thumb|4-way FS (formation skydiving)
thumb|Breaking off from a formation before parachute deployment.
thumb|[[DC-3 loading; plus 'dirt diving'; 1977]]
Formation skydiving, traditionally called "relative work" (RW) or "group freefall", is a discipline of sport parachuting where two or more participants intentionally manuever to close proximity with each other in freefall before separating and deploying their parachutes.
History
Formation skydiving started in California, US, during the 1960s. The first documented skydiving formation occurred over Arvin, California in March 1964 when Mitch Poteet, Don Henderson, Andy Keech and Lou Paproski successfully formed a 4-man star formation, photographed by Bob Buquor.
In 1967, the first 10-man star was formed over Taft, California, and the first 12-man formation was formed, also over Taft, in 1968. Jerry Bird participated in both of these record-breaking formations and in 1970 captained the United States Freefall Exhibition Team (USFET) which demonstrated formation skydiving at the 1970 World Championships in Bled, Slovenia. This led to formation skydiving becoming a recognized competition discipline in its own right.
In 1972, Bird organized a world record 24-man star formation over Perris Valley California. The jump was featured on the CBS program I've Got a Secret and in Life magazine. Later (on June 16), Jerry Bird's All Stars won the Ten-Man Star event at the National Championships in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, and Bird organized a world record 26-man star at the close of the 11th World Parachuting Championships, also at Tahlequah. During the 1980s and 1990s, Bird joined further record-breaking Big-ways formations: a 120-way at Quincy, Illinois in 1986; a 144-way diamond formation in August 1988, also over Quincy; a 246-way formation over Chicago in July 1998; and, in 1999, a 282-way formation in Thailand.
The current FAI world record for the largest free-fall formation is a 400-way, set on February 8, 2006, in Udon Thani, Thailand by the World Team.
Sub-categories
Formation skydiving can be further divided into several sub-categories, so named for the number of members in a team:
- 4-way sequential
- 4-way vertical sequential (VFS, Vertical Formation Skydiving)
- 8-way sequential
- 16-way sequential
- 10-way speed
- Large formations (Big-ways)
Competitive format
A competition in 4-way formation skydiving (FS-4) takes place like this:
There are two kinds of formations, called randoms and blocks. The randoms are singular formations with full separation of all grips both before and after building the formation. The blocks are double formations with a special designated movement pattern in between, called an inter. The start formation may or may not be similar to the ending formation. The inters are differently performed. Here are some examples:
Inter 1: The grips are released between some of the flyers, so they become two pieces of two team members. They both do a 270° turn, and reconnect to a different formation.
Inter 2: Three people stay connected and do a 360° turn, while the last person flies alone.
Inter 15: All grips are released and everyone does a 360° turn back to the original formation.
Blocks are designated by numbers, while randoms get letters. Blocks are worth one point for each correct formation, which makes 2 points, and randoms count as 1 point. There are 22 blocks and 16 randoms.
Competition consists of up to 10 rounds, and each round consists of 5 or 6 points, which the teams are to repeat as many times as they can within the working time of 35 seconds. The score judging is based on the videographer's material.
A competition draw may look like this:
- 1: C-E-B-13
- 2: 14-20-8
- 3: 15-16-H
- 4: J-O-1-D
- 5: 6-18-19
- 6: 5-F-21
- 7: 10-K-G-M
- 8: 22-3-P
- 9: 12-9-4
- 10:11-17-Q
The winning team will be the team that has collected the most points, by completing the most correct formations within time after the final round is ended. In case of weather, technical problems, or other interruptions, a competition will be valid as long as all teams have completed at least one round.
A recent sub-category of formation skydiving is vertical formation skydiving (VFS). Skydivers build formations using higher-speed body positions normally associated with freeflying, such as head down and sitflying.
World record
- Big-Way:
The current FAI world record for largest free-fall formation is a 400-way, In April 2013 the World Team tried to break the record for the largest 2-point formation dive in skydiving history. All 222 members came together and made a formation, broke apart, and then reformed to make a completely different formation. The team attempted the jump many times and came very close to breaking the record, but were unsuccessful each time. The World Team has not made anymore official statements about attempting the record again.
