Fragging

thumb|[[M26 grenade|M26 "fragmentation" grenade, issued to the U.S. Army and U.S. Marines in the Vietnam War, used in many fragging incidents.]]

Fragging is the deliberate killing or attempted killing of a soldier, usually a superior, by a fellow soldier. U.S. military personnel coined the word during the Vietnam War, when such killings were most often committed or attempted with a fragmentation grenade, to make it appear that the killing was accidental or during combat with the enemy. The term fragging now encompasses any deliberate killing of military colleagues.

The high number of fragging incidents in the latter years of the Vietnam War was symptomatic of discontent that existed among some military personnel and of a breakdown of discipline in parts of the U.S. Armed Forces. Documented and suspected fragging incidents using explosives totaled 904 from 1969 to 1972, although this number is considered an underestimation. In addition, hundreds of fragging incidents using firearms took place, but were hard to quantify as they were indistinguishable from combat deaths and poorly documented. Cortright also argues that "assaults against commanders during the Vietnam War probably reached into the thousands." Most fragging incidents were in the Army and Marine Corps. Fragging was rare in the Navy and Air Force where there was less access to grenades and weapons.

The U.S. military reflected social problems and issues in the U.S. such as racism, drug abuse, and resentment toward authoritarian leaders. As the U.S. began to withdraw its military forces from Vietnam, some American enlisted men and young officers lost their sense of purpose for being in Vietnam, and the hierarchical relationship between enlisted men and their officers deteriorated. The resentment directed from enlisted men toward older officers was exacerbated by generational gaps, as well as different perceptions of how the military should conduct itself. Enforcement of military regulations, especially if done overzealously, led to complaints and sometimes threats of physical violence directed toward officers.

U.S. Forces in Vietnam

{| align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em"

|+ Known U.S. fragging incidents using explosives in Vietnam

! 1969

! 1970

! 1971

! 1972

! style="text-align: left" | Army

| 96

| 209

| 222

| 28

! style="text-align: left" | Marine Corps

| 30+

| 50+

| 30+

| 5

! style="text-align: left" | Suspected

| 30

| 62

| 111

| 31

! style="text-align: left" | Total

| 156+

| 321+

| 363+

| 64

! style="text-align: left" | Deaths

| 46

| 38

| 12

| 3

| colspan="5" | Note: Statistics were not kept before 1969.

According to author George Lepre, the total number of known and suspected fragging cases using explosives in Vietnam from 1969 to 1972 totalled 904, with 99 deaths and many injuries. This total is incomplete, as some cases were not reported, nor were statistics kept before 1969 (although several incidents from 1966 to 1968 are known). Most of the victims or intended victims were officers or non-commissioned officers. The number of fraggings increased in 1970 and 1971 even though the U.S. military was withdrawing and the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was declining.

By the end of the war, at least 450 officers were killed in fraggings; the U.S. military reported at least 600 U.S. soldiers killed in fragging incidents with another 1,400 dying under mysterious circumstances.

Fragging statistics include only incidents involving explosives, most commonly grenades. Several hundred murders of U.S. soldiers by firearms occurred in Vietnam but most were of enlisted men killing other enlisted men of nearly equal rank. Fewer than ten officers are known to have been murdered by firearms. However, rumors and claims abound of the deliberate killing of officers and non-commissioned officers by enlisted men under battlefield conditions. The frequency and number of these fraggings, indistinguishable from combat deaths, cannot be quantified. The volunteer military moderated some of the coercive methods of discipline previously used to maintain order in military ranks.

In 2012, according to NATO, 51 coalition service members died due to the deliberate actions by members of the Afghan forces. Another 65 NATO soldiers were killed in insider attacks between 2007 and 2011. The increase in so-called "green-on-blue attacks" prompted U.S. officials to revamp the screening process of potential Afghan recruits as Afghan military leadership identified "hundreds" of Afghan soldiers within their ranks who were linked to the Taliban insurgency or harbored anti-American views.

Most of the attackers in these incidents were members of the special Afghan Local Police (ALP) units, who operated as a local tribal force and were known to have ties to the Taliban. They were also known to use drugs and were sometimes reported for abusing civilians.

The Long War Journal reported on such attacks, counting 155 since 2008 to June 11, 2017, resulting in 152 Coalition dead and 193 wounded. ANA fighters sometimes fled to the Taliban, which posted videos 'welcoming' the fleeing fighters. NATO commanders initially stated that an estimated 90% of the attacks were due to cultural differences and personal enmity, while the Afghan government disagreed and blamed the problem on "infiltration by foreign spy agencies", including those of "neighboring countries".

