Foreign relations of Mexico

The foreign relations of Mexico (United Mexican States) are directed by the President of the United Mexican States and the most powerful actor in hemispheric and world affairs. Once the order was reestablished, its foreign policy was built under hemispheric prestige in subsequent decades. Demonstrating independence from the U.S., Mexico supported the Cuban government since its establishment in the early 1960s, the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua during the late 1970s, and leftist revolutionary groups in El Salvador during the 1980s. In the 2000s, former President Vicente Fox adopted a new foreign policy that called for openness, acceptance of criticism from the international community and the increase of Mexican involvement in foreign affairs, as well as a further integration towards its northern neighbors. A greater priority to Latin America and the Caribbean was given during the administration of President Felipe Calderón. the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the OPANAL and the Rio Group. For a long time, Mexico has been one of the largest contributors to the United Nations regular budget, in 2008 over 40 million dollars were given to the organization. a regional power which were officially incorporated in 1988. The direction that the foreign policy will take lies with the President, as the head of state, The article states:

thumb|The heads of delegations from left to right: [[Enrique Peña Nieto, François Hollande, Angela Merkel, Michelle Bachelet at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference.]]

Aside from these constitutionally recognized principles, the foreign policy has been based on some doctrines. The Estrada Doctrine as the most influential and representative instrument in this field, proclaimed in the early 1930s and strictly applied until 2000, This policy was said to be based on the principles of non-intervention, peaceful resolution of disputes and self-determination of all nations.

During the first presidency of the National Action Party, Vicente Fox appointed Jorge Castañeda to be his Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Castañeda immediately broke with the Estrada Doctrine, promoting what was called by critics the "Castañeda Doctrine". The new foreign policy called for an openness, acceptance of criticism from the international community, and increase of Mexican involvement in foreign affairs.

On November 28, 2006, former President Felipe Calderón announced that Patricia Espinosa would serve as his Secretary of Foreign Affairs starting on December 1, 2006. He declared priorities including the diversification of the Mexico–United States agenda, heavily concentrated on immigration and security issues, and the rebuilding of diplomatic relations with Cuba and Venezuela, which were heavily strained during the Fox administration, as well as giving greater priority to Latin America and the Caribbean states.

Diplomatic relations

[[File:Diplomatic missions of Mexico4.png|thumb|right|375px|Mexican diplomatic missions overseas.

]]

The Mexican foreign service officially started in 1822, the year after the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba, which marked the beginning of the country's independence. In 1831, legislation was passed that underpinned the establishment of diplomatic representations with other states in Europe and the Americas. and emerging market, Mexico holds a significant global presence. As of 2009, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs has over 150 representations at its disposal overseas, which include:

79 embassies.
68 consulates.
8 permanent missions.

In the early 1970s, Mexico recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole and legitimate government of China, therefore issues related to the Republic of China (Taiwan) are managed through the Office of Consular Liaison under the circumscription of the Consulate General of Mexico in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau. In addition, Mexico does not recognize Kosovo as an independent country.

Historically, Mexico has remained neutral in international conflicts. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the Constitution in order to allow the Mexican army, air force or navy to collaborate with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it.

List of countries with diplomatic relations

List of countries which Mexico maintains diplomatic relations with:

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|—

Bilateral relations

Africa

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began

!Notes

|- valign="top"

|||October 21, 1964||See Algeria–Mexico relations

Algeria has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Algiers.

|- valign="top"

|||February 20, 1976||See Angola–Mexico relations

Angola is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria and has an honorary consulate in Luanda.

|- valign="top"

|||1975||

Benin is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
Mexico is accredited to Botswana from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.

|- valign="top"

|||1976||

Burkina Faso is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and an honorary consulate in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Burkina Faso from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
Mexico is accredited to Burundi from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya and maintains an honorary consulate Bujumbura.

|- valign="top"

|||1975||

Cameroon is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Cameroon from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
Mexico is accredited to Cape Verde from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.

|- valign="top"

|||February 4, 2020||

Both nations established diplomatic relations on February 4, 2020, in New York City, with the signing done by their respective ambassadors to the United Nations.

Central African Republic does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
Mexico is accredited to the Central African Republic from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.

|- valign="top"

|||February 25, 1976||See Chad–Mexico relations

Chad and Mexico established diplomatic relations on February 25, 1976. In May 2002, Chadian Prime Minister Nagoum Yamassoum paid a visit to the Mexican city of Monterrey to attend the Monterrey Consensus conference.

Chad is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

|- valign="top"

|||October 2008||

The Comoros does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
Mexico is accredited to the Comoros from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
DR Congo does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
Mexico is accredited to DR Congo from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Mexico is accredited to the Republic of the Congo from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
Mexico has an embassy in Cairo.

Equatorial Guinea is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Equatorial Guinea from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
Mexico is accredited to Eritrea from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
Mexico is accredited to Eswatini from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
Mexico has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

|- valign="top"

|||March 1976||

Gabon is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Gabon from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.

|- valign="top"

|||August 8, 1961||See Ghana–Mexico relations

Ghana and Mexico established diplomatic relations on August 8, 1961. Soon afterwards, both nations opened embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. In 1972, Ghana closed its embassy in Mexico City. Mexico closed its embassy in Accra in 1980. Mexico re-opened its embassy in Ghana in 2013.

Ghana is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico has an embassy in Accra.
Mexico is accredited to Guinea from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.

|- valign="top"

|||November 13, 1975||See Ivory Coast–Mexico relations

Ivory Coast has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Ivory Coast from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco

|- valign="top"

|||March 15, 1977||See Kenya–Mexico relations

Kenya is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico has an embassy in Nairobi.
Mexico is accredited to Lesotho from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
Mexico is accredited to Liberia from its embassy in Accra, Ghana.
Mexico is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.

|- valign="top"

|||December 10, 1998||

Malawi is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Mali from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco and has an honorary consulate in Bamako.
Mexico is accredited to Mauritius from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Port Louis.
Morocco has an embassy in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||February 26, 1988||See Mexico–Mozambique relations

Mexico is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
Mexico is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.

|- valign="top"

|||November 6, 1975||

Mexico is accredited to Niger from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.

|- valign="top"

|||April 14, 1976||See Mexico–Nigeria relations

Mexico has an embassy in Abuja.

|- valign="top"

|||January 21, 1976||

Mexico is accredited to Rwanda from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya and maintains an honorary consulate in Kigali.

|- valign="top"

|||September 8, 1979||See Mexico–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Mexico is accredited to the Sahrawi Republic from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.

|- valign="top"

|||~1989||

Mexico is accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.
Senegal is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||1986||

Mexico is accredited to the Seychelles from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.

|- valign="top"

|||September 26, 2011||

Mexico is accredited to South Sudan from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Mexico is accredited to Sudan from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt
Tanzania is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||October 29, 1975||

Mexico is accredited to Togo from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.

|- valign="top"

|||November 17, 1961||See Mexico–Tunisia relations

Mexico is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria and maintains an honorary consulate in Tunis.

|- valign="top"

|||February 20, 1976||See Mexico–Uganda relations

Mexico is accredited to Uganda from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya

|- valign="top"

|||October 15, 1975||

Mexico is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.

|- valign="top"

|||March 1985||See Mexico–Zimbabwe relations

Mexico and Zimbabwe established diplomatic relations in March 1985. Mexico opened an embassy in Harare in 1990, however, the embassy later closed in 1994.

