<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see WP:SDNONE -->

thumb|right|Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.|alt=Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.

Foreign relations of Turkey refers to the diplomatic and trade ties between Turkey and other nations. As of December 2024, Turkey maintains diplomatic relations with 189 member states of the United Nations.

Prior to declaring war against the Axis powers on February 23, 1945, Turkey's primary ally had been the United States, with both countries aiming to contain Soviet expansion. In support of the United Nations, Turkey contributed personnel to the Korean War in 1950 and joined NATO in 1952.

Turkey's relations with the Arab World and Iran have been strained due to its recognition of Israel in 1949 and its alliance with Israel during the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

History

Historically, the foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime. The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence, but Turkey followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's reforms in the 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936.

In the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey. In response, Britain and France negotiated a tripartite treaty with Turkey in 1939 in which they gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities. After threats from Germany and the Soviet Union, Turkey maintained neutrality. It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides, but by 1944, as the eventuality of German defeat grew more evident, chrome sales to Germany halted.

After 1945

thumb|330px|[[Northern Cyprus has been occupied by Turkey since 1974.]]

Turkey became one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950. Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the European Union Customs Union in 1995, and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005. In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing violations of human rights and the rule of law. The negotiations, which have been effectively on hold since 2018, remain active as of 2025.

According to the United States government, the other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy has been the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the United States. The Truman Doctrine in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the Cold War, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support to the countries. In 1948, both Turkey and Greece were included in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC for rebuilding European economies.

Turkey joined NATO in 1952, strengthening its bilateral ties with the United States. In the following decades, Turkey benefited from American political, economic, and diplomatic support—particularly on critical issues such as its longstanding bid for European Union membership. In the post–Cold War era, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus, and the Balkans.

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, historic and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia. The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) was established in 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline that extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey, is a part of Turkey's foreign policy goal to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the First (1993) and Second (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars. The border remains closed as of 2025, opening only twice to allow aid to pass through. In 2022, Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks to normalize the relationship between the two countries. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries.

Under the AKP government (2002–present), Turkey's economy has increased rapidly and the country's influence has expanded in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, though this doctrine has been accused of Neo-Ottomanism. Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey and internationally. In the West, there exists a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power, and diversification of relations with countries such as Russia as a threat.

Relations with the European Union

On 14 April 1987, Turkey applied for membership to the European Economic Community (now the European Union). On 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki Summit, the European Council gives Turkey the status of candidate country for EU membership, following the Commission's recommendation in its second Regular Report on Turkey. On 3 August 2002, The Turkish parliament abolished the death penalty to pave the way for the start of EU accession negotiations. On 16 December 2004, the European Council decides to start accession negotiations for Turkey to become a full member of the European Union. On 3 October 2005, the European Union decided to officially open accession negotiations with Turkey. On 24 November 2016, the European Parliament votes to suspend accession negotiations with Turkey over human rights and rule of law concerns. On 25 April 2017, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) unanimously adopted a call to place Turkey back under monitoring due to setbacks in democracy, human rights, the rule of law, freedom of expression, and judicial independence. Turkey last officially exited the monitoring process in 2004 when it began accession negotiations with the European Union. On 26 June 2018, the EU's General Affairs Council stated that "the Council notes that Turkey has been moving further away from the European Union. Turkey's accession negotiations have therefore effectively come to a standstill and no further chapters can be considered for opening or closing and no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen." The Council added that it is "especially concerned about the continuing and deeply worrying backsliding on the rule of law and on fundamental rights including the freedom of expression." On 19 May 2021, the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for the suspension of accession negotiations between the European Union and Turkey. While Turkey officially has diplomatic relations with 26 EU member states, it does not have diplomatic relations with 1 EU member state (Cyprus).

Diplomatic relations

Despite being one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence, Turkey has never established formal diplomatic relations with it. Turkey formerly maintained diplomatic relations with Cyprus and Taiwan.

List of countries with which Turkey maintains diplomatic relations:

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Bilateral relations

Multilateral

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

!width="15%"| Organization

!width="12%"| Formal Relations Began

!Notes

|--valign="top"

|||September 1963<!--Start date-->

|See European Union–Turkey relations and Accession of Turkey to the European Union

thumb|left|President of the European Commission [[Ursula von der Leyen and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Vilnius, July 2023]]

|--valign="top"

|||February 1952<!--Start date-->

| See Turkey in NATO

|}

Africa

There has been a revival in Turkey's relationships within Africa after 1998, and civil society is the leading factor in this process. Initially, this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The Turkey–Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marked a new stage in Turkey's interest in developing relations with Africa. Turkey, since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent.

Northern Africa

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

|-

! style="width:10%;"| Country/Region

! style="width:10%;"| Relations began

! style="width:50%;"| Notes

! style="width:10%;"| Free trade agreement

|- valign="top"

|||30 June 1963||See Algeria–Turkey relations

  • Algeria has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Algiers.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.17 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.03/1.14 billion USD).
  • 213,333 Algerian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.

|

|- valign="top"

|||8 May 1925||See Egypt–Turkey relations

  • Egypt has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate general in Alexandria.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 5.25 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.06/2.19 billion USD).
  • 100,971 Egyptian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.

|||See Libya–Turkey relations

  • Libya has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tripoli. and a consulate general in Misurata.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.87 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.50/0.37 billion USD).
  • 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Nouakchott.||See Morocco–Turkey relations
  • Morocco has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.71 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.99/0.72 billion USD).
  • 114,155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017.||See Tunisia–Turkey relations
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.09 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 904/182 million USD).
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Tunis.

| in 1998 to US$5.08 billion in 2015.