Longest sequence in one round:
- 4-Way
Set by the Belgian team(NMP-PCH Hayabusa), at the World Meet 2018 in round 6, where they posted 62 points in working time (35 seconds)
- 8-Way
Set by the U.S. (GKXP8) national team, at the World Meet 2024 , in round 9, where they posted 37 points in working time (50 seconds)
World championship
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:40px;"| Year
! style="width:150px;"| Venue
! style="width:125px;"| Airplane
! style="width:130px;"| 4-Way Champion
! style="width:90px;"| Points (avg)
! style="width:130px;"| 8-Way Champion
! style="width:90px;"| Points (avg)
! style="width:130px;"| 4-Way Female Champion
! style="width:90px;"| Points (avg)
! style="width:130px;"| 4-Way Vertical Formation
! style="width:90px;"| Points (avg)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1975
| West Germany<br/> Warendorf
|
| United States
|40/49.92*
| United States
|100/163.85*
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1977
| Australia<br/> Gatton, Queensland
|
| Canada
|73 (7.3)
|15px United States<br/>15px West Germany<br/>15px France
|42 (4.2)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1979
| France<br/> Châteauroux
|
| Canada
|82 (8.2)
| United States
|66 (6.6)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1981
| United States<br/> Zephyrhills, Florida
|
| United States
|116 (11.6)
| United States
|83 (8.3)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1983
| South Africa<br/> Sun City, North West
|
| Switzerland
|115 (11.5)
| United States
|102 (10.2)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1985
| Yugoslavia<br/> Mali Lošinj
|
|15px USA<br/>15px Canada<br/>15px France
|118 (11.8)
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Canada
|120 (12.0)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1987
| Brazil<br/> Foz do Iguacu
|
|15pxFrance<br/>15px USA<br/>15pxAustria
|134 (13.4)
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px USSR
|119 (13.2) (9 rd)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1989
| Spain<br/> Gerona
|
|15px France<br/>15px USSR<br/>15px USA
|152 (15.2)
|15px USA<br/>15px USSR<br/>15px France
|138 (13.8)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1991
| Czechoslovakia<br/>Lučenec
|Mil Mi-8
|15px France<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Italy
|171 (17.1)
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px USSR
|181 (18.1)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1993
| United States<br/> Eloy, Arizona
|DHC-6 Twin Otter
|15px France<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Denmark
|195 (19.5)
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Russia
|169 (16.9)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1995
| France<br/> Gap, Hautes-Alpes
|Pilatus PC-6 Porter
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Denmark
|207 (20.7)
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Russia
|195 (19.5)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1997
| Turkey<br/> Efes
|CASA C-212 Aviocar
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15pxSouth Africa
|210 (21.0)
|15px USA<br/>15px Russia<br/>15px France
|224 (22.4)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1999
| Australia<br/> Corowa
|DHC-6 Twin Otter
|15px France<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Norway
|208 (20.8)
|15px USA<br/>15px Russia<br/>15px France
|211 (21.1)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2001
| Spain<br/> Granada
|CASA C-212 Aviocar
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Norway
|214 (21.4)
|15pxRussia<br/>15px USA<br/>15px France
|193 (19.3)
|15px USA<br/>15px Norway<br/>15px Sweden
|147 (14.7)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2003
| France<br/> Gap, Hautes-Alpes
|Pilatus PC-6 Porter
|15px France<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Norway
|229 (22.9)
