GANEFO had only one subsequent event, an "Asian GANEFO" held in Phnom Penh in 1966.
Sports and politics at GANEFO
thumb|1st GANEFO
Indonesia established GANEFO in the aftermath of IOC censure for the politically charged fourth edition of Asian Games in 1962 in Jakarta which Indonesia hosted and for which Taiwan and Israel were refused entry cards. This ran against the doctrine of the International Olympic Committee, which strove to separate politics from sport. The IOC's eventual reaction was to suspend Indonesia indefinitely from the IOC. Indonesia had “thrown down a challenge to all international amateur sports organizations, which cannot very well be ignored,” in the words of IOC president Avery Brundage. This was the first time the IOC suspended one of its members, although Indonesia was readmitted in time for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
Indonesian president Sukarno responded that the IOC was itself political because it did not have the People's Republic of China or North Vietnam as members; the IOC was simply "a tool of the imperialists and colonialists." GANEFO itself would make it clear in its constitution that politics and sport were intertwined. The event was inspired by the anti-Western, anti-colonial movement and the ideas of the 1955 Bandung Conference.
Ten countries (Cambodia, China, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, Mali, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the USSR) announced plans to form GANEFO in April 1963, and another 36 signed on as members in November 1963.
1st GANEFO
thumb|100px|President [[Sukarno extinguishing the GANEFO flame at the closing ceremony.]]
Participating states in 1st GANEFO
The first edition of GANEFO was held in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 10 to 22 November 1963. Athletes from 46 states dispatched about 2,700 athletes and seven nations sent staff and officials. In total, 51 states participated in the Games from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America such as Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Chile, Ceylon, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, DPR Korea, the Dominican Republic, Finland, France, the German Democratic Republic, Guinea, Hungary, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine (the Jordanian West Bank and the Egyptian Gaza Strip), People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Poland, Republic of Mali, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Thailand, Tunisia, Soviet Union, Syria, North Vietnam, the United Arab Republic, Uruguay, and Yugoslavia. Unlike the Olympics, there was also a team representing "Arab Palestine."
No country, however, was represented officially by its national Olympics committee, for fear of IOC reprisals.
Commemorative stamps
A set of eight postage stamps were issued by Indonesia on November 10, 1963 to publicise the GANEFO. China also issued its own commemorative stamp.
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File:GanefoStamp1.png
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File:Stamp of China - 1963 - Scott 732-736 - Games of the New Emerging Forces.jpg
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Medal table at 1st GANEFO
In the first edition of GANEFO, China was the highest-ranking country with 68 gold medals, Soviet Union the second, followed by the United Arab Republic on the third, Indonesia the fourth, and North Korea the fifth. In all, 26 countries reportedly won medals.
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File:GanefoBronzeMedal.png|Front of Ganefo Bronze medal for Argentinian Water Polo Team
File:GanefoBronzeMedal1.png|Back of Ganefo Bronze medal for Argentinian Water Polo Team
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2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)
The second edition of GANEFO had been planned to be held in Cairo, United Arab Republic, in 1967, but this was cancelled for various political reasons.