Mexico is accredited to Zimbabwe from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.

Americas

thumb|left|250px|The VII Summit of the [[Pacific Alliance]]

thumb|NAFTA Initialing Ceremony, October 1992. From left to right (standing) President [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President George H. W. Bush, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. (Seated) Jaime Serra Puche, Carla Hills, Michael Wilson.]]

Since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect on January 1, 1994, relations between Canada, Mexico and the United States have significantly strengthened politically, economically, socially and culturally. During the Fox administration, a further integration towards Mexico's northern neighbors was a top priority. As a result, several trilateral summit meetings regarding this issue have occurred within the framework of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP), a region-level dialogue with the stated purpose of providing greater cooperation on security and economic issues,

Other issues of concern are the ones related to conservation and protection of the environment, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) consists of a declaration of principles and objectives concerning this issues as well as concrete measures to further cooperation on these matters tripartitely. In addition, the Independent Task Force on North America advocates a greater economic and social integration between Canada, Mexico and the U.S. as a region. It is a group of prominent business, political and academic leaders from the three countries organized and sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations (U.S.), the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, and the Mexican Council on Foreign Relations.

Mexico is an observer of several regional organizations such as the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) and the Andean Community of Nations (CAN). Former President of Argentina Néstor Kirchner expressed, during a state visit in Mexico City, that Mexico should become a full member of Mercosur, other Latin American leaders such as Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Tabaré Vázquez share this vision and have extended the invitation, the latter emphasized Mexico's key role in integration of Latin America and the Caribbean and stated that:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began

!Notes

|- valign="top"

|||September 14, 1984||See Antigua and Barbuda–Mexico relations

Antigua and Barbuda has a non-resident ambassador accredited to Mexico from its capital in St. John's.
Mexico is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda from its embassy in Castries, Saint Lucia and maintains an honorary consulate in St. John's.

|- valign="top"

|||1824||See Argentina–Mexico relations

thumb|right|300px|Mexican President [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador along with Argentine President Alberto Fernández in Iguala, Mexico; February 2021.]]

First contacts started in 1818 with the United Provinces of South America. Due to internal conflicts in each nation, relations between Mexico and Argentina were established de jure until the 1880s when both countries officially accredited their respective representations, upgraded to embassies in 1927.

In 2005, during the Fourth Summit of the Americas in Mar de Plata, Argentina, tensions between the two countries started when former President Vicente Fox canceled the anticipatively programmed bilateral reunion with then-President Néstor Kirchner. At the Summit, Fox actively promoted the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and suggested the exclusion of those who did not agree; Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela argued that the Summit was not meant to discuss the FTAA and rejected the proposition. who responded that "Fox should only care for the affairs that involve Mexico [...] and good diplomacy was not about bowing down to powerful countries".

In recent years, both partners, along with Colombia, Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, Turkey and six other countries, developed a movement called Uniting for Consensus, nicknamed the "Coffee Club", in opposition to the possible expansion of the United Nations Security Council.

Mexico has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
See also: Argentine immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||January 24, 1974||See Bahamas–Mexico relations

The Bahamas is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to the Bahamas from its embassy in Kingston, Jamaica and maintains an honorary consulate in Nassau.

|- valign="top"

|||September 11, 1972||See Barbados–Mexico relations

Barbados is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Barbados from its embassy in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago and maintains an honorary consulate in Bridgetown.

|- valign="top"

|||1981||See Belize–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations between both nations were established in 1981 after Belize obtained independence from the United Kingdom.

Mexico has an embassy in Belmopan.
Belize has an embassy in Mexico City.
Both countries are members of the Association of Caribbean States and the Organization of American States.

|- valign="top"

|||1831||See Bolivia–Mexico relations

thumb|right|200px|Official visit to Mexico of the President of Bolivia, [[Luis Alberto Arce Catacora.]]

Bolivia has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in La Paz.

Both nations are full members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and Rio Group.

|- valign="top"

|||August 7, 1824||See Brazil–Mexico relations

thumb|right|250px|Felipe Calderon and [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil (right).]]

Mexico and Brazil represent more than half of population, territory and economic development in Latin America, and have the major prestige in the region. During the French Intervention in Mexico, and subsequent Second Mexican Empire, every Latin American country, except Guatemala and the Brazilian Empire, refused to recognize the government of Maximilian I of Mexico. In 1914, an incident occurred in the Port of Tampico that was enough to lead the U.S. to send troops to occupy the Port of Veracruz, which coincided with the provision of military aid by Germany to General Victoriano Huerta. The governments of Argentina, Brazil and Chile, that were given the term ABC countries, supported by then-U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, offered their mediation to solve the dispute peacefully. The ABC countries met in Niagara Falls, Canada to prevent a war between Mexico and the U.S.

In October 2006, President-elect Felipe Calderón visited Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, to deepen the dialogue and cooperation between the two countries. Thus the Brazil-Mexico Bilateral Commission was released in March 2007 to strengthen their relations. In August 2007, when President "Lula" da Silva paid a state visit, both leaders agreed to coordinate their foreign policies towards Latin America in order to further integrate the region.

In the multilateral scene, Brazil and Mexico's actions are guided by solid principles such as respect for international law, defense of multilateralism, social justice and democratization of international relations. As noted, both countries share views internationally.

Brazil has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

|- valign="top"

|||January 30, 1944||See Canada–Mexico relations

thumb|right|Press conference between Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto in Ottawa; 2016.]]

Formal relations did not begin until 1944, at the height of the Second World War, which both countries participated in on the Allied side. Prior to the negotiations around the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), economic and political ties between Mexico and Canada were relatively weak. Since NAFTA has come into force, the two countries have become much more important to each other, and often collaborate when dealing with the United States, for example with issues related to the economic embargo imposed to Cuba.

Currently, Mexico and Canada are close friends and strategic partners and benefit from a very active bilateral relationship which includes ever increasing commercial ties, high-level political exchanges and an expanding collaborative network between Mexicans and Canadians in areas such as climate change, culture, energy, education, good governance, human rights and public service modernization. And more recently, both countries have been building a closer security and defense relationship. Which form a group informally called the Coffee Club, that opposes to the proposition of the G4. In 1914, due to the Tampico Affair, then-U.S. President Woodrow Wilson ordered the occupation of the Port of Veracruz. Once Wilson realized that his objectives had failed, he appealed to the accredited diplomats of Argentina, Brazil and Chile, known as the ABC countries, to mediate and find a peaceful solution to the international conflict preventing a war between Mexico and the U.S. Months later, then-President Luis Echeverría formally broke off diplomatic ties with Chile. A Free Trade Agreement with Chile was signed in April 1998 and went into force on August 1, 1999. Bilateral relations were raised to a new level during the state visit of President Michelle Bachelet to Mexico in March 2007, both countries put into effect a "Strategic Partnership Agreement" aimed at bolstering trade, political, diplomatic and cultural relations, as well as ties with civil society. It also creates a fund that will provide US$2 million a year for development projects in Chile, Mexico and third countries.

Chile has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Santiago.
Both nations are part of the Pacific Alliance
See also: Chilean immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

||| October 3, 1823||See Colombia–Mexico relations

Colombia has and embassy in Mexico City and consulates in Cancún and Guadalajara.
Mexico has an embassy in Bogotá.
Both nations are part of the Pacific Alliance
See also: Colombian Mexicans

|- valign="top"

|||1838||See Costa Rica–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Costa Rica began in 1838.

Costa Rica has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in San José.

|- valign="top"

|||1902||See Cuba–Mexico relations

In 1902, Mexico became the first country to ever recognize and establish relations with the Republic of Cuba once it gained full sovereignty. The cultural ties between the two nations became stronger during the following decades. In the mid-20th century, the Cuban Revolution took place, culminating with the triumph of the July 26 Movement on January 1, 1959. In 1964, when Cuba was expelled from the Organization of American States Mexico did not support this resolution and abstained. Since then, Mexico constantly supported Cuba in international organizations and multilateral forums, and strongly opposed to the economic embargo imposed to the Caribbean island in the early 1960s.

Relations remained strong and stable until 1998 when Fidel Castro, declared that Mexican children were more knowledgeable on Disney characters than on key figures in Mexican history, such declarations led Mexico to recall its ambassador from Havana. He later apologized and said that his words were meant to underscore the cultural dominance of the U.S. On November 16, 1999, then Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo highly criticized the lack of democracy and political freedom in Cuba during his official visit to the Caribbean island. Relations worsened when then President Vicente Fox, from the National Action Party, redirected the country's Castañeda Doctrine on foreign policy. In April 2002, the UN Human Rights Commission again criticized Cuba's rights record, the resolution was sponsored by Uruguay and supported by many of countries traditionally friendly towards Cuba, such as Mexico, that historically had abstained. The same month, Fox apologized to Fidel Castro over allegations by Castro that Fox forced him at the last minute to leave the United Nations International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico, in order to favor the presence of former U.S. President George W. Bush, who also attended and likely requested Castro's removal. Castro, Cuba, and even many Mexicans saw this as an insult, and relations between the two countries reached their lowest point.

Under the Calderón administration, Mexico concentrated on rebuilding diplomatic relations with Havana. and put emphasis on strengthening the friendship, cooperation, integration, trade and support. Both countries share the vision of a permanent fight against poverty and organized crime.

With seven months before the six-year term of Felipe Calderón came to an end, he made plans to visit Cuba to "patch up the bruise" and discuss possible business relations, which included oil deals.

In April 2012, President Felipe Calderón traveled to Cuba and met with Raúl Castro to fix the broken relationship between the two countries. During his time in Cuba, Calderón condemned the 50-year-old U.S. trade embargo against Cuba.

Cuba has an embassy in Mexico City and consulates-general in Cancún, Mérida, Monterrey and Veracruz City.
Mexico has an embassy and consulate-general in Havana.
See also: Cuban immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||April 3, 1979||See Dominica–Mexico relations

Dominica is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Dominica from its embassy in Castries, Saint Lucia and maintains an honorary consulate in Roseau.
Mexico has an embassy in Santo Domingo.
Both countries are members of the Association of Caribbean States, Organization of American States and the Organization of Ibero-American States.

|- valign="top"

|||1837

(Diplomatic Relations Severed 5 April 2024)

|See Ecuador–Mexico relations

In April 2024, Mexico severed diplomatic relations with Ecuador due to the raid on the Mexican embassy in Ecuador.

|- valign="top"

|||1838||See El Salvador–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations between Mexico and El Salvador were established in 1838.

El Salvador has an embassy in Mexico City and consulates-general in Acayucan, Ciudad Juárez , Guadalajara, Monterrey, Oaxaca City, San Luis Potosí, Tapachula, Tijuana and Villahermosa.
Mexico has an embassy in San Salvador.
Both countries are members of the Organization of American States and the Organization of Ibero-American States.
See also: Salvadoran immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||April 11, 1975||See Grenada–Mexico relations

Grenada is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Grenada from its embassy in Castries, Saint Lucia and maintains an honorary consulate in St. George's.
Mexico has an embassy in Guatemala City and consulates in Flores, Quetzaltenango and in Tecún Umán.
Both countries are members of the Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the Rio Group.
See also: Guatemalan immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||March 1, 1973||See Guyana–Mexico relations

Guyana is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico has an embassy in Georgetown.

|- valign="top"

|||11 July 1929||See Haiti–Mexico relations

Haiti has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate in Tapachula.
Mexico has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.

|- valign="top"

|||1879||See Honduras–Mexico relations

Honduras has an embassy in Mexico City and consulates-general in Puebla City, San Luis Potosí, Tapachula, Tijuana and Veracruz and consular agencies in Acayucan, Saltillo and Tenosique.
Mexico has an embassy in Tegucigalpa and a consulate in San Pedro Sula.

|- valign="top"

|||March 18, 1966||See Jamaica–Mexico relations

Jamaica has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Kingston.
Nicaragua has an embassy in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||March 1, 1904||See Mexico–Panama relations

Mexico has an embassy in Panama City.
Panama has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate-general in Veracruz City.

|- valign="top"

|||1831||See Mexico–Paraguay relations

Mexico has an embassy in Asunción.
Paraguay has an embassy in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||1883

(Diplomatic relations severed 3 November 2025)

|See Mexico–Peru relations

Mexico and Peru have historically had a unique relationship solidly based on that they share two of the most significant ancient cultures in the Americas. Both countries have expressed solidarity over the need to defend the recovery of cultural and archaeological heritage in the form of artifacts that have been illegally stolen from Peru and Mexico and which are to this date, illegally or legitimately kept in foreign locations. Peru's President Alan García and Mexico's Felipe Calderón signed a joint declaration in April 2011 aimed at deepening the two countries' friendship, cooperation, integration, trade, investments and the permanent fight against poverty and organized crime. The two countries aim to achieve a new model of integration within Latin America, and to represent a positive, realistic, and active example of integration amongst two "brotherly" nations. On 3 November 2025, the Peruvian government severed relations with Mexico for offering former Prime Minister Betssy Chávez asylum inside the Mexican Embassy in Lima. Both nations will retain consular relations.

Mexico has an interests section in Lima.
Peru has a consular section in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||July 31, 1990||See Mexico–Saint Kitts and Nevis relations

Mexico is accredited to Saint Kitts an Nevis from its embassy in Castries, Saint Lucia and maintains an honorary consulate in Basseterre.

|- valign="top"

|||July 31, 1990||See Mexico–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from its embassy in Castries, Saint Lucia and maintains an honorary consulate in Kingstown.

|- valign="top"

|||April 30, 1966||See Mexico–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Mexico has an embassy in Port of Spain.

|- valign="top"

|||1821||See Mexico–United States relations

thumb|U.S. President Biden and Mexican President [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador, November 2021.]]

When Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821, the United States was the first country to recognize it. On December 12, 1822, the then-United States Secretary of State John Quincy Adams introduced José Manuel Zozoya, the first Mexican representative, to the then-U.S. president James Monroe in the White House. Through this event, the U.S. recognized de facto the independence of Mexico and the recently born Mexican Empire led by Agustín de Iturbide. However, Washington did not establish diplomatic relations formally with Mexico until 1825, naming Joel Poinsett as its representative, who had the mission of buying territory and getting trading facilities.

The Mexican–American War was a conflict that sparked when the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845 and the Mexican government refused to recognize the secession of Texas which was the precursor to the annexation. The war, which began in 1846 and lasted for two years, was settled via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which led to Mexico giving up even more of its land to the U.S., including California. Mexico further transferred some of its territories (southern Arizona and New Mexico) to the U.S. via the Gadsden Purchase in 1854.

In the Reform War, that lasted from 1858 to 1861, the liberals led by Benito Juárez, were given the U.S. recognition as the legitimate government in Mexico. Meanwhile, the conservatives, headed by Comonfort, Zuloaga and Miramón, brought a European Emperor to govern the country, Maximilian I, which led to the French Intervention in 1862, In 1861, the then-U.S. President Abraham Lincoln named Thomas Corwin as his minister for Mexico and instructed him to neutralize the Mexican aid given to the Confederates; he successfully achieved this mission. After the war, the various groups that made up the revolutionary forces splintered as they lost the unifying goal of unseating Díaz—leading to a civil war. The U.S. intervened in the conflict, including the involvement of the U.S. ambassador, Henry Lane Wilson, in the plotting of the 1913 coup d'état which overthrew Madero.

right|thumb|First ladies Paloma Cordero of Mexico (left) and [[Nancy Reagan of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, John Gavin observing the damage done by the earthquake.]]

The 1917 Constitution of Mexico caused several problems with the British and American transnational oil companies mainly derived from the article 27, which declares that "the wealth contained in the soil, the subsoil, the waters and seas of Mexico belongs to the Nation; the right to land ownership and to exploit the subsoil may therefore only be granted by the Nation." Due to foreign pressure, the implementation of the article was continuously ignored by the government until March 18, 1938, when then-President Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized the oil industry. PEMEX replaced the 17 Anglo-American companies, however, the country faced hard retaliations from the transnational oil companies, as well as an international boycott that could be overcome ten years later.

During the Cold War, demonstrating independence from the United States, Mexico supported the Cuban government during the 1960s, The agreement increased trade volume and cooperation in both countries. The free trade agreement has been increasingly opposed by Mexican and U.S. farmers, with many groups and the political left presenting that it hurts the interest of traditional, small and local farmers in both countries. Allegations of violations of labor and environmental laws have been considered by the trilateral institutions. The Bush Administration argued that NAFTA had had modest positive impacts on all three member countries, but Mexican farmers have strongly criticized the effects of the agreement as they have become overshadowed by the large corporations benefiting from NAFTA. Notable bilateral trade disputes relate to trucking, tuna, sweeteners and anti-dumping measures. Currently, the United States is the number one destination for Mexican exports. The U.S. also exports more goods into Mexico than any other country in the world.

Migration, and trade issues In March 2009, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton officially visited Mexico to discuss issues of concern for both countries, specifically the ones related to drug trafficking and U.S. financial support in the Mexican drug war. Another persistent and growing problem is the international parental kidnapping of children to Mexico by non-custodial parents and family members. Mexico is the most common destination for parents that have abducted their children across international borders with the vast majority of those children coming from the United States.

|- valign="top"

|||February 22, 1831||See Mexico–Uruguay relations

Mexico has an embassy in Montevideo.
Uruguay has an embassy in Mexico City.
See also: Uruguayans in Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||1842||See Mexico–Venezuela relations

Historically the two countries have had good diplomatic relations. Ever since both countries became important players in the oil industry, some competitive tensions arose, eventually leading to disputes after Mexico signed an agreement to join NAFTA. During President Vicente Fox's term, relations between the two countries became critically strained to the point of recalling one another's ambassadors. It has been clear that diplomatic ties between both countries are not indefinitely severed, in recent years numerous groups, both in Mexico and Venezuela are working to restore the diplomatic relationship between the two countries, as they are of strategic economic and cultural importance. In August 2007, after two years of diplomatic absence in either country, normal relations were re-established with the appointment of former foreign minister Roy Chaderton as Venezuela's envoy in Mexico City and the transfer of Jesús Mario Chacón Carrillo, formerly Mexican ambassador to Colombia, to Caracas. Both countries are founding members of the Latin American Integration Association.

Mexico has an embassy in Caracas.
Venezuela has an embassy in Mexico City.

Asia

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began

!Notes

|- valign="top"

|||June 27, 1961 ||See Afghanistan–Mexico relations

The Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in the United States was accredited to Mexico until it closed on March 16, 2022, in the wake of the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan.

Mexico is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.

|- valign="top"

|||January 14, 1992||See Armenia–Mexico relations

Armenia has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Mexico has recognized the Armenian genocide in 2023.

|- valign="top"

|||January 14, 1992||See Azerbaijan–Mexico relations

Azerbaijan has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Baku.

|- valign="top"

|||August 5, 1975||

Bahrain is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Bahrain from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and maintains an honorary consulate in Manama.

|- valign="top"

|||1975||See Bangladesh–Mexico relations

Bangladesh has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy New Delhi, India.

|- valign="top"

|||||

Both nations have not established diplomatic relations.

|- valign="top"

|||October 2, 1991||

Brunei is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C.
Mexico is accredited to Brunei from its embassy in Singapore.

|- valign="top"

|||September 1976||

Cambodia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Cambodia from its embassy in Hanoi, Vietnam.

|- valign="top"

|||1972||See China–Mexico relations

thumb|right|President [[Enrique Peña Nieto with President of China Xi Jinping|alt=|250x250px]]

Mexico and the People's Republic of China established relations amidst tensions in 1972, and in recent years have seen an intense export rivalry over the United States market, with the Mexican government having accused the Chinese of impinging on its export territory by flooding the US with cheap goods manufactured in low-wage factories.

In 2005, Chinese President Hu Jintao came to Mexico promising increased investment in industries like automobile-parts manufacture and mineral exportation. In July 2008, Mexican President Felipe Calderón reciprocated with a visit to Beijing in a bid to improve bilateral trade. Nevertheless, China has focussed more on South American commodity producers such as Brazil and Chile to meet this end and fuel its chiefly-export economy.

China has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate-general in Tijuana.
Mexico has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.
See also: Chinese immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||June 8, 1992||See Georgia-Mexico relations

Georgia has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey

|- valign="top"

|||August 1, 1950||See India–Mexico relations

thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi meets the President of Mexico, Claudia Sheinbaum on the sidelines of 51st G7 Summit.|alt=|250x250px]]

Under the Fox administration, several visits and bilateral meetings occurred concerning diverse areas such as economy, technology and culture. In April 2004, the "Group of Friendship Mexico-India" was established at the LIX Legislature. To promote a major rapprochement with India, then-Secretary of Foreign Affairs Luis Ernesto Derbez met with his Indian counterpart in mid-2004 in Washington, D.C., and officially visited New Delhi in August, where both ministers agreed to celebrate the IV Binational Commission, formerly suspended in 1996, with the aim of strengthening the bilateral agenda. In May 2007, India and Mexico signed the "Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement" (BIPA) to strengthen their trading relations, with proximity to the U.S., the joint ventures would enable Indian companies to increase their presence in the world's biggest market, taking advantage of Mexico's membership in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Relationship with India was tightened by visit of Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in 2016 June. This visit was visit of Indian prime minister after a long time of 30 years. This time Mexico also supported India to join Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).

India has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in New Delhi and a consulate in Mumbai.
Mexico has an embassy in Jakarta.

Mexico and Iran have enjoyed increasingly close political and economic relations over the years, growing with the volume of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. The two countries aim to expand cooperation in several sectors, sharing science and technology, particularly in the oil industry. Both countries have also shared successful experiences in cultural cooperation and exchange. In 2008, an agreement to form a Mexico-Iran parliamentary friendship group was made at the Mexican parliament.

Iran has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Tehran.
Mexico is accredited to Iraq from its embassy in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

|- valign="top"

|||January 1950||See Israel–Mexico relations

Mexico recognized the State of Israel in January 1950. In 2000, a free trade agreement was signed between the two nations.

Israel has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
See also: Judaism in Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||1888||See Japan–Mexico relations

thumb|right|President [[Enrique Peña Nieto and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe at a press conference during an official visit to Japan by President Peña Nieto in April 2013.]]

The Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation concluded in 1888 between the two countries was Japan's first "equal" treaty with a foreign country. In 1897, the 35 members of the so-called Enomoto Colonization Party settle in the Mexican state of Chiapas to grow coffee, this was the first organized emigration from Japan to Latin America. In 1952, Mexico becomes the second country to ratify the San Francisco Peace Treaty, preceded only by the United Kingdom. Over sixty treaties and agreements have been signed between the two countries, standing out the ones related to technological and scientific cooperation, several academic and cultural exchanges, as well as an increasing inter-parliamentary dialogue.

Mexico currently enjoys very good social and economic relations with Japan and is major center of Japanese investment. Japan has invested heavily in the Mexican industrial, automotive, technology and manufacturing sectors. As of 2012, it was estimated that Japanese companies employed over one million workers in Mexico just in the automotive and technology manufacturing industries.

Japan has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate-general in León.
Mexico has an embassy in Tokyo.
See also: Japanese immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||July 9, 1975||See Jordan–Mexico relations

Jordan has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Amman.

|- valign="top"

|||January 14, 1992||See Kazakhstan–Mexico relations

Kazakhstan has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Kazakhstan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey and maintains an honorary consulate in Almaty.
Mexico has an embassy in Kuwait City.

|- valign="top"

|||January 14, 1992||

Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Mexico is accredited to Laos from its embassy in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Mexico has an embassy in Beirut.

See also: Lebanese immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||March 27, 1974||See Malaysia–Mexico relations

Relations between the two countries were established on March 27, 1974.

Malaysia has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.

|- valign="top"

|||November 15, 1975||

Maldives does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
Mexico is accredited to the Maldives from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
Mexico is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Seoul, South Korea and maintains an honorary consulate in Ulaanbaatar.
Mongolia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||October 1976||

Mexico is accredited to Myanmar from its embassy in Singapore.
Myanmar is accredited to Mexico from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.

|- valign="top"

|||1975||

Mexico is accredited to Nepal from its embassy in New Delhi, India and maintains an honorary consulate in Kathmandu.

|- valign="top"

|||September 4, 1980||See Mexico–North Korea relations

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its embassy in Seoul, Republic of Korea.

|- valign="top"

|||July 31, 1975||See Mexico–Oman relations

Mexico is accredited to Oman from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and maintains an honorary consulate in Muscat.

|- valign="top"

|||1975||See Mexico–Palestine relations

Mexico has a representative office in Ramallah.
Palestine has an embassy in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||April 14, 1953||See Mexico–Philippines relations

Mexico and the Philippines share a myriad of traditions and customs derived from historical ties established over years ago. Their common history dates back to the time when both countries were part of New Spain. Mexican money financed the expedition known as Legazpi exploration, under the command of King Philip II of Spain. During the Mexican administration of the Philippines, other than General Legazpi, all of the governor-generals were born in Mexico. Due to the grand exchange with the Philippines in those days, many cultural traits were adopted by one another, with Mexicans remaining in the Philippines, and Filipinos establishing in Mexico, particularly the central west coast, near the port town of Acapulco. Many Nahuatl words were adopted and popularized in the Philippines, such as Tianggui (market fair) and Zapote (a fruit).

After the colonial period, the first official contacts of Mexico with the Philippines were established in 1842, when a Mexican Representation was opened in Manila. With the assignment of Mexican Diplomat Evaristo Butler Hernandez in the Philippines in 1878.

The Independence of the Philippines brought forth a new era of relations between these countries. Mexico dispatched an envoy to participate in the festivities to celebrate the birth of the Southeast Asian nation. Diplomatic ties between both countries were formalized on April 14, 1953. The year of 1964 was decreed the "Year of Philippine-Mexican Friendship" to celebrate the Fourth Centennial of the Expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi. In modern day, the conquest of the Philippines is seen as a Spanish initiative, while Mexico is viewed as a country of historical link and friendship, and several groups intend on strengthening the bond between the two countries.

Mexico has an embassy in Manila.
Philippines has an embassy in Mexico City.
See also: Filipino immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||June 30, 1975||See Mexico–Qatar relations

Mexico has an embassy in Doha.
Qatar has an embassy in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||September 12, 1952||See Mexico–Saudi Arabia relations

Mexico has an embassy in Riyadh.
See also: Islam in Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||August 9, 1965||See Mexico–Singapore relations

Mexico has an embassy in Singapore.

|- valign="top"

|||January 26, 1962||See Mexico–South Korea relations

The Republic of Korea has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Seoul.

|- valign="top"

|||August 20, 1950||See Mexico–Syria relations

Mexico and Syria established diplomatic relations on August 20, 1950.

Mexico is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
Taiwan has a liaison office in Mexico City known as the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Mexico" (Oficina Económica y Cultural de Taipei en México).

|- valign="top"

|||January 14, 1992||

Mexico is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Thailand has an embassy in Mexico City.

|- valign="top"

|||September 26, 2003||See Mexico–Timor-Leste relations

Timor-Leste is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Timor-Leste from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia and maintains an honorary consulate in Dili.

|- valign="top"

|||1927||See Mexico–Turkey relations

Mexico has an embassy in Ankara
Turkey has an embassy in Mexico City.
Both countries are members of OECD, G20 and WTO.
Flights from Istanbul to Mexico City and Cancún were launched in August 2019.

|- valign="top"

|||September 12, 1975||See Mexico–United Arab Emirates relations

Diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United Arab Emirates began on September 12, 1975.

Mexico has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.

|- valign="top"

|||January 14, 1992||

Mexico is accredited to Uzbekistan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.

|- valign="top"

|||1975||See Mexico–Vietnam relations

Mexico has an embassy in Hanoi.

|- valign="top"

|||March 2, 1976||

Mexico is accredited to Yemen from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and maintains an honorary consulate in Sanaa.

Europe

Mexico was the first Latin American country to sign a partnership agreement with the European Union (EU), in 1997, composed by 15 members at the time.

Albania is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., USA.
Mexico is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.

|- valign="top"

|||May 5, 1995||See Andorra–Mexico relations

Andorra is accredited to Mexico from its embassy based in New York City.
Mexico is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain and maintains an honorary consulate in Andorra la Vella.

|- valign="top"

|||July 30, 1842||See Austria–Mexico relations

During the French intervention in Mexico and subsequently the Second Mexican Empire between 1864 and 1867; with French backing, Maximilian I of Mexico, member of Austria's Imperial Habsburg-Lorraine family was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico.

In 1938, Mexico became the only country to protest against the anschluss of Austria at the League of Nations. During World War II, Austria was part of the German Reich and in May 1942 Mexico declared war on Germany after the destruction of two Mexican oil tankers in the Gulf of Mexico by German U-boats. After the war, normal relations were restored between the two nations.

As of 2005, Mexico was Austria's second most important trade partner in Latin America. The same year, the President of Austria Heinz Fischer visited Mexico and Brazil, the first ever state visit of an Austrian President to countries in Latin America.

Austria has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Vienna.

|- valign="top"

||| January 1992||See Belarus–Mexico relations

Belarus and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1992.

Belarus is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Havana, Cuba and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in Minsk.

|- valign="top"

|||1836||See Belgium–Mexico relations

In 1836, Belgium—itself newly independent—recognized the independence of Mexico. In 1919, the Belgian chamber of commerce of Mexico was established. Belgium opened its embassy in Mexico on June 5, 1954.

Belgium has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Brussels.

|- valign="top"

|||August 15, 2001||

Bosnia and Herzegovina is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Bosnia and Herzegovina from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.

|- valign="top"

|||January 6, 1938||See Bulgaria–Mexico relations

Bulgaria has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary and maintains an honorary consulate in Sofia.

|- valign="top"

|||December 6, 1992||See Croatia–Mexico relations

Croatia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., USA and has an honorary consulate in Mexico City.
Mexico is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary and has honorary consulates in Split and Zagreb.

|- valign="top"

|||February 21, 1974||See Cyprus–Mexico relations

Cyprus does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
Mexico is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains an honorary consulate in Nicosia.

|- valign="top"

|||1922||See Czech Republic–Mexico relations

Czech Republic has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Prague.
See also: Czech immigration to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||1827||See Denmark–Mexico relations

Denmark is Mexico's largest investor and trade partner among the Nordic countries. Diplomatic relations began in 1827 with a Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation.
Denmark has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Copenhagen.

|- valign="top"

|||January 28, 1937||See Estonia–Mexico relations

Estonia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates in Mexico City and in Tampico.
Mexico is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and maintains an honorary consulate in Tallinn.

|- valign="top"

|||November 11, 1949||See Finland–Mexico relations

Finland has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Helsinki.

|- valign="top"

|||November 26, 1826||See France–Mexico relations

thumb|Peña Nieto at the [[Élysée Palace with French President Emmanuel Macron, 2017.]]

The independence of Mexico was recognized de jure by France until 1830. then-French Foreign Minister Louis-Mathieu Molé sent an ultimatum urging the Mexican government to pay off its debts, due to economic instability, refused to do so. In 1838, a French pastry cook, Monsieur Remontel, claimed his shop in the Tacubaya district of Mexico City had been ruined by looting Mexican officers in 1828, he appealed to French King Louis-Philippe. Coming to its citizen's aid, France demanded MXN$600,000 in damages. When the payment was not forthcoming from then-President Anastasio Bustamante, Louis-Philippe sent a fleet to declare a blockade of all Mexican ports from Yucatán Peninsula to the Rio Grande, and to seize the Port of Veracruz, which led to an armed conflict known as the Pastry War. When the French entered Mexico City in mid-1863, the conservatives quickly invited Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria to accept the Mexican crown, who agreed believing that this act responded to the desire of a majority of Mexicans. However, once the conservatives understood Maximilian's democratic sentiments and anticlerical attitudes, began withdrawing their support. When the American Civil War ended, the U.S. made its Monroe Doctrine valid and intervened by providing military and financial aid to Juárez. Meanwhile, in Europe, France was increasingly threatened by a belligerent Prussia and, by 1866, Napoleon III began recalling his troops stationed in Mexico.

thumb|right|200px|[[Emmanuel Macron, Enrique Peña Nieto and José Ángel Gurría at the G20 Leaders Summit 2017.]]

Both nations had an international dispute over the island of Clipperton, which had been under Mexican occupation, but claimed by the Foreign Ministry of France. In 1931 both nations agreed to abide to the arbitration of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, who declared it a French territory.

When the Fourth Republic collapsed in 1958, Mexico was the first country that recognized the Fifth Republic founded by General Charles de Gaulle. In subsequent years, both countries coordinated actions and released a communiqué that supported the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) during the Salvadoran Civil War. Recently, President Nicolas Sarkozy paid a state visit in March 2009, however, controversy over the Florence Cassez case, a Frenchwoman convicted of kidnapping in Mexico sentenced to 60 years in jail, overshadowed the bilateral agenda. Meanwhile, speaking at the National Palace in Mexico City, Sarkozy praised Calderón for Mexico's "courageous and determined" battle against drug cartels and urged the Congress to reform the Constitution in order to allow the Mexican military to collaborate with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions. Supported by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Sarkozy has previously expressed that the G8 would benefit from a permanent enlargement that includes the +5 countries.

France has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate-general in Monterrey.
Mexico has an embassy in Paris and a liaison office in Strasbourg.

Oceania

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began

!Notes

|- valign="top"

|||March 14, 1966||See Australia–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Australia began on March 14, 1966.

Australia has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Canberra.
Both countries are full members of APEC, G-20 and the OECD.

|- valign="top"

|||August 31, 1975||See Fiji–Mexico relations

Fiji is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Mexico is accredited to Fiji from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.

|- valign="top"

|||January 28, 1993||

Marshall Islands does not have an accreditation to Mexico
Mexico is accredited to the Marshall Islands from its embassy in Manila, Philippines.

|- valign="top"

|||September 27, 2001||

Mexico is accredited to the Federated States of Micronesia from its embassy in Manila, Philippines.
New Zealand has an embassy in Mexico City.
Both countries are members of APEC and the OECD.

|- valign="top"

|||October 17, 2001||

Mexico is accredited to Palau from its embassy in Manila, Philippines.
Papua New Guinea is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

|- valign="top"

|||October 21, 2008||

Mexico is accredited to Samoa from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand and maintains an honorary consulate in Apia.

|- valign="top"

|||September 27, 2006||

Mexico is accredited to Tuvalu from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand. Currently, it is a member of eighteen organizations arisen from the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council and other specialized organizations of the UN.

thumb|right|300px|The [[United Nations Security Council.]]

Mexico has served as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) three times (1946, 1982–83, 2002–03). On October 17, 2008, picking up 185 votes, it was elected to serve as a non-permanent member for the fourth time, from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2010. Since April 1, Mexico holds the rotative presidency of the UNSC.

In recent years, the need of reforming the UNSC and its working methods has been widely impulsed by Mexico, And have formed a movement informally called the Coffee Club, created in the 1990s, which highly opposes to the reform that the Group of Four (G4) suggests.

In line with the Castañeda Doctrine of new openness in Mexico's foreign policy, established in the early first decade of the 21st century, its position was based on the principles of non-intervention and the pacific resolution of disputes. In addition, Mexico favored the membership of Canada in 1989 and Belize and Guatemala in 1991. Years later, Mexico strongly opposed to the creation of a military alliance within the OAS framework, and condemned the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989.

Under the Fox administration, the candidacy of then-Secretary of Foreign Affairs Luis Ernesto Derbez for the Secretary General of the OAS was highly promoted. It eventually failed but brought a diplomatic crisis with Chile and harsh critics from the Mexican public opinion when Derbez had announced that he would no longer compete against José Miguel Insulza but the Mexican delegation abstained despite being previously agreed that it would vote for the Chilean candidate. in 1998, most are located in or have territories in the tropics.

In 2002, Mexico formed a separate organization named Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries, consisting of countries rich in biological diversity and associated traditional knowledge. This organization includes a different set of involved megadiverse countries than those identified by Conservation International.

Participation in international organizations

; Regional Organizations:

ALADI
border|25px CAN
CELAC
IDB
LAC-EU
LAES
LAIA
Latin American and Caribbean Integration and Development
LAPR
Ibero-American Summit
border|25px Mercosur
OAS
OEI
OPANAL
Rio Group
border|25px SICA
Summits of the Americas
border|25px UNASUR
UNECLAC

; International and Multilateral Organizations:

APEC
CCW
CD
Codex Alimentarius Commission
ECOSOC
border|25px FAO
G8+5
G15
G20
G20+
Group of Megadiverse Countries
GL-MMC
IBRD
border|25px ICRC
border|25px ICC
border|25px ILO
IMF
IOM
IPCC
IPU
IRENA
ITC
Interpol
ITU
Latin American Integration Association
Latin Union
NAM
UNAIDS
UNOCHA
UNCTAD
UNDIR
UNEO
UNEP
UNESCO
UNHCR
UNITAR
UNRISD
UNWTO
border|25px UPU
World Bank
border|25px WHO
WIPO
border|25px WMO
WSIS
WTO

Free trade areas and agreements

thumb|right|250px|The [[Ibero-American Summit, in Veracruz, 2014.]]

Mexico was one of the original signatories of the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo, which instituted the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA). One of the main goals of LAFTA was the creation of a free trade area encompassing all of Latin America. The proposed free trade area ultimately failed to come together. Beginning in 1980, LAFTA was reorganized into the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), with the long-term goal of creating a Latin American single market.

Mexico participated in the discussions for the creation of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), an economic integration initiative proposed by the United States and aiming to include all sovereign states in the Americas (except for Cuba). Negotiations for FTAA stalled after the 4th Summit of the Americas in 2005.

A more successful regional initiative is the Pacific Alliance, an economic integration mechanism signed by Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru in 2012. The Pacific Alliance initiative aims to consolidate a free trade area between the member states.

In addition to the above, Mexico has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) encompassing approximately 55 countries from the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Ordered by whether the agreement was entered into as a single nation or as part of a trade bloc, and also by date, the agreements Mexico has entered into include:

thumb|right|400px|Mexico free trade agreements

Entered as a single nation

1994: North American Free Trade Agreement (no longer in effect).1
1995: G3 Free Trade Agreement.2
1995: Free Trade Agreement with Bolivia (no longer in effect).3
1995: Free Trade Agreement with Costa Rica.4
1998: Free Trade Agreement with Nicaragua.4
2011: Unifying Free Trade Agreement with Central America.5
2012: Free Trade Agreement with Peru.
2014: Free Trade Agreement with Panama.
2016: Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (never entered into force).6
2018: Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.6
2018: United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement.7
2020: Trade Continuity Agreement with the United Kingdom.8

1: Superseded by the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement after the latter's entry into force on July 1, 2020.

2: Renamed to Mexico-Colombia Free Trade Agreement after the withdrawal of Venezuela in 2006.

3: The Bolivian government denounced the Mexico-Bolivia Free Trade Agreement's provisions on investments, services, intellectual property, and government purchases as incompatible with its 2009 constitution on June 7, 2010. In order to maintain free movement of goods between Mexico and Bolivia, the governments of the two countries agreed to replace the free trade agreement with an Economic Complementation Agreement effective on the same date.

4: Superseded by the Mexico-Central America Free Trade Agreement (2011). The other eleven TPPA signatories signed the revised Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) in March 2018. The CPTPP entered into force for Mexico in December 2018.

7: The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement from 1994 upon the former's entry into force on July 1, 2020. Negotiations between Mexico and the UK for a new free trade agreement to replace the existing continuity agreement began in July 2022. These negotiations were described as 'discontinued' in a research paper commissioned by the UK Parliament and published in December 2025.

Entered as part of a trade bloc

2022: Pacific Alliance-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (2022).

1:As of December 2025, Mexico still has to ratify the free trade agreement signed between the Pacific Alliance and Singapore.

Proposed agreements

This section lists countries with which Mexico has formally begun negotiations for a bilateral free trade agreement in the past, but an agreement has still to be signed:

Proposed bilateral agreements

Brazil
Ecuador
Jordan
Paraguay
Singapore1
South Korea
Turkey
United Kingdom2

1:Mexico and Singapore are both parties to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, and have signed the Pacific Alliance-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (the latter of which is pending ratification by Mexico). However, as of January 2026 no bilateral FTA has been signed between the two countries.

2: Mexico has a Trade Continuity Agreement with the United Kingdom and ratified the latter's admission into the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership in December 2025. However, negotiations for a free trade agreement to replace the existing bilateral continuity agreement have been discontinued.

Proposed trade bloc agreements

Pacific Alliance-Canada free trade agreement.

Transnational issues

Illicit drugs

Mexico remains a transit and not a cocaine production country. Methamphetamine and cannabis production do take place in Mexico and are responsible for an estimated 80% of the methamphetamine on the streets in the United States, while 1,100 metric tons of marijuana are smuggled each year from Mexico.

In 1990 just over half the cocaine imported into the U.S. came through Mexico, by 2007 that had risen to more than 90 percent, according to U.S. State Department estimates. Although violence between drug cartels has been occurring long before the war began, the government used its police forces in the 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century with little effect. That changed on December 11, 2006, when newly elected President Felipe Calderón sent 6,500 federal troops to the state of Michoacán to put an end to drug violence there. This action is regarded as the first major retaliation made against cartel operations, and is generally viewed as the starting point of the war between the government and the drug cartels. As time progressed, Calderón continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign, in which there are now well over 25,000 troops involved. It is estimated that during 2006, there were about 2,000 drug-related violent deaths, about 2,300 deaths during 2007, and more than 6,200 people by the end of 2008. Many of the dead were gang members killed by rivals or by the government, some have been bystanders.

Drug trafficking is acknowledged as an issue with shared responsibilities that requires coordinated measures by the U.S. and Mexico. In March 2009, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, when officially visited Mexico City, stated that:

Illegal migration

Almost a third of all immigrants in the U.S. were born in Mexico, being the source of the greatest number of both authorized (20%) and unauthorized (56%) migrants who come to the U.S. every year. Since the early 1990s, Mexican immigrants are no longer concentrated in California, the Southwest, and Illinois, but have been coming to new gateway states, including New York, North Carolina, Georgia, Nevada, and Washington, D.C., in increasing numbers. Furthermore, Amnesty International has taken concern regarding the excessive brutality inflicted upon illegal immigrants, which includes beatings, sexual assault, denial of medical attention, and denial of food, water and warmth for long periods.

For many years, the Mexican government showed limited interest in the issues. However, former President Vicente Fox actively sought to recognize the contribution of migrants to the U.S. and Mexico and to pursue a bilateral migration agreement with the U.S. government, which eventually failed. The administration of Felipe Calderón had placed an emphasis on how to create jobs in Mexico, enhance border security, and protect Mexican citizens living abroad.

Traditionally, Mexico built a reputation as one of the classic asylum countries, with a varying attitude toward refugees from Spain and other European countries before and during World War II, from Latin America's Southern Cone in the 1970s, and from Central America since the beginning of the 1980s. However, in recent years refugees who solicit asylum are usually treated as if they were just immigrants, with exhaustive administrative processes. José Luis Soberanes, president of the National Human Rights Commission, condemned the repressing policy implemented by the Mexican government against illegal immigrants who cross the country's southern border. President Calderón modified the "General Law on Population" to derogate some penalties against immigrants like jail time, instead imposing fines of up to US$500 on illegal immigrants.

Footnotes

References

Pereña-García, Mercedes (2001). Las Relaciones Diplomáticas de México. Plaza y Valdés, p. 94. .
Velázquez Flores, Rafael (2007). Factores, Bases y Fundamentos de la Política Exterior de México. Plaza y Valdés, p. 331. .
Alponte, Juan María (1993). La Política Exterior de México en el Nuevo Orden Mundial : Antología de Principios y Tesis. FCE, p. 428. .
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2005) La Política Exterior Mexicana en la Transición. FCE, SRE, p. 281. .
Lajous Vargas, Roberta (2000) Los Retos de la Política Exterior de México en el Siglo XXI. SRE, p. 560. .
El Colegio de México (2007). Historia General de México: Versión 2000. El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Históricos, p. 1103. .
Selee, Andrew D. (2007). More Than Neighbors: An Overview of Mexico and U.S.-Mexican Relations. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, p. 43. .

External links

Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores — Official website of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs
Secretariat of Foreign Affairs — Official website of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs
Treaties Signed by Mexico — Searchable Database
Mexican Missions to the United Nations — Official website