<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see WP:SDNONE -->
Iceland took control of its foreign affairs in 1918 when it became a sovereign country, the Kingdom of Iceland, in a personal union with the King of Denmark. As a fully independent state, Iceland could have joined the League of Nations in 1920, but chose not to do so for cost reasons. It negotiated with Denmark to initially carry out most of its foreign relations, while maintaining full control. Denmark appointed a diplomatic envoy (Ambassador) to Iceland in 1919 and Iceland reciprocated in 1920, opening an embassy in Copenhagen. Iceland established its own Foreign Service in April 1940 when Denmark became occupied by Nazi Germany and ties between the two countries were severed. The Republic of Iceland was founded in 1944. The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. Iceland's closest relations are with the Nordic states, the European Union and the United States. Iceland has been a member of the United Nations since 1946.
From 1951 to 2006, there was an American military base and troop presence in Iceland. During the Cold War, Iceland had a close but contentious relationship with the United States, leading some scholars to describe Iceland as a "rebellious ally" and "reluctant ally." Disagreements with Norway and Russia over fishing rights in the Barents Sea were successfully resolved in 2000.
Whaling
Certain environmentalists are concerned that Iceland left the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in June 1992 in protest of an IWC decision to refuse to lift the ban on whaling, after the IWC Scientific Committee had determined that the taking of certain species could safely be resumed. That year, Iceland established a separate commission – along with Norway, Greenland and the Faroe Islands – for the conservation, management, and study of marine mammals. Since then, Iceland has resumed whaling for scientific purpose and has rejoined the IWC (in October 2002). The Icelandic Fisheries Ministry issued a permit to hunt 39 whales for commercial purposes on 17 October 2006. 25 states delivered a formal diplomatic protest to the Icelandic government on 1 November concerning resumed commercial whaling. The protest was led by the United Kingdom and supported by others such as Finland and Sweden.
Recognition of post-Soviet states
Iceland was the first country to recognize the regained independence of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from the USSR in 1990–1991. Similarly, it was the first country to recognize Montenegro's independence from its former union with Serbia. Iceland was also the first country to recognize Croatia, having done so on 19 December 1991. Significantly, Iceland was also the first Western state to recognise Palestine when it did so in 2011. Iceland also is the greatest Nordic contributor per capita to NATO-led troops in Bosnia and Kosovo, to the police in Bosnia and to Bosnian/Kosovan reconstruction, resettlement and relief efforts.
Membership in international organizations
Iceland is a member of the following organisations: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe; International Criminal Court; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; European Economic Area; European Free Trade Association; Council of Europe; International Criminal Police Organization; and the United Nations, since 19 November 1946, and most of its specialized agencies, including the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization and the International Whaling Commission.
Iceland was given the opportunity to join the League of Nations in 1920, but opted not to, primarily due to limited administrative resources. Iceland joined the UN in 1945 but took until 1965 to establish a permanent mission.
In the IMF, Iceland is in the Nordic-Baltic constituency of the 24-member executive board of the IMF, along with Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.
International disputes
Rockall
Iceland has an ongoing dispute with Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) on the one hand and with the UK and Ireland on the other hand, concerning claims to the continental shelf in the Hatton–Rockall area of the North Atlantic under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). Iceland's claim covers virtually the entire area claimed by the other three countries, except for a small portion in the south-east corner of the Irish claim, while the Faroes claim most of the area claimed by the UK and Ireland. Negotiations continue between the four countries in the hope of making a joint proposal to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf by May 2009.
Deposit insurance
Following the collapse of Icesave sparking the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis, the U.K. and the Netherlands offered to insure the deposits of the bank's customers. They then sought repayment from Iceland, which held a referendum on the issue in 2010 and 2011, both of which failed. The two governments then said they would take the issue to European courts to seek redress they alleged is owed to them. In January 2013 the EFTA court cleared Iceland of all charges.
European Union application
thumb|Iceland's reluctance to join the EU's [[Common Fisheries Policy is a major stumbling bloc to accession]]
Iceland has had a close relationship with the European Union (EU) throughout its development, but has remained outside (instead, joining the European Free Trade Area or EFTA). In 1972, the two sides signed a free trade agreement and in 1994 Iceland joined the European Economic Area which let itself and other non-EU states have access to the EU's internal market in exchange for Iceland contributing funds and applying EU law in relevant areas. The EU is Iceland's most important trading partner with a strong trade surplus in 2008/9 in terms of goods, services and foreign direct investment. Iceland also participates in the Schengen Area (as well as relevant police and judicial cooperation) and has non-voting representation in some EU agencies.