|15pxRussia<br/>15px USA<br/>15px France
|221 (20.9) (11 rd)
|15px Great Britain<br/>15px Norway<br/>15px USA
|165 (16.5)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2004
| Croatia<br/> Rijeka
|Mil Mi-8
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Russia
|227 (22.7)
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Russia
|172 (19.1) (9 rd)
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Russia
|169 (16.9)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2006
| Germany<br/> Gera
|DHC-6 Twin Otter
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Italy
|117 (23.4) (5 rd)
|15px France<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Russia
|123 (20.5) (6 rd)
|15px Great Britain<br/>15px France<br/>15px Russia
|95 (19.0) (5 rd)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2008
| France<br/> Maubeuge
|Pilatus PC-6 Porter
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15pxBelgium
|195 (24.4) (8 rd)
|15px France<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Italy
|151 (21.6) (7 rd)
|15px Great Britain<br/>15px USA<br/>15px France
|120 (20.0) (6 rd)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2010
| Russia<br/> Menzelinsk
|L-410 Turbolet
|15px France<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Russia
|277 (27.7)
|15px France<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Russia
|203 (20.3)
|15px France<br/>15px Great Britain<br/>15px USA
|236 (23.6)
|style="text-align:center;"|Not Held
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2012
| UAE<br/> Dubai
|DHC-6 Twin Otter
|15pxUSA<br/>15pxBelgium<br/>15pxFrance
|279 (27.9)
|15pxUSA<br/>15pxFrance<br/>15pxRussia
|229 (22.9)
|15pxUSA<br/>15pxFrance<br/>15pxNorway
|207 (20.7)
|15pxFrance<br/>15px UAE<br/>15pxUSA
|185 (23,1) (8 rd)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2014
| Czech Republic<br/> Prostějov
|L-410 Turbolet
|15px Belgium<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Canada
|264 (26.4)
|15pxUSA<br/>15pxRussia<br/>15pxFrance
|216 (21.6)
|15pxFrance<br/>15pxUSA<br/>15pxGreat Britain
|214 (21.4)
|15pxFrance<br/>15pxUSA<br/>15pxCanada
|179 (22,4) (8 rd)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2016
| United States<br/> Chicago
|DHC-6 Twin Otter
|15pxBelgium<br/>15pxUSA<br/>15pxFrance
|262 (26.2)
|15pxUSA<br/>15pxFrance<br/>15pxRussia
|239 (23.9)
|15pxUSA<br/>15pxFrance<br/>15pxGreat Britain
|224 (22.4)
|15pxFrance<br/>15pxCanada<br/>15pxUSA
|168 (22.4) (8 rd)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2018
| Australia<br/> Gold Coast, Queensland
|Cessna 208 Caravan
|15pxBelgium<br/>15pxUSA<br/>15pxFrance
|279 (27.9)
|15px USA<br/>15px Russia<br/>15px Qatar
|224 (22,4)
|15pxFrance<br/>15pxGreat Britain<br/>15pxSweden
|257 (25,7)
|15pxUSA<br/>15pxCanada<br/>15pxAustralia
|217 (21,7)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2020<br/>(2021)
| Russia<br/> Kemerovo region
|L-410 Turbolet
|15px Belgium<br/>15px USA<br/>15px Qatar
|193 (32,2) (6 rd)
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15pxRPF
|166 (23,7) (7 rd)
|15pxRPF<br/>15px France<br/>15pxPoland
|150 (25,0) (6 rd)
|15px USA<br/>15pxRPF<br/>15pxItaly
|143 (20,4) (7 rd)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2022
| United States<br/> Eloy, Arizona
|DHC-6 Twin Otter
|15px USA<br/>15px Belgium<br/>15px Qata
|261<br/>228<br/>219
|15px USA<br/>15px Qatar<br/>15px Germany
|205<br/>164<br/>131
|15px Great Britain<br/>15px France<br/>15px USA
|200<br/>189<br/>184
|15px USA<br/>15px Australia<br/>15px Norway
|212<br/>190<br/>140
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2024
| United States<br/> Crystal Coast, North Carolina
|DHC-6 Twin Otter
|15px USA<br/>15px France<br/>15px Qatar
|
|15px USA<br/>15px Qatar<br/>15px Germany
|
|15px USA<br/>15px China<br/>15px France
|
|15px USA<br/>15px Norway<br/>15px Italy
|
|-
|}
See also
- Canopy formation