Dating back to 1800, Turkey's relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885, when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence. Relations were restored in the 1950s, and gained momentum when Emperor Haile Selassie visited Turkey in March 1967 and December 1969.

Since 2008, Turkey has contributed to the region through participation in peacekeeping missions, including the UN Mission in Ivory Coast (UNOC), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Chad.

Turkey has also dramatically increased financial aid to the region, including the 2011 donation of US$200 million to fight the famine in East Africa.||See Angola–Turkey relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Luanda.

|

|- valign="top"

|||29 March 1974||See Benin–Turkey relations

  • Benin closed its embassy in Ankara in 2021.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Cotonou.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 142 million USD in 2019.||
  • Permanent Representation of Botswana in the UN Geneva Office is also accredited to Turkey.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Gaborone.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.9 million USD in 2019.||See Burkina Faso–Turkey relations
  • Burkina Faso has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Ouagadougou.||See Burundi–Turkey relations
  • Burundi has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bujumbura.||See Cameroon–Turkey relations
  • Cameroon has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Yaoundé.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 205 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 151/54 million USD).
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Yaoundé.

|

|- valign="top"

|||24 June 1979||See Cape Verde–Turkey relations

  • The Turkish ambassador in Dakar to Senegal is also accredited to Cabo Verde.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 9.5 million USD in 2019.||See Central African Republic–Turkey relations
  • Central African Republic has an honorary consulate in Istanbul.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Yaoundé to Cameroon is also accredited to the Central African Republic.||See Chad–Turkey relations
  • Chad has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena.||See Comoros–Turkey relations
  • The ambassador of the Comoros in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to the Union of the Comoros.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Brazzaville.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Abidjan.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Djibouti.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Asmara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Malabo.||
  • The Embassy of the Eswatini in Brussels to Belgium is also accredited to Turkey.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Eswatini.||See Ethiopia–Turkey relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Addis Ababa.||See Gabon–Turkey relations
  • Gabon has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Libreville.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Accra.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Conakry.

|

|- valign="top"

|||30 March 1968

  • Turkey has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Lesotho.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Accra to Ghana is also accredited to Liberia.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo.||See Mali–Turkey relations
  • Mali has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bamako.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Lusaka to Zambia is also accredited to Malawi.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to Mauritius.

|- valign="top"

|||20 January 1981||See Mozambique–Turkey relations

  • The Embassy of Mozambique in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 11.84 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).
  • Turkey has an embassy in Niamey.||See Nigeria–Turkey relations
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Abuja.||See Rwanda–Turkey relations
  • Rwanda has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kigali.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Libreville to Gabon is also accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe.||See Senegal–Turkey relations
  • Senegal has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Dakar.||See Seychelles–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Seychelles in Paris is also accredited to Turkey.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Nairobi to Kenya is also accredited to the Seychelles.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Freetown.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Mogadishu and a consulate general in Hargeisa.||See South Africa–Turkey relations
  • South Africa has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Juba.||See Tanzania–Turkey relations
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.||See Togo–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lomé (planned).
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 106 million USD in 2019.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kampala.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Harare.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 455 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 161/294 million USD.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 579 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 344/236 million USD.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Asunción.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.46 billion USD in 2019. and a consulate in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Mexico City.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, G20 and WTO.
  • Flights from Istanbul to Mexico City and Cancún were launched in August 2019.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 602/678 million USD).||See Turkey–United States relations

thumb|Presidents [[Erdoğan and Trump with the First Ladies.]]

  • United States has an embassy in Ankara, a consulate general in Istanbul and a Consulate in Adana.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami and New York City.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, San Francisco, Seattle (starts 9 March 2022) and Washington, D.C.
  • 578,074 American tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Washington, D.C.
  • Following its NATO membership in 1952 and subsequent hosting of the United States Air Force in Incirlik Air Base, Turkey became the bulwark of NATO's southeastern flank, the directly bordering Warsaw Pact countries. Turkey participated with the United States during the Korean War of the early 1950s and the Gulf War of 1990.

|

|}

Caribbean

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

|-

! style="width:10%;"| Country/Region

! style="width:10%;"| Relations began

! style="width:50%;"| Notes

! style="width:10%;"| Free trade agreement

|- valign="top"

|||June 1999

  • Trade volume between the two countries was 12.5 million USD in 2019.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 86.1 million USD in 2019.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 8.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.45/0.05 million USD).
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.9/11.8 million USD).

|

|- valign="top"

|||13 April 2006

  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.6 million USD in 2019.||See Dominican Republic–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Santo Domingo.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 132.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 118.6/14.1 million USD).
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 910 thousand USD in 2019.||See Haiti–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Haiti.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 90.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 90/0.5 million USD).
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 5.9 million USD in 2019.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3 million USD in 2019.||See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Vincent and Grenadines.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 11.3 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.8/6.5 million USD).
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 68.4/52.4 million USD).||See Belize–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Belize.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 13.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.1/3.6 million USD).
  • Turkey has an embassy in San Jose.||
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in San Salvador.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 17.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 14.8/2.3 million USD).

|

|- valign="top"

|||1952||See Guatemala–Turkey relations

  • Guatemala has an embassy in Ankara and an honorary consulate in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Guatemala City.||
  • The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to Honduras.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 19.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 15/4.8 million USD).
  • Nicaraguan Embassy in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.||See Panama–Turkey relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Panama.||See Bolivia–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in La Paz.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 130 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 22/108 million USD).||See Brazil–Turkey relations

thumb|Prime Minister [[Erdoğan meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.]]