However, after Iceland's financial crash in 2008, it has sought membership of the EU and the euro. Iceland applied on 16 July 2009 and negotiations formally began 17 June 2011. After an agreement is concluded, the accession treaty must be ratified by every EU state and be subject to a national referendum in Iceland. Since the application was submitted, popular support has declined and contentious issues around Icelandic fisheries may derail negotiations. However the Icelandic government is confident an agreement can be reached based on the flexibility shown by the EU in its previous negotiations with Norway.
In 2014, Iceland froze their application to join the European Union.
Agreed Minute
The Agreed Minute was a statute governing the nature of the U.S. military presence in Iceland. The Agreed Minute was last renegotiated in 2001. At the time, the U.S. Air Force committed itself to maintaining four to six interceptors at the Keflavík base, supported by a helicopter rescue squad. The Air Force, in order to cut costs, announced plans to remove the four remaining jets in 2003. The removal was then delayed to address Icelandic demands for continued presence of the jets. After an unfruitful series of negotiations and two reshuffles of the Icelandic government the issue lay dormant until early 2006 when the U.S. Air Force issued an official statement that withdrawal of the aircraft was already being prepared. U.S. officials have since then argued that Iceland is in no need of a military presence.
NATO allies since then conduct air policing after the U.S. Air Force withdrawal.
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Iceland maintains diplomatic relations with:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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Bilateral relations
Iceland's first embassy was established in Copenhagen in 1920. The second and third embassies were opened in London and Sweden in 1940. That same year, a consulate-general was installed in New York (a year later, an embassy was opened in Washington D.C.). The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly (both in terms of missions and staff) in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. The Icelandic foreign service is vastly smaller than those of its Nordic neighbors.
|-
|
|<!--Date started-->2001
|
- Kenya is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Kampala, Uganda
|-
|
|<!--Date started-->1989
|
- Iceland has an embassy in Lilongwe
- Iceland is represented in Malawi through its High Commission in London
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->2004||
- Mauritania is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
|-
|
|<!--Date started-->2006
|
- Iceland has an embassy in Freetown
|-
|
|<!--Date started-->2004
|
- Iceland has an embassy in Kampala
|}
Americas
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Diplomatic Relations Established
!Notes
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1947||See Canada–Iceland relations
- Canada has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Iceland has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Winnipeg.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->2004||
- Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2004.
- Iceland is represented in Dominica through its embassy in New York City, United States. Both countries have an agreement on cooperation on geothermal energy.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->24 March 1964||See Iceland–Mexico relations
- Iceland is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates in Campeche City and in Mexico City.
- Mexico is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->2004||
- Iceland is represented in Paraguay by its embassy in Washington, United States.
- Paraguay is represented in Iceland by its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->27 May 2004||
- Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 2004.
- Iceland is represented in Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->2004||
Iceland is represented in Saint Kitts and Nevis by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
|}
Asia
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Diplomatic Relations Established
!Notes
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1971||See China–Iceland relations
- In May 1972, China assigned the first resident ambassador to Iceland.
- In January 1995, Iceland set up its embassy in Beijing and assigned its first resident ambassador to China.
- In December 1995, China resumed the practice of sending resident ambassadors to Iceland (between 1983 and 1995, the Chinese ambassador to Copenhagen, Denmark was also accredited to Iceland).
- In April 2013 Iceland entered into a free trade agreement with China.
- Iceland has an honorary consulate in Hong Kong. The honorary consulate is also accredited to Macao.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1972||See Iceland–India relations
- India has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Iceland has an embassy in New Delhi and two consulates in Mumbai and Chennai.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1948||
- Iceland is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Oslo.
- Iran is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->May 1948||See Iceland–Israel relations
- Iceland is accredited to Israel directly from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and maintains an honorary consulate in Tel Aviv.
- Israel is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->8 December 1956
|See Iceland–Japan relations
- Both countries find common interest on the matter of whaling.
- Iceland has an embassy in Tokyo and 3 honorary consulates in Kyoto, Nagano-shi, Tokyo.
- Japan has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Iceland
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1976||
Pakistan maintain cordinal diplomatic relations with Iceland.
|- valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->2011||See Iceland–Palestine relations
On 29 November 2011, the parliament of Iceland passed a resolution that authorized the government to officially recognize the state of Palestine within the 1967 borders. Iceland was the first (and, until 2024, only) Western European country to recognise the independence of Palestine. Full diplomatic relations exist between the two states. Iceland's representative to Palestine is a non-resident based at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík, while Palestine's ambassador to Iceland is also a non-resident based in Oslo, Norway.
|- valign="top"
|||24 February 1999||See Iceland–Philippines relations
Iceland has its representation in the Philippines through its embassy in Tokyo, Japan, and the Philippines' ambassador in Oslo, Norway is also accredited to Iceland; although both countries established honorary consulates in Reykjavík and Makati, Metro Manila, respectively.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started--> 10 October 1962||See Iceland–South Korea relations
- The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea began on 10 October 1962.