1718: Charles XII of Sweden was shot and killed during the siege of Halden; the shot was possibly fired by one of his own soldiers.
Jacobite rising of 1745: On 31 August 1746, Captain George Munro, 1st of Culcairn, who was leading raids into Lochaber in the aftermath of the Battle of Culloden, was shot dead by a concealed gunman along Loch Arkaig in Clan Cameron country. Even though other suspects within Clan Cameron have been named, underground Roman Catholic Bishop John Geddes believed Captain Munro's death to have been a deliberate fragging by a disgruntled subordinate, whom Munro had recently had flogged.
1777: Battles of Saratoga: Lieutenant-Colonel Heinrich von Breymann, who led Brunswick troops in the conflict, was so disgusted with the performance of his men during the battle that he began attacking them with his sabre; one of his men, after being injured, pulled out a pistol and shot von Breymann dead.
1798: After Revolutionary France invaded Switzerland, Karl Ludwig von Erlach was appointed supreme commander of the Swiss Army by the Confederation's War Council. After the French victory at Battle of Grauholz, Erlach was murdered by his troops, who mistakenly believed he was a traitor.
1815: Battle of Quatre Bras: The colonel of the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot, John Cameron of Fassfern, was shot dead by one of the regiment's soldiers whom he had recently flogged.
1894: Battle of the Yalu River: Qing Admiral Ding Ruchang's legs were crushed, either due to a construction defect or the deliberate misfiring of his ship's main battery by the ship's captain.
February 27, 1984: A Japan Ground Self-Defense soldier went on a shooting spree by firing on his squadron on the target shooting range at Camp Yamaguchi: one was killed and three injured.
July 6, 1999: U.S. Army soldier Barry Winchell was beaten to death with a baseball bat while he slept outside of his barracks by Calvin Glover for dating a transgender woman.
November 5, 2009: U.S. Army major and psychiatrist Nidal Hasan went on a shooting spree at Fort Hood that led to the deaths of 13 fellow soldiers and 32 being injured, before being shot and paralyzed from the waist down. On August 23, 2013, he was convicted of 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted premeditated murder, and was sentenced to death on August 28, 2013.
May 28, 2012: A Kazakh border guard took his rifle and opened fire on his unit at Kazakh-Chinese border, with 15 being shot dead.
September 16, 2013: U.S. Navy petty officer Aaron Alexis went on a shooting spree at Washington Navy Yard using a Remington Model 870 shotgun and a Beretta M9 pistol, killing 12 people and injuring eight before being killed by a shot to the head from responding police officers.
November 4, 2016: A Jordanian Army soldier stationed at the King Faisal Air Base in Jordan opened fire on American soldiers attempting to enter a checkpoint. The resulting shootout led to the deaths of three American soldiers, and ended when another American soldier shot and critically wounded the Jordanian. The Jordanian was sentenced to life in prison.
October 25, 2019: A Russian Army soldier gunned down eight people and injured two more during a shooting at the Gorny military base.
October 15, 2022: Two Russian soldiers went on a shooting spree at Soloti military base using automatic rifles; they killed 11 people and injured 15 more before being killed by return fire.
June 14, 2023: A Japan Ground Self-Defense Force soldier shot three people in an ambush at the basic firing range in Gifu; two were killed and one was wounded.