  • Brazil has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate general in São Paulo.
  • 70,974 Colombian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

|

|- valign="top"

|||11 December 1959||See Ecuador–Turkey relations

  • Ecuador has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Quito and a consulate general in Guayaquil.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 59/58 million USD).
  • 8,416 Ecuadorian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

|

|- valign="top"

|||2 May 1973

  • Trade volume between the two countries was 29.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.6/1 million USD).||See Peru–Turkey relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lima.||See Suriname–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Suriname.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 18.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 18.1/0.1 million USD).
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 150 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 130/20 million USD).||See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Kars and Consular Mission in Iğdır.
  • 901,723 Azeri tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Azerbaijan-Turkey relations have been described as "one nation with two states" due to a common culture and the mutual intelligibility of Turkish and Azerbaijani.
  • Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Azerbaijan in November 1991.||See Kazakhstan–Turkey relations
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ankara and consulates general in Antalya and Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Astana and a consulate general in Almaty.
  • Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.9 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.9/3 billion USD).
  • 455,724 Kazakh tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kazakhstan.||See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations
  • Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Ankara.
  • 121,364 Kyrgyz tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->29 February 1992||See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations

  • Turkmenistan has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Ashgabat.
  • Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture and OIC.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.35 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 745/601 million USD).
  • 297,706 Turkmen tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Turkey became the first state to recognize Turkmenistan on 27 October 1991.||See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.23/1.14 billion USD).
  • 252,138 Uzbek tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

|

|}

Asia-Pacific

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

|-

! style="width:10%;"| Country/Region

! style="width:10%;"| Relations began

! style="width:50%;"| Notes

! style="width:10%;"| Free trade agreement

|- valign="top"

|||1 March 1921||See Afghanistan–Turkey relations

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kabul and Consulate General in Kandahar and Mazar-e Sharif.
  • Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 180 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/156 million USD).
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kabul.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->1967||See Australia–Turkey relations

  • Australia has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul and Çanakkale.
  • 120,837 Australian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 150 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Australia.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Dhaka.

|

|- valign="top"

|||26 September 2012||

  • Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.58 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.1/1.48 million USD).

|

|- valign="top"

|||27 June 1984||See Brunei–Turkey relations

  • Brunei Darussalam has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started--> 1959||See Cambodia–Turkey relations

  • Cambodia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Phnom Penh.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 108.4 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 13.7/94.7 million USD).

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->1971||See China–Turkey relations

  • China has an embassy in Ankara and Consulate General in Istanbul and İzmir. Hong Kong and Shanghai
  • Both countries are members of G20 and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 21.08 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.58/18.49 billion USD).
  • 426,344 Chinese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.||
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to the Cook Islands.||See East Timor–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Jakarta to Indonesia is also accredited to East Timor.||
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Fiji.||See India–Turkey relations

thumb|Prime Minister [[Erdoğan meets with Narendra Modi in India.]]

  • India has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in New Delhi and Consulate General in Hyderabad and Mumbai.
  • 230,131 Indian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

|

|- valign="top"

|||1950||See Indonesia–Turkey relations

  • Indonesia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • 127,149 Indonesian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 2,400 Indonesian citizens reside in Turkey.||See Japan–Turkey relations
  • Japan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tokyo and a Consulate General in Nagoya.
  • Both countries are members of G20, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.02 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.5/3.52 billion USD).
  • 103,320 Japanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tokyo.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->2008||

  • The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Kiribati.||See Laos–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Laos in Vienna is also accredited to Turkey.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->1979||See Maldives–Turkey relations

  • The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Office in Geneva is also accredited to Turkey.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malé since 24 November 2012.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->1964||See Malaysia–Turkey relations

  • Malaysia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Both countries are members of D-8, OIC and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.70 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.36/1.34 billion USD).
  • 114,214 Malaysian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kuala Lumpur.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->9 April 2008||See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations

  • Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to the Marshall Islands.||
  • The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Micronesia.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.||See Mongolia–Turkey relations
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.
  • Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 39.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.2/0.5 million USD).

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->1958||See Myanmar–Turkey relations

  • The Burmese Embassy in Cairo, Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.

|

|- valign="top"

||| ||

  • The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Nauru.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.||See New Zealand–Turkey relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Wellington.
  • 20,912 New Zealanders visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand.||
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->15 January 2001|| See North Korea–Turkey relations

  • The Embassy of North Korea in Sofia is also accredited to Turkey.||See Pakistan–Turkey relations
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Islamabad and Consulate General in Karachi and Lahore.
  • Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 856 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 550/306 million USD).
  • 130,736 Pakistani tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Karachi and Lahore.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->10 May 2007||

  • Turkish ambassador in Tokyo to Japan is also accredited to Palau.||
  • Papua New Guinea has an honorary consulate in Istanbul.||See Philippines–Turkey relations
  • Philippines has an embassy in Ankara.
  • 139,126 Filipino tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 2,200 Philippine nationals are residing in Turkey.||See Samoa–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa.||See Singapore–Turkey relations
  • Singapore has an embassy in Ankara.
  • 34,930 Singaporean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Singapore.||See Solomon Islands–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Solomon Islands since 8 March 1979.||See South Korea–Turkey relations
  • South Korea has an embassy in Ankara.
  • 212,970 South Korean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.||See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Ankara.

