In French, articles and determiners are required on almost every common noun, much more so than in English. They are inflected to agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they determine, though most have only one plural form (for masculine and feminine). Many also often change pronunciation when the word that follows them begins with a vowel sound.

While articles are actually a subclass of determiners (and in traditional grammars most French determiners are in turn a subclass of adjectives), they are generally treated separately; thus, they are treated separately here as well.

Articles

French has three articles: a definite article, corresponding in many cases to English the; an indefinite article, corresponding to English a/an; and a partitive article, used roughly like some in English.

Definite article

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The French definite article derives from a Latin distal demonstrative, . It evolved from the Old French article system, which shared resemblance to modern English and acquired the marking of generic nouns. This practise was common by the 17th century, although it has been argued that this became widely used as early as in the 13th century.

In French, the definite article is analogous to the English definite article the, although they are sometimes omitted in English. The French definite article can vary according to the gender (feminine or masculine) and number (singular or plural) of the noun. The definite article takes the following forms:

{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"

! rowspan="2" | &nbsp;

! colspan="2" align="center" | singular

! rowspan="2" valign="center" | plural

|-

! before consonant || before vowel or h muet

|-

! masculine

|

| rowspan="2" valign="center" |

| rowspan="2" valign="center" |

|-

! feminine

|

|}

The prepositions () and () form contracted forms with the masculine and plural articles and : , , , and , respectively.

Like the, the French definite article is used with a noun referring to a specific item when both the speaker and the audience know what the item is. It is necessary in the following cases:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"

|-

!scope=col|Use

!scope=col|Example

|-

!scope="row"|General categories and abstractions

|<br />Patience is a virtue.

|-

!scope="row"|Name and adjective clusters

|<br />Old London is fascinating.

|-

!scope="row"|Languages and academic subjects

|<br />I understand German.

|-

!scope="row"|Countries

|<br />I want to visit France.

|-

!scope="row"|Seasons

|<br />Spring is my favourite season.

|-

!scope="row"|Titles, family names

|<br />Here are the Moreaus.

|-

!scope="row"|Parts of the body

|<br />He washes his hands.

|-

!scope="row"|Days

|<br />I go out every Friday night.

|-

|}

Unlike the, the French definite article is also used with mass nouns and plural nouns with generic interpretation, and with abstract nouns. For example:

  • ("I like milk.")
  • ("I like novels.")
  • ("Capitalism has transformed this country.")

Indefinite article

The French indefinite article is analogous to the English indefinite article a/an. Like a/an, the French indefinite article is used with a noun referring to a non-specific item, or to a specific item when the speaker and audience do not both know what the item is; so, « J'ai cassé une chaise rouge » ("I broke a red chair"). Unlike a/an, the French indefinite article has a plural form, often translated as some but usually simply omitted in English; so, « Il y a des livres là-bas » ("There are some books over there" or "There are books over there").

The indefinite article takes the following forms:

{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"

! &nbsp; !! singular !! plural

|-

! masculine

| un

| rowspan="2" valign="center" | des

|-

! feminine

| une

|}

  1. The indefinite article becomes de (or d if before a vowel) after a negative verb other than être: « Je n'ai pas de livre » ("I do not have a or any book"). This use is related to expressions of quantity; see below.
  2. The plural form des is normally reduced to de (or d if before a vowel) when it applies to a noun preceded by an adjective: «&nbsp;de nombreux livres&nbsp;» (many books), «&nbsp;dautres livres&nbsp;» (other books), but «&nbsp;des livres reliés&nbsp;» (bound books).
  3. Unlike in English the article is dropped when specifying someone's occupation: «&nbsp;Ma sœur est avocate.&nbsp;» ("My sister is a lawyer").

Partitive article

The French partitive article is often translated as some, but often simply omitted in English. It is used to indicate an indefinite portion of something uncountable, or an indefinite number of something countable: ("I have some coffee" or simply "I have coffee").

The partitive article takes the following forms:

{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"

! rowspan="2" | &nbsp;

! colspan="2" align="center" | singular

! rowspan="2" valign="center" | plural

|-

! before consonant || before vowel or mute h Example:

  • Des bals sont tenus pour la charité et certains pour la tenue habillée, mais quand ils sont tenus pour le plaisir, ce sont les bals que je préfère Some balls are held for charity and some for fancy dress, but when they're held for pleasure, they're the balls that I like best

Because tenus is a past participle used as an adjective, ils sont is used; but since bals is a noun, ce sont is used.

Interrogative determiners

The interrogative determiner quel means which or what. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies:

{| border="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"

! &nbsp; !! singular !! plural

|-

! masculine

| quel || quels

|-

! feminine

| quelle || quelles

|}

Examples: quel train, quelle chaise, quels hommes, and quelles classes.

Quel can be used as an exclamation.

  • « Quel film ! » (What a movie!)
  • « Quelle gentillesse ! » (What kindness!)

Quantifiers

A quantifier is a determiner that quantifies its noun, like English "some" and "many". In French, as in English, quantifiers constitute an open word class, unlike most other kinds of determiners. In French, most quantifiers are formed using a noun or adverb of quantity and the preposition de (d when before a vowel).

Quantifiers formed with a noun of quantity and the preposition de include the following:

  • des tas de ("lots of", lit: "piles of")
  • trois kilogrammes de ("three kilograms of")
  • une bouchée de ("a mouthful of")
  • une douzaine de ("a dozen (of)")

Quantifiers formed with an adverb of quantity and the preposition de include the following:

  • beaucoup de ("a lot of")
  • un peu de ("a little," "a few")
  • peu de ("little," "few")
  • assez de, suffisamment de ("enough of")
  • pas de ("no," "not any")

Other quantifiers include:

  • bien + the partitive article ("much" or "many")
  • quelque(s) ("some")
  • the cardinal numbers ("1, 2, 3...")

Notes

References

Sources

  • L'Académie française

fr:Déterminants et articles en français