World War II

December 27, 1942: When Lieutenant Robert James Cobner directed Private David Cobb, who was on guard duty, to assist in the moving of the beds, Private Cobb refused and complained that he had already worked four hours longer than the other guards. Lieutenant Cobner then ordered Private Cobb to stand at attention while addressing an officer and to put his uniform into proper order. When he refused, Lieutenant Cobner ordered his arrest by the Sergeant of the Guard and directed him to hand over his rifle. Private Cobb then pointed his rifle at the Sergeant of the Guard, then shot and killed Lieutenant Cobner when he approached him. Since both were stationed in Great Britain at the time, Private Cobb was convicted of the premeditated murder of Lieutenant Cobner, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging at Shepton Mallet Prison on March 12, 1943. He was buried in Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E.
March 5, 1944: Private Alex Flores Miranda had been arrested earlier that night for urinating in public. The constables testified that Private Miranda had been drinking. After threatening the officers, he was released the same night to his barracks. Inside the barracks, Private Miranda became afraid that Sergeant Thomas Evison, who was sleeping, would severely punish him for the offense. He approached Sergeant Evison, awakened him, and told him to stop snoring. Sergeant Evison ordered him to return to bed, then went back to sleep. Private Miranda then left the bunk, returned with a rifle, and shot Sergeant Evison in the head as he slept. Private Miranda was convicted of the premeditated murder of Sergeant Evison, sentenced to death, and executed by firing squad at Shepton Mallet Prison on May 30, 1944. He was buried in Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E. In 1990, Private Miranda's remains were returned to the United States for reburial at Santa Ana Cemetery in Santa Ana, California. This came after a review of the case indicated that while his conviction was justified, racial bias had contributed to his death sentence.
November 18, 1944: An hour after Corporal Tommie Lee Garrett ordered Private George Green Jr. to clean up a spilled can of urine, Private Green pulled out his M1 Carbine rifle and shot and killed Garrett at the United States Army base in Champigneulles, France. Private Green was convicted of the premeditated murder of Corporal Garrett, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging at Loire Disciplinary Training Center on May 15, 1945. He was buried in Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E.

Vietnam War (U.S. forces)

1969: After the controversial U.S. casualties during the Battle of Hamburger Hill, the G.I underground newspaper "G.I Says" in Vietnam placed a $10,000 bounty on Colonel Weldon Honeycutt, leading to multiple unsuccessful fragging attempts against him.
April 21, 1969: A grenade was thrown into the company office of K Company, 9th Marines, at Quảng Trị Combat Base, RVN, with First Lieutenant Robert T. Rohweller dying of wounds he received in the explosion. Private Reginald F. Smith, who was apprehended after boasting about the killing to a colleague in formation while still having a grenade ring on his finger, pleaded guilty to the premeditated murder of Rohweller and was sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment; he was murdered by a fellow inmate in prison on July 25, 1982.
March 15, 1971: A grenade was tossed into an officer billet at Bien Hoa Base Camp, with Lieutenants Thomas A. Dellwo and Richard E. Harlan of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) being killed. Private Billy Dean Smith was charged with the murders of the officers but was acquitted at a court-martial in November 1972.
December 25, 1970: Private Paul Raymond "Ramon" Ferriday took his SLR rifle and opened fire into the Sergeant's Mess of the Royal Australian Army Service Corps at Nui Dat, South Vietnam, following an all-day drinking session, with Sergeants Allan Brian Moss and Wallace James Galvin being shot dead and Sergeant Frederick Edwin Bowtell wounded. During his court-martial, an Army psychiatrist described Ferriday as having a "paranoid character" and being prone to fits of rage, despite witnesses describing him as being aware of his actions and giving details of previous threatening altercations. Ferriday was convicted on two counts of manslaughter and one count of assault with a weapon, and served eight years of a ten-year sentence in Pentridge Prison.

Middle East peacekeeping

October 27, 1982: While serving at Tebnine with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, Irish Army Private Michael McAleavey dropped into a combat stance at a checkpoint before opening fire with his FN FAL battle rifle, with Corporal Gregory "Gary" Morrow, Private Thomas Murphy and Private Peter Burke being shot dead. McAleavey originally told Irish Military Police investigators they had been killed in an ambush by Lebanese gunmen, but he ultimately confessed, claiming that he had "snapped" due to dehydration and heat exhaustion. McAleavey was convicted of the murders at a court-martial and was sentenced to life imprisonment, being paroled in 2010.

The Troubles

May 9, 1992: During the reconstruction of a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) security base devastated just two days before by a Provisional IRA tractor bomb at Fivemiletown, in County Tyrone, while soldiers from the First Battalion Staffordshire Regiment were providing a security detail to the workers, an eighteen-year-old private fired his SA80 rifle 14 times at the company's sergeant major in a frenzy, killing him in front of the rest of the platoon. The serviceman was eventually acquitted of the charge of murder in May 1993, but declared guilty of manslaughter, and given a two-year suspended sentence. There were allegations of previous hazing and bullying by the non-commissioned officer against his subordinate.
January 20, 2012: An Afghan soldier opened fire on French soldiers, killing four and injuring fifteen, eight of whom were seriously wounded. He was subsequently arrested and confessed his motivation came from a published video of American Marines urinating on dead Taliban fighters and a published video of British soldiers abusing Afghan children. The incident led French president Nicolas Sarkozy to threaten to withdraw all French forces in Afghanistan.
August 5, 2014: During a high-ranking coalition delegation speech at the Marshal Fahim National Defense University, an Afghan soldier opened fire on a crowd of 90 Coalition officials and soldiers, leading to the death of U.S. Major General Harold J. Greene and the wounding of 14 others, including German Air Force officer Michael Bartscher. The soldier was killed by two Coalition soldiers at the scene, one Danish and the other American.

Iraq War (U.S. forces)

March 23, 2003: In Kuwait, Sergeant Hasan Karim Akbar cut power to his base and threw four hand grenades into three tents where fellow members of the 101st Airborne Division were sleeping, before opening fire with his rifle as the personnel ran to take cover: Army Captain Christopher S. Seifert and Air Force Major Gregory L. Stone were killed and fourteen other soldiers wounded. Akbar was convicted at a court-martial at Fort Bragg, North Carolina on April 21, 2005, on two counts of premeditated murder and three counts of attempted premeditated murder, and was sentenced to death on April 28.
June 7, 2005: Captain Phillip Esposito and 1st Lieutenant Louis Allen were both killed after a Claymore mine placed on Esposito's office window was detonated at Forward Operating Base Danger in Tikrit, Iraq. The unit's supply sergeant was charged with the murders, but was acquitted at court martial.
July 19, 2005: The death of LaVena Johnson is a suspected fragging incident: she was found dead with a broken nose, black eye, loose teeth, gunshot wound to the mouth, and burns from a corrosive chemical on her genitals. Additionally, bloody footprints were discovered outside of her living quarters. The U.S. Army ruled her death as a suicide, and denied claims by her father that she was raped and murdered. Christopher Grey, chief of public affairs for the USACIDC, accused people of spreading misinformation on the internet that she was murdered.
September 14, 2008: Army sergeant Joseph Bozicevich killed two fellow soldiers: one of his victims was found shot seven times in the corner of the base's small communications station and another in the dirt outside with six bullets in his back. Several witnesses said they saw Bozicevich chasing one of them while firing at him and fired two shots while he stood directly over him. Witnesses also testified to hearing Bozicevich screaming "Kill me!" as he was pinned to the ground. In 2011 he was sentenced to life in prison.
May 11, 2009: Sergeant John Russell opened fire on Camp Liberty with an M16A2 rifle and shot dead five U.S. military personnel. Russell pleaded guilty to five counts of premeditated murder and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
September 7, 2010: An Iraqi soldier pulled out his weapon and opened fire on a group of U.S. soldiers after getting into an argument with one of them, leaving two dead and nine injured before the Iraqi was shot dead.
September 23, 2010: United States Army Spc. Neftaly Platero shot dead two of his roommates and injured another who he had arguments with in Fallujah. In June 2013 he was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
June 12, 2011: An Iraqi soldier killed two U.S. soldiers and wounded a third after smuggling real bullets into a U.S. base training centre: he was immediately killed by U.S. soldiers managing the training event.

Royal Navy

April 28, 2011: During a port visit to Southampton, Able Seaman Ryan Donovan abandoned his sentry post at the boarding ramp of the submarine HMS Astute, and entered the submarine's weapons locker: Donovan took an SA80 rifle and opened fire on CPOs David McCoy and Chris Brown after they confronted him. Donovan then forced his way into the control room, where he shot dead Lieutenant Commander Ian Molyneux and wounded Lt Cdr Christopher Hodge before being tackled to the deck by a visiting dignitary, city council leader Royston Smith, as he reloaded. Donovan pleaded guilty to Molyneux's murder and the attempted murders of Hodge, Brown, and McCoy, and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 25 years.

Russo-Ukrainian War

January 27, 2022: A Ukrainian conscript soldier named Artemiy Yuryovich Riabchuk, who was serving in Ukraine's National Guard, opened fire in a machine factory, killing five fellow soldiers and wounding five others, before fleeing the scene: he was later arrested by police. On 23 April 2024, Ryabchuk was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison.
March 2022: According to an unverified Facebook post by a Ukrainian journalist published on March 23, after suffering heavy losses (in excess of close to half of their brigade) a group of Russian conscripts of the 37th Motor Rifle Brigade reportedly attacked their commanding officer, Colonel Yuri Medvedev, running him over with a tank, crushing both his legs approximately from Kyiv, during the battle of Makariv. An unnamed senior Western official said Medvedev later died of his injuries. The date of the incident is unknown but reports of the hospitalization of Medvedev appeared on March 11.