|

|- valign="top"

|||Started in 1934, Ended in 1971||See Taiwan–Turkey relations

  • Diplomatic recognition was withdrawn in 1971 by the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and China.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->29 January 1992||See Tajikistan–Turkey relations

  • Tajikistan has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Dushanbe.
  • Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 274 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 143/131 million USD).
  • 44,155 Tajik tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->1958||See Thailand–Turkey relations

  • Thailand has an embassy in Ankara.
  • 62,192 Thai tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017.||See Tonga–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tonga since 26 January 1976.||
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tuvalu.||
  • Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Vanuatu.||See Turkey–Vietnam relations
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Ankara.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City since 27 June 2016.||See Bahrain–Turkey relations
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Manama.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 486 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 299/187 million USD).
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Manama.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->||

  • Diplomatic relations suspended over the Cyprus dispute.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->1983

  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in North Nicosia.

|

|- valign="top"

|||21 May 1992||See Georgia–Turkey relations

  • Georgia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Trabzon.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tbilisi and a consulate general in Batumi.
  • 1,995,254 Georgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.||See Iran–Turkey relations
  • Iran has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul, Trabzon and Erzurum.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tehran and Consulates General in Tabriz, Orumiyeh and Mashhad.
  • 2,102,890 Iranian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tehran.

|

|- valign="top"

|||16 January 1928||See Iraq–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929.

  • Iraq has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Gaziantep and Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate general in Erbil.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 9.77 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.35/1.42 billion USD).
  • 1,374,896 Iraqi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

|

|-

|

|2001

|See Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations

|

|- valign="top"

||| ||See Israel–Turkey relations

  • Israel has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.37 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.70/1.67 billion USD).
  • 569,368 Israeli tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • The history of the Jewish–Turkish relations dates back to 14th–16th centuries, when the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II invited the Sephardic Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions to settle in the Ottoman Empire.
  • During the 1930s and 1940s, the Republic of Turkey again served as a safe haven for the European Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi-perpetrated Holocaust. A Turkish diplomat, Selahattin Ulkumen, is honoured as one of the Righteous Among The Nations for his work in rescuing Jews from Nazi officials on the island of Rhodes, by issuing them Turkish visas and later arranging for their transport to Turkish territory. Another diplomat, Necdet Kent, also rescued Jews from Nazi authorities, for which he was awarded a special medal by the government of the State of Israel.
  • Turkey was the first country with a Muslim majority to formally recognize the State of Israel.
  • The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, and Moshe Shertok had all studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University.

|||See Jordan–Turkey relations

  • Jordan has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Amman.
  • 474,874 Jordanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.||See Kuwait–Turkey relations
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 678 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 534/144 million USD).
  • 374,191 Kuwaiti tourists visited Turkey in 2018.

|

|- valign="top"

|||8 March 1946||See Lebanon–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.

  • Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1070 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 901/169 million USD).
  • 376,721 Lebanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Beirut.

| ||See Oman–Turkey relations

  • Oman has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Muscat.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 489 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 422/67 million USD).

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->15 November 1988||See Palestine–Turkey relations

  • Palestine has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Jerusalem and Ramallah.

|

  • Turkey has a military base in Qatar.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Doha.

|

|- valign="top"

|||3 August 1929

  • Turkey has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate general in Jeddah.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.96 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.64/2.32 billion USD).
  • 564,816 Saudi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

|

|- valign="top"

|||8 March 1946

|See Syria–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.||See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations

  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate general in Dubai.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.14/3.78 million USD).

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->4 March 1946

  • Turkey has an embassy in Sanaa.||See Albania–Turkey relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Both countries are members of OIC, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 430 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 408/22 million USD).
  • 125,935 Albanian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.||
  • The Turkish ambassador in Madrid to Spain is also accredited to Andorra.||See Austria–Turkey relations
  • Austria has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Vienna and Consulates General in Bregenz and Salzburg
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.43 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.14/1.29 billion USD).
  • 401,475 Austrian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.||See Belarus–Turkey relations
  • Belarus has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Minsk.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 691 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 531/160 million USD).||See Belgium–Turkey relations
  • Belgium has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate general in Antwerp.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 5.7 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/3.1 billion USD).||See Bulgaria–Turkey relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Sofia and a consulate general in Burgas. and Plovdiv.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.1 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.0 billion USD).
  • 2,713,464 Bulgarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

|||See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Sarajevo.
  • Turkey supports Bosnia and Herzegovina's NATO membership.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 661 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 420/241 million USD).
  • Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Fojnica, Mostar and Sarajevo.

|||See Croatia–Turkey relations

  • Croatia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Both countries are members of NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 384 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 232/152 million USD).
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Zagreb.

|||See Czech Republic–Turkey relations

  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Prague.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.65 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1/2.65 billion USD).||See Denmark–Turkey relations
  • Denmark has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Copenhagen.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.88 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.1/0.81 billion USD).
  • 70 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Denmark.||See Estonia–Turkey relations
  • Estonia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 312 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 92/220 million USD).||See Finland–Turkey relations
  • Finland has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Helsinki.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Turkey did not support Finland's accession to NATO until March 2023, but accepted its participation.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.32 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.34/0.98 billion USD).||See France–Turkey relations
  • France has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Paris and Consulates General in Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes and Strasbourg.
  • Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 13.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.8/7.6 billion USD).
  • 650 thousand Turkish citizens reside in France and 3,152 French citizens reside in Turkey.||See Germany–Turkey relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and İzmir.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Berlin and Consulates General in Cologne, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Hamburg Hanover, Karlsruhe Mainz, Munich, Münster, Nuremberg and Stuttgart.
  • Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 35.9 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 16.6/19.3 billion USD).
  • 3 million people of Turkish origin reside in Germany.||See Greece-Turkey relations

thumb|left|Greek Prime Minister [[George Papandreou and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara, November 2009]]

  • Greece has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Edirne, Istanbul and İzmir.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Athens and Consulates General in Komotini, Piraeus, Rhodes and Thessaloniki.
  • Both countries are members of BSEC, OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2018.
  • 150 thousand muslims that Turkey claims are "ethnic Turks" reside in Western Thrace, Greece.
  • 836,882 Greek tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Turkey and Greece have clashed for decades over the status of Aegean islands and over the extent of territorial waters and airspace. In February 1999, the discovery that Greek authorities had been aiding and abetting Abdullah Öcalan, Turkey's most wanted criminal, caused a diplomatic crisis. When Abdullah Öcalan was captured by Turkish authorities, he was found holding Greek and Cypriot passports, and he later revealed that he had been hiding in the Greek Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Relations have since improved, particularly following the earthquakes that struck both countries in 1999.

|||See Holy See–Turkey relations

  • The Holy See has a nunciature in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->1521||See Hungary–Turkey relations

  • Hungary has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Hungary is an observer in the Turkic Council.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.5 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.16/1.4 billion USD).
  • 149,523 Hungarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 2,600 Turkish citizens reside in Hungary.||See Iceland–Turkey relations
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Iceland are being coordinated by the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Oslo and the Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.||See Ireland–Turkey relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 528/970 million USD).
  • 1,800 Turkish citizens reside in Ireland.
  • 118,620 Irish tourists visited Turkey in 2011.||See Italy–Turkey relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Rome and a consulate general in Milan
  • Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 19.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.47/11.3 billion USD).
  • 205,788 Italian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Rome.

|||See Kosovo–Turkey relations

  • Kosovo has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Pristina and a consulate general in Prizren.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 249 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 241/7 million USD).
  • Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Peja, Pristina and Prizren.

|||See Latvia–Turkey relations

  • Latvia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Riga.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • 200 Turkish citizens reside in Latvia.
  • Both countries are members of WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 7 million USD in 2017.

|||See Lithuania–Turkey relations

  • Lithuania has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Vilnius.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 687 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 277/410 million USD).||See Luxembourg–Turkey relations
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 160 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD).
  • 900 Turkish citizens reside in Luxembourg.||See Malta–Turkey relations
  • Malta has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Valletta.
  • Both countries are members of WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 593 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 541/52 million USD).

|||See Moldova–Turkey relations

  • Moldova has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Chişinău and a consulate general in Comrat.
  • Comrat is the capital of Gagauzia, an autonomous region populated by the Gagauz, an Orthodox Christian Turkic people, the region hence acting as a bridge to Turkey and Russia. As a response internal challenges to Gagauzia's autonomy, Mikhail Formuzal, President of People's Assembly in Comrat is seeking Turkey's aid to defend Gagauz culture and identity.
  • Both countries are members of BSEC.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 568 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 322/246 million USD).||See Monaco–Turkey relations
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Monaco are being coordinated by the Consulates General of Turkey and Monaco in Marseille.||See Montenegro–Turkey relations
  • Montenegro has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Podgorica.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 46 million USD in 2015.||See Netherlands–Turkey relations
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in The Hague and Consulates General in Amsterdam, Deventer and Rotterdam.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 8.97 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.76/3.20 billion USD).
  • 500 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in the Netherlands.||See North Macedonia–Turkey relations
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Skopje and a consulate general in Bitola.
  • Both countries are members of NATO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 503 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 396/107 million USD).
  • 209,519 Macedonian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.||See Norway-Turkey relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.28 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 513/765 million USD). ||See Poland–Turkey relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.45 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.34/3.34 billion USD).
  • 880,839 Polish tourists visited Turkey in 2018. ||See Portugal–Turkey relations
  • Portugal has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Turkey is an observer in Lusophone Commonwealth.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 811/684 million USD).
  • 54,130 Portuguese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

|||See Romania–Turkey relations

  • Romania has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate general in Constanţa.
  • Both countries are members of BSEC, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 5.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.8/2.6 billion USD).
  • 763,320 Romanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.||See Russia–Turkey relations

thumb|President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin in July 2024]]

  • Russia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and Trabzon.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Moscow and Consulates General in Kazan Novorossiysk and Saint Petersburg.
  • Both countries are members of BSEC, G20 and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 26.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.85/22.4 billion USD).
  • 7,017,657 Russian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Kazan and Moscow.

|

|- valign="top"

|||<!--Date started-->1879||See Serbia–Turkey relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Both countries are members of BSEC, Central European Free Trade Agreement and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 731 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 493/328 million USD).
  • 282,347Serbian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Belgrade.

|||See Slovakia–Turkey relations

  • Slovakia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bratislava.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.29 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 532/767 million USD).||See Slovenia–Turkey relations
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Ljubljana.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.15 million USD in 2015.||See Spain–Turkey relations
  • Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate general in Barcelona.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 12.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 6.3/6.4 billion USD).
  • 257,342 Spanish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.||See Sweden–Turkey relations
  • Sweden has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Turkey did not support Sweden's accession to NATO until January 2024, but accepted its participation.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.5/1.7 billion USD).||See Switzerland–Turkey relations
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bern and Consulates General in Geneva and Zürich.
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.41 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.04/3.38 billion USD).
  • 130 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Switzerland.||See Turkey–Ukraine relations
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya and Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate general in Odesa.
  • Both countries are members of WTO.
  • Turkey supports Ukraine's NATO membership.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.8 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.72 billion USD).

|- valign="top"

||| 2 September 1924

Both countries share common membership of the Coalition of the Willing, the Council of Europe, the G20, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement, an Investment Agreement, and a Trade Agreement. Both countries are negotiating a new Free Trade Agreement.

  • 250 thousand Turkish citizens reside in the United Kingdom.
  • 2,562,064 British tourists visited Turkey in 2019. the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961), the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (1969), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973), and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as a strategic eastern anchor. Its strategic importance lies in its control of the Turkish Straits, which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and its borders with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir and the United States has maintained a military presence via the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.

See also

  • List of diplomatic missions in Turkey
  • List of diplomatic missions of Turkey
  • Turkey's membership of international organizations
  • Visa requirements for Turkish citizens
  • 2025 UAE espionage network in Turkey

References

Further reading

European Union–Turkey relations

  • Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
  • Aydin-Duzgit, Senem and Keyman, Fuat, "EU–Turkey Relations and the Stagnation of Turkish Democracy," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 2 (2012).
  • Barchard, David. "Turkey and the West." (Chatham House Papers, No. 27, published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
  • Cakir, A.E. (ed.), Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2011).
  • Dixon, Jeffrey C., "Turkey, Islam and the EU," Contexts, 8.4 (2009).
  • Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
  • Esfahani, Hadi Salehi and Ceviker-Gurakar, Esra, "Fading Attraction: Turkey's Shifting Relationship with the European Union," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 53.4 (November 2013).
  • Fuller, Graham E. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. (A Rand Study.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.
  • Gocek, Fatma Muge. East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  • Goffman, Daniel. Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990.
  • International Crisis Group, "Turkey and Europe: The Way Ahead," Europe Report No. 184 (17 August 2007).
  • Kramer, Heinz, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000).
  • Kubicek, Paul, "Turkey's Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward," Turkish Studies, 9.1 (March 2008).
  • Kuniholm, Bruce R. "Turkey and the West," Foreign Affairs, 70, No. 2, Spring 1991, pp.&nbsp;34–48.
  • Kuniholm, Bruce R., "Turkey and NATO," in Kaplan, L., Clawson, R. and Luraghi, R. (eds.), NATO and the Mediterranean (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1985).
  • McGhee, George C. "Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp.&nbsp;617–30.
  • Oguzlu, Tarik, "Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?" Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011).
  • Pierini, Marc, "Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019.
  • Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, "A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014).
  • Reuther, Helmut (ed.). „Deutschlands Außenpolitik seit 1955“. With a contribution by Franz von Cancig, "Die Türkei, Griechenland und die deutsche Außenpolitik." Stuttgart-Degerloch: Seewald Verlag, 1965.
  • Steinbach, Udo. "Turkey-ECC Relations: Cultural Dimension." pp.&nbsp;13–24 in Erol Manisali, ed., Turkey's Place in Europe: Economic, Political, and Cultural Dimensions. Istanbul: Ucer, 1990.
  • Tocci, Nathalie, "New Doubts and Uncertainties in Turkey–EU Relations," Paper, Centre for European Policy Studies (October 2000).
  • Narbone, Luigi and Tocci, Nathalie, "Running Around in Circles? The Cyclical Relationship Between Turkey and the European Union," in Verney, S. and Infantis, K. (eds.), Turkey's Road to European Union Membership: National Identity and Political Change (London: Routledge, 2009).

Greece–Turkey relations

  • "Der Zypern-Konflikt, eine Bewahrungsprobe westlicher Friedensordnung." Europa-Archiv, 1964, pp.&nbsp;713–26.
  • Bahcheli, Tozun. Greek–Turkish Relations since 1955. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
  • Balci, Ali, "Foreign Policy as Politicking in the Sarikiz Coup Plot: Cyprus Between the Coup Plotters and the JDP," Middle East Critique, 21.2 (Summer 2012).
  • Brus, Marcel et al., "A Promise to Keep: Time to End the International Isolation of the Turkish Cypriots," TESEV, Foreign Policy Analysis Series, No. 7 (Istanbul, June 2008).
  • Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
  • Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
  • Ertekün, Necati M. The Cyprus Dispute and the Birth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Nicosia, Northern Cyprus: Rustem, 1984.
  • International Crisis Group, "Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet," Europe Report No. 194 (23 June 2008).
  • International Crisis Group, "The Cyprus Stalemate: What Next?" Europe Report No. 171 (8 March 2006).
  • Migdalovitz, Carol, "Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues," CRS Report (Washington, DC, 20 July 2007).
  • Ozcan, Gencer, "The Military and the Making of Foreign Policy in Turkey," in Kirisci, K. and Rubin, B. (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
  • Pipinelis, Panayotis. "The Greco-Turkish Feud Revived." Foreign Affairs, January 1959, pp.&nbsp;306–16.
  • Psomiades, Harry J. The Eastern Question: The Last Phase. A Study in Greek Turkish Diplomacy. Salonika (Greece): Institute for Balkan Studies, 1968.
  • Qicek, Kemal. "Living Together: Muslim-Christian Relations in 18th-Century Cyprus as Reflected by the Shari'a Court Record," Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations [Birmingham, United Kingdom], 4, No. 1, 1993.
  • Sozen, Ahmet, "The Cyprus Challenge in Turkey–EU Relations: Heading Towards the Defining Moment?" in Cengiz, F. and Hoffmann, L. (eds.), Turkey and the European Union: Facing New Challenges and Opportunities (London: Routledge, 2014).
  • Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: US Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.
  • Turkeş, Alpaslan. Dış Politikamız ve Kıbrıs (Our Foreign Policy and Cyprus). Istanbul: Publication of the Istanbul Cypriote-Turkish Society, 1966.

Middle East–Turkey relations

  • Ayoob, Mohammed, "Beyond the Democratic Wave in the Arab World: The Middle East's Turko-Persian Future," Insight Turkey, 13.2 (2011).
  • Bank, André and Karadag, Roy, "The 'Ankara Moment': The Politics of Turkey's Regional Power in the Middle East," Third World Quarterly, 34.2 (2013).
  • Bengio, Ofra and Ozcan, Gencer, "Old Grievances, New Fears: Arab Perceptions of Turkey and Its Alignment with Israel," Middle Eastern Studies, 37.2 (April 2001).
  • Bolukbasi, Suha. "Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and the Euphrates Dam," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 16, No. 4, June 1993, pp.&nbsp;9–32.
  • Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
  • Burton, J.A. "Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558–1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990–91, pp.&nbsp;83–103.
  • Fuller, Graham, The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008).
  • Haddad, Benjamin, "Time for Turkey and Europe to Face Reality: Turkey Is Not Going to Join the EU. And That Is OK," Foreign Policy, 23 May 3016.
  • Nafi, Basheer M., "The Arabs and Modern Turkey: A Century of Changing Perceptions," Insight Turkey, 11.1 (2009).
  • Hale, William M. "Turkey, the Middle East, and the Gulf Crisis," International Affairs [London], 68, No. 2, Spring 1992, pp.&nbsp;679–692.
  • International Crisis Group, "Turkey and the Middle East: Ambitions and Constraints," Europe Report No. 203 (7 April 2010).
  • Jennings, Ronald C. Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
  • Karpat, Kemal H., "Turkish and Arab-Israeli Relations," in Karpat, K. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
  • Kirisci, Kemal, Tocci, Nathalie, and Walker, Joshua, "A Neighborhood Rediscovered: Turkey's Transatlantic Value in the Middle East," The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Paper Series (Washington, DC, 2010).
  • Kirisci, Kemal, "The EU, Turkey and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Integration," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 1 (2012).
  • Kirisci, Kemal and Winrow, Gareth M., The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
  • Levy, Aviador. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Darwin Press and Washington: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1992.
  • Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.
  • Sayari, Sabri. "Turkey: The Changing European Security Environment and the Gulf Crisis," Middle East Journal, 46, No. 1, Winter 1992, pp.&nbsp;9–21.
  • Shaw, Stanford. The Jews of the Ottoman Emire and Modern Turkey. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

  • "The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence." American Journal of International Law, October 1947, pp.&nbsp;727–47.
  • Bayazit, Vural. "Black Sea and Mediterranean Challenges for the Turkish Navy," NATO's Sixteen Nations [Brussels], 39, January 1994, pp.&nbsp;67–69.
  • DeLuca, Anthony R. The Great Power Rivalry at the Turkish Straits: The Montreux Conference and the Convention of 1936. (East European Monographs.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981.
  • Dranov, B. Chernomorskie Prolivy-Mezhdunarodno-pravovoi rezhim (The Black Sea Straits-International-legal regime). Moscow: Yurid, izd-vo, 1948.
  • Edmonds, Martin, and John Skitt. "Current Soviet Maritime Strategy and NATO." International Affairs, January 1969, pp.&nbsp;28–43.
  • Eren, Nuri. "Die türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1965, pp.&nbsp;337–48.
  • Erkin, Feridun Cerna. Les Relations Turco-Soviétiques et la Question des Detroits. Ankara: Banur Matbaas1, 1968.
  • Esmer, Ahmed Şükrü. "The Straits: Crux of World Politics." Foreign Affairs, January 1947, pp.&nbsp;290–302.
  • Fernau, Friedrich-Wilhelm. "Nachbarschaft am Schwarzen Meer. Wendepunkte in den türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1967, pp.&nbsp;613–20.
  • Howard, Harry N. "The United States and the Question of the Turkish Straits." Middle East Journal, January 1947, pp.&nbsp;59–72.
  • Hurewitz, J. C. The Background of Russia's Claims to the Turkish Straits. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1964.
  • Imhoff, Christoph von. Duell in Mittelmeer: Moskau greift nach dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Freiburg i. Br.: Rombach, 1968.
  • Rohn, Peter H. "Turkish Treaties in Global Perspective." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. n9-60.
  • Routh, D. A. "The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Black Sea Straits." Survey of International Affairs, 1936. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
  • Sadak, Necmeddin. "Turkey Faces the Soviets." Foreign Affairs, April 1949, pp.&nbsp;449–461.
  • Shotwell, James T., and Francis Deak. Turkey at the Straits: A Short History. New York: Macmillan, 1940.
  • Yanik, Lerna. "Allies or Partners An Appraisal of Turkey's Ties to Russia 1991–2007", East European Quarterly 41#3 (2007), pp.&nbsp;349–370.

Turkey–Turkic world relations

  • Contessi, Nicola P. "Turkey and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Common values, economics or pure geopolitics?" in Emre Erşen, Seçkin Köstem, eds. Turkey's Pivot to Eurasia. Geopolitics and Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order, (Routledge, 2019), pp.&nbsp;93–110.
  • Gokalp, Ziya. The Principles of Turkism. Trans., Robert Devereux. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1968.
  • Kubilay Yado Arin. The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? (Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2013).
  • Landau, Jacob M. Pan-Turkism in Turkey: A Study of Irredentism. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1981.
  • Robins, Philip. "Between Sentiment and Self-interest: Turkey's Policy toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States," Middle East Journal, 47, No. 4, Autumn 1993, pp.&nbsp;593–610.

Turkey–United States relations

  • Armaoglu, Fahir H. "Turkey and the United States: A New Alliance." The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp.&nbsp;1–15.
  • Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
  • Barkey, Henri. "Turkish-American Relations in the Post-War Era: An Alliance of Convenience," Orient [Leverkusen, Germany], 33, No. 3, 1992, pp.&nbsp;447–464.
  • Barlas, Dilek, and Şuhnaz Yilmaz. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkey's relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (1929–47)." Turkish Studies (2016): pp.&nbsp;1–25.
  • Bolukbasi, Suha. The Superpowers and the Third World: Turkish–American Relations and Cyprus. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988.
  • Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
  • Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015).

Foreign relations (1923–1945)

  • "Türk Dış Politikasına Yon Veren Etkenler (1923–1968)" ("Controlling Factors of Turkish Foreign Policy, 1923–1968"). Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi (Review of the Political Science Faculty), 23 (1968).
  • Ataöv, Türkkaya. "Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923–1938." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1961, pp.&nbsp;103–42.
  • Ataöv, Türkkaya. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1939–1945. Ankara: Publication of the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Ankara, 1965.
  • Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
  • Howard, Harry N. The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913–1923. New York: Ferig, 1966.
  • Kohn, Hans. "Ten Years of the Turkish Republic." Foreign Affairs, October 1933, pp.&nbsp;141–155.
  • Sousa, Nasim. The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey: Its History, Origin, and Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.
  • Vere-Hodge, Edward Reginald. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1918–1948. Ambilly Annemasse: Imprimerie Franco-Suisse, 1950.

Foreign relations (1945–2002)

  • Abramowitz, Morton. "Dateline Ankara: Turkey after Özal," Foreign Policy, No. 91, 1993, pp.&nbsp;164–81.
  • Balci, Ali and Mis, Nebi, "Turkey's Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy?" Turkish Studies, 9.3 (September 2008).
  • Batu, Hamit. "La politique étrangère de la Turquie." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1964, pp.&nbsp;1–12.
  • Black, Joseph E., and Kenneth W. Thompson (eds.). Foreign Policies in a World of Change. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. With a contribution by Nuri Eren, "The Foreign Policy of Turkey."
  • Danforth, Nicholas. 2021. The Remaking of Republican Turkey: Memory and Modernity since the Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press.
  • Deshocquets, Claude. "La Turquie de 1960 et la stratégie globale." Revue de Defense Nationale, 17 (1961), pp.&nbsp;222–236.
  • Dodd, Clement H., ed. Turkish Foreign Policy: New Prospects. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1992.
  • Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
  • Hartmann, Hans Walter. Die auswärtige Politik der Türkei, pp.&nbsp;923–940. Zurich: Leemann & Co., 1999.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
  • Kirisci, Kemal and Rubin, Barry (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
  • Robins, Philip, "Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan," Survival, 39.2 (Summer 1997).
  • Rouleau, Eric. "The Challenges to Turkey," Foreign Affairs, 72, No. 5, November–December 1993, pp.&nbsp;110–126.

Foreign relations (2002–present)

  • Duran, Burhanettin, "JDP and Foreign Policy as an Agent of Transformation," in Yavuz, H.M. (ed.), The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Party (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2006).
  • Dursun-Özkanca, Ova. 2019. Turkey–West Relations: The Politics of Intra-Alliance Opposition. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
  • Kirisci, Kemal, "Turkey's Foreign Policy in Turbulent Times," Chaillot Paper 92 (Paris, EUISS, 2006).
  • Kutlay, Mustafa, "Economy as the 'Practical Hand' of 'New Turkish Foreign Policy': A Political Economy Explanation," Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
  • Renda, Kadri Kaan, "Turkey's Neighborhood Policy: An Emerging Complex Interdependence?" Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
  • Sandole, Dennis J.D., "Turkey's Unique Role in Nipping in the Bud the 'Clash of Civilizations'," International Politics, 46.5 (September 2009).
  • Schenkkan, Nate, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats, Foreign Affairs Committee, United States House of Representatives, Hearings on "The Future of Turkish Democracy," 15 July 2014.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
  • Örmeci, Ozan & Işıksal, Hüseyin (2015), Turkish Foreign Policy in the New Millennium, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang

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