Functional abdominal pain syndrome (FAPS), chronic functional abdominal pain (CFAP), or centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome (CMAP) is a pain syndrome of the abdomen, that has been present for at least six months, is not well connected to gastrointestinal function, and is accompanied by some loss of everyday activities. The discomfort is persistent, near-constant, or regularly reoccurring. The absence of symptom association with food intake or defecation distinguishes functional abdominal pain syndrome from other functional gastrointestinal illnesses, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia.

Functional abdominal pain syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder meaning that it is not associated with any organic or structural pathology. Theories on the mechanisms behind functional abdominal pain syndrome include changes in descending modulation, central sensitization of the spinal dorsal horn, peripheral enhancement of the visceral pain afferent signal, and, central amplification.

The diagnosis of functional abdominal pain syndrome is made based on clinical features and diagnostic criteria. A thorough clinical history must be taken to accurately diagnose functional abdominal pain syndrome. Diagnostic testing to rule out organic disorders should only be done when alarm features are present. Differential diagnosis of functional abdominal pain syndrome includes a variety of other functional gastrointestinal disorders.

There is no well-established treatment for functional abdominal pain syndrome. General measures such as a positive physician-patient relationship are beneficial. Antidepressants are often used to treat other functional gastrointestinal disorders and may be helpful in treating functional abdominal pain syndrome. Psychological interventions including various forms of therapy can also be helpful. While the exact presence of functional abdominal pain syndrome is unknown studies show that it affects between 0.5% and 2% of North Americans. Functional abdominal pain syndrome is more common in women than men and usually occurs in the fourth decade of life.

Signs and symptoms

Functional abdominal pain syndrome is characterized by frequent or chronic stomach pain and a reduction in everyday activity. The pain is persistent, near-constant, or regularly reoccurring. The pain is not related to food intake or defecation. Typically, the level of abdominal pain in functional abdominal pain syndrome seldom varies, with maximum pain being felt the majority of the time. functional abdominal pain syndrome is frequently coupled with a proclivity to experience and report additional somatic symptoms of discomfort, such as chronic pain believed to be connected to the gynecological or urinary systems. Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGD) are common medical conditions characterized by recurrent and persistent gastrointestinal symptoms caused by improper functioning of the enteric system in the absence of any identifiable organic or structural pathology, such as ulcers, inflammation, tumors or masses.

Mechanism

The pain from functional abdominal pain syndrome is thought to be caused by changes in descending modulation, central sensitization of the spinal dorsal horn, peripheral enhancement of the visceral pain afferent signal, and, lastly, central amplification. For example, about one-third of individuals with IBS report that their symptoms started after an acute infection episode; this is a phenomenon known as postinfectious IBS (PI-IBS). PI-IBS has consistently been linked to the existence of a low-grade inflammatory infiltrate. According to theory, this inflammatory infiltration results in increased sensitivity and field of peripheral receptors, the latter of which causes hyperalgesia by recruiting and activating nociceptors that were previously silent.

Diagnosis

Since pain is the primary symptom of functional abdominal pain syndrome, obtaining a complete medical history and conducting a comprehensive physical examination continue to be essential components of the diagnosing process. The functional abdominal pain syndrome patient should be asked to provide a thorough history that thoroughly examines the timeline of pain occurrences, especially in connection with surgery, infection, or traumatic life events.

The Rome IV diagnostic criteria for functional abdominal pain syndrome is as follows:

  1. Constant or almost constant abdominal pain. They may also be helpful in the treatment of functional abdominal pain syndrome due to their dual effects of direct pain management and antidepressant properties. Venlafaxine and duloxetine are two examples of more recent medications with combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which have been shown to reduce pain in some somatic pain disorders and may be helpful in functional abdominal pain syndrome. Patients with co-occurring anxiety and depression may benefit from both SNRIs and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The majority of analgesics, such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, don't really help much, maybe because they mostly have peripheral effects.

There hasn't been a study explicitly looking at adult functional abdominal pain syndrome and psychological therapy. Studies on non-gastrointestinal pain diseases and other painful functional gastrointestinal illnesses, however, point to the potential benefit of psychological therapies. dynamic or interpersonal psychotherapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy are among the interventions that may prove advantageous. The most effective way to manage impairment resulting from refractory chronic pain may be to refer patients to pain treatment clinics for multidisciplinary treatment programs. While the previously discussed psychological treatments have demonstrated improvements in mood, coping, quality of life, and health care costs, their effect on specific visceral or somatic symptoms is less clear, indicating that their most effective application may be in conjunction with symptomatic treatment.

Epidemiology

Due to a lack of data and methodological challenges in distinguishing functional abdominal pain syndrome from other more prevalent functional gastrointestinal diseases like IBS and functional dyspepsia, the epidemiology of the disease is not fully understood. Nonetheless, compared to functional dyspepsia or IBS, functional abdominal pain syndrome is generally thought to be a less frequent. The condition affects women more frequently than men (3:2), with a peak in prevalence occurring in the fourth decade of life.

Notes

References

Further reading

  • Yale Medicine
  • The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia