<!--"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see WP:SDNONE -->
The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and economic integration. In 1921, Luxembourg and Belgium formed the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) to create an inter-exchangeable currency and a common customs regime. Post-war, Luxembourg became a founding member state of the United Nations, and dropped its policy of neutrality to become a founding member state of NATO. Luxembourg expanded its support for European integration, becoming a founding member state of the Benelux Economic Union (today's Benelux Union), and one of the "inner six" founding member states of the three European Communities; the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the European Economic Community (EEC). Subsequently, Luxembourg became a founding member state of the European Union (EU) when the EEC and ECSC were incorporated into it in 1993. Luxembourg is a founding member of the Schengen Area, abolishing internal borders amongst its member states, named after the Luxembourg village where the original agreement — since incorporated into EU law — was signed in 1985. At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-NATO, pro-US foreign policy.
Luxembourg is the site of the European Court of Justice, the European Investment Bank, the European Court of Auditors, the secretariat of the European Parliament, the Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat), and other EU bodies.
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Luxembourg maintains diplomatic relations with:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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|191
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|Unknown
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Bilateral relations
Americas
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;" | Country
! style="width:12%;" | Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|||3 January 1945||See Canada–Luxembourg relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 3 January 1945
- Canada is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
- Before opening its embassy in Ottawa in late 2024, Luxembourg is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains four honorary consulates (in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver).
- Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, NATO and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.
|- valign="top"
|||8 January 1947||See Luxembourg–Mexico relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 8 January 1947
In 1980, Prime Minister Pierre Werner paid an official visit to Mexico. In March 1996, Grand Duke Jean paid a visit to Mexico. During the Grand Duke's visit, both nations signed an Air Transportation Agreement. In April 2019, Prime Minister Xavier Bettel paid an official visit to Mexico and met with President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.
- Before having its consulate in Mexico City, Luxembourg is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mérida.
- Mexico is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.
|- valign="top"
|||17 July 1903||Diplomatic relations were established on 17 July 1903thumb|upright|[[Embassy of Luxembourg in Washington, D.C.]]
The United States, fighting on the Allied side, contributed to Luxembourg's liberation in World War I and World War II. More than 5,000 American soldiers, including U.S. Army General George S. Patton, are buried at the Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial near the capital of Luxembourg City, and there are monuments in many towns to American liberators. The strong U.S.-Luxembourg relationship is expressed both bilaterally and through common membership in NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and consulates-general in New York City and San Francisco.
- United States has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
|}
Asia
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|||16 November 1972||Diplomatic relations were established on 16 November 1972
See China–Luxembourg relations
- China has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Beijing.
|- valign="top"
|||1 July 1948||Diplomatic relations were established on 1 July 1948
|- valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->||See Japan–Luxembourg relations
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Tokyo.
- Japan has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
|- valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->||See Luxembourg–Palestine relations
- Palestine is accredited to Luxembourg from its mission in Brussels, Belgium.
- Luxembourg is accredited to Palestine from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Luxembourg City.
|- valign="top"
|||16 March 1962||
- Luxembourg and South Korea established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1962.
- Both countries have a shipping agreement in 1987 and an air agreement in 2003.
- Luxembourg is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
- South Korea is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
- High-level Exchanges.
- 1983 April Chairperson of the Advisory Council on State Affairs Choi Kyu-hah.
- 1996 October the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Gong Roh-myong.
- From Luxembourg to the South Korea.
- 1997 September Grand Duke Henri and Minister of Economic Affairs Robert Goebbels.
- 2000 October Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker and the Minister of Foreign Affairs Lydie Polfer. (To attend the third ASEM meeting).
- 2001 March Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume.
- 2004 March Minister of Economy Grethen. (Economic Mission).
- 2006 October Minister of Finance and Budget Frieden and Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg.
- 2011 April Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jean Asselborn.
- 2011 May Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume and Minister of Economy Jeannot Krecke.
|- valign="top"
|||10 July 1946||See Luxembourg–Turkey relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 10 July 1946
Bilateral relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg gained momentum with the opening of a Turkish Embassy in Luxembourg in 1987.
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara, which was opened on 29 November 2011.
|- valign="top"
|||15 November 1973||See Luxembourg–Vietnam relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 15 November 1973
- Luxembourg is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China.
- Vietnam is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
|}
Europe
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|||30 January 1891||Diplomatic relations were established on 30 January 1891
- Bulgaria is accredited to Luxembourg from its mission in Brussels, Belgium.
- Luxembourg is accredited to Bulgaria from its mission in Prague, the Czech Republic.
- Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
|-
|
|3 March 1970
|Diplomatic relations were established on 3 March 1970
- Cyprus is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in The Hague, the Netherlands.
- Luxembourg is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
- Both countries are full members of the European Union.
|- valign="top"
|||24 April 1922||Diplomatic relations were established on 24 April 1922
- The Czech Republic has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Prague.
- Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, of the European Union and of NATO.
- Both countries shared a common fate in the 14th century when John the Blind of Luxembourg married Eliška Přemyslovna sister of the deceased King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia and became king of Bohemia.
|- valign="top"
|||4 June 1906||Diplomatic relations were established on 4 June 1906
- Denmark has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Copenhagen.
- Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the European Union, and NATO.
|- valign="top"
|||29 August 1991||
Luxembourg recognised Estonia on February 22, 1923, and re-recognised Estonia on August 27, 1991.<!--- why re-recognized?---> Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991
In 1937, a prominent Estonian political leader Artur Sirk, while a fugitive in Luxembourg was found dead, having apparently committed suicide by jumping out a second-story window. Although the Luxembourg Gendarmerie report assumed suicide, because of inconsistencies in the report, the Estonian chargé d'affaires in Paris, Rudolph Mollerson was sent to investigate. Estonian historians including Pusta and Tomingas have argued that the death was an act of defenestration by agents of the first President of Estonia, Konstantin Päts.
As of December 31, 2007, foreign investments made in Estonia originating from Luxembourg totaled 225 million EUR accounting for 2% of the total volume of foreign direct investments. There are about 300 Estonians living in Luxembourg. Estonian President Arnold Rüütel made a state visit to Luxembourg in May 2003, prime minister Andrus Ansip's in 2006.Luxembourgish Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker visited Estonia in 1999 and 2007.
- Trade agreement between Estonia and Belgium and Luxembourg (1935)
- Agreement on Road Transport between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (came into force 1.12.94)
- Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (came into force 23.09.99)
- Agreement Between Estonia and the States of Benelux on Readmission of Persons (came into force 1.02.05)
- Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Income and Capital Tax evasion (signed 23.05.2006)
- Estonia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.
- Luxembourg is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Finland has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
- Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with Luxembourg
- Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
|- valign="top"
|||15 December 1890||See France–Luxembourg relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 15 December 1890
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Paris, a consulate general in Strasbourg, and consulates in Bordeaux, Lille, Longwy, Lyon, Marseille, and Metz.
- Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, European Union, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
|- valign="top"
|||8 January 1891||See Germany–Luxembourg relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 8 January 1891
- Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
- Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Luxembourg
- Luxembourg’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece (in French only)
|- valign="top"
|||20 December 1961||Diplomatic relations were established on 20 December 1961
- Ireland has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
- Luxembourg has an honorary consulate in Dublin.
- Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of the European Union.
|- valign="top"
|||7 February 1891||Diplomatic relations were established on 7 February 1891
- Italy has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Rome and 9 honorary consulates (in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Perugia, Riccione, Turin, and Venice).
- Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, of the European Union and of NATO.
- There are around 19,000 people of Italian descent living in Luxembourg.
|- valign="top"
|||16 June 2011||See Kosovo–Luxembourg relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 16 June 2011
Luxembourg recognized the independence of Kosovo on 21 February 2008.
- Kosovo is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Pristina.
|- valign="top"
|||2 July 1992||
- Diplomatic relations were established on 2 July 1992
- Luxembourg did not recognise the annexation of the Baltic States by the USSR in 1940-1991 either de iure or de facto.
- Lithuania is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and through an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.
- Luxembourg is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland and through an honorary consulate in Vilnius.
- Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
- Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Luxembourg
|- valign="top"
|||4 March 1891||See Luxembourg–Netherlands relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 4 March 1891
- Luxembourg has an embassy in Warsaw.
- Poland has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
- Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
|- valign="top"
|||5 December 1910||
Diplomatic relations were established on 5 December 1910
- Luxembourg is accredited to Romania from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains two honorary consulates (in Bucharest and Sibiu).
- Romania has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
- Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
|- valign="top"
|||7 March 1891||See Luxembourg–Russia relations
Diplomatic relations were established on 7 March 1891
- Luxembourg is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic and through an honorary consulate in Kyiv.
- Ukraine is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and through an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.
- Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
|- valign="top"
|||||See Luxembourg–United Kingdom relations
thumb|right|[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Luxembourg)|Luxembourger Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn with British Foreign Secretary William Hague in London, January 2011.]]
Luxembourg established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 June 1891.
- The United Kingdom is accredited to Luxembourg through its embassy in Luxembourg City.
Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.
|}
Oceania
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:12%;"| Country
!Formal relations began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|||18 September 1970
|See Australia–Luxembourg relations
- Australia and Luxembourg formalized diplomatic relations in September 1970 with the first appointment of Australia's ambassador in Brussels as non-resident ambassador to Luxembourg. The first ambassador presented credentials on 13 October 1970. Since then Australia has remained represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels.
- Luxembourg is represented in Australia through the embassy of the Netherlands in Canberra and through honorary consulates in Sydney and Melbourne.
- Trade and investment figure strongly in the bilateral relationship and ministerial visits between the countries have focused on this. Luxembourg ranks as Australia's seventh largest investor (stocks) at A$93 billion in 2021, with Foreign Direct Investments (stocks) of $10 billion in Australia. Two-way goods and services trade in 2020 was valued at A$185 million. There is a reciprocal working holiday visa scheme between the two countries.
|- valign="top"
|||3 December 1970
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1970 when first Ambassador of New Zealand To Luxembourg Mr. Merwyn Norrish presented his credentials
|- valign="top"
|}
Relations by organization
NATO
United Nations
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Luxembourg
- List of diplomatic missions of Luxembourg
- List of ambassadors to Luxembourg
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Luxembourg)
References
Further reading
External links
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg
- Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relations with Luxembourg