- The Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea relations are primarily based on cooperation over maritime issues such as whaling and bottom trawling and on bi-lateral trade in technology and fish products although there are various other ways in which the two countries interact.
|}
Europe
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Diplomatic Relations Established
!Notes
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1976||See Albania–Iceland relations
- Albania is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
- Iceland is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.
- Both countries are members of NATO and of Council of Europe.
|- valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1928
|
- Iceland has an embassy in Vienna.
- Iceland is accredited to Austria from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík.
- Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in German only)
- See also: Austrians in Iceland and Icelandics in Austria
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1945||
- Belgium is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
- Iceland has an embassy in Brussels.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1979||
- Cyprus is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Iceland is represented in Cyprus by its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1993-01-01||See Czech Republic–Iceland relations
- The Czech Republic is represented in Iceland through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
- Iceland is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Vienna (Austria) and through an honorary consulate in Prague.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1918||See Denmark–Iceland relations
Iceland was a part of the Kingdom of Denmark from 1814 to 1918 and a separate kingdom in a personal union with Denmark until 1944, when Iceland declared independence.
- Denmark has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Iceland has an embassy in Copenhagen and consulates-general in the Danish territories of Nuuk, Greenland and in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top
|||<!--Data started-->
|See Estonia–Iceland relations
- Iceland was the first country to re-recognized Estonia's independence on 22 August 1991.
- Estonia is accredited to Iceland through its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
- Iceland is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
- Both countries are full members of NATO, of the Council of Europe and of the Council of the Baltic Sea States.
- Estonia and Iceland have a joint embassy in Beijing, China.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1947||See Finland–Iceland relations
- Finland has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Iceland has an embassy in Helsinki.
- Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
- Finland is a member of the European Union. Iceland is not a member of the European Union.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1945||See France–Iceland relations
- France has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Iceland has an embassy in Paris.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1952||See Germany–Iceland relations
- Iceland has an embassy in Berlin.
- Germany has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Both countries are NATO members.
- See also: Germans in Iceland and Icelandics in Germany
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1958||See Greece–Iceland relations
- Greece is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is represented in Greece through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Athens.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1955
|
Hungary is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->11 March 1948
|See Iceland–Ireland relations
- Iceland is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and through an honorary consulate in Dublin.
- Ireland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and through an honorary consulate in Garðabær.
- Both countries are full members of Council of Europe.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1945
|
- Iceland has an embassy in Rome.
- Italy is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
- Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of NATO and of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1991-08-22||See Iceland–Latvia relations
- Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Latvia in August 1991.
- Iceland is represented in Latvia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland).
- Latvia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1991-08-05
|See Iceland–Lithuania relations
- Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Lithuania in February 1991.
- Iceland is represented in Lithuania through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland).
- Lithuania is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and 2 honorary consulates (in Mosfellsbær and Reykjavík).
- Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of NATO, and of the Council of Europe. There was 1.652 Lithuanians living in Iceland 2015.
- Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in Lithuanian only)
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1946||
- Iceland is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
- The Netherlands is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
- See also: Dutchs in Iceland and Icelandics in the Netherlands
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1993||
- Iceland is represented in North Macedonia through its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
- North Macedonia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in London, England, and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1940||See Iceland–Norway relations
- Iceland has an embassy in Oslo.
- Norway has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->January 1946||See Iceland–Poland relations
- Iceland has an embassy in Warsaw.
- Poland has an embassy in Reykjavík. u
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1943||See Iceland–Russia relations
- Iceland has an embassy in Moscow.
- Russia has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Both countries have close ties in financing, which has strengthened the relations between the two. Iceland also called Russia as its "new friend" after having been turned down by its traditional allies for an emergency loan to boost the balance sheet of its second largest commercial bank.
- On August 1, 2023, Iceland suspended its embassy operations in Moscow.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->2000||
- Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.
- A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1949||See Iceland–Spain relations
- Iceland has an embassy in Madrid.
- Spain is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1940||See Iceland–Sweden relations
- The governments of Iceland and Sweden signed on 23 March 1921 a joint declaration for the protection of trade marks.
- Iceland has an embassy in Stockholm.
- Sweden has an embassy in Reykjavík.
- Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1947||
- Iceland has an embassy in Geneva (which is accredited to Switzerland and to the United Nations).
- Switzerland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík
- Both countries are members of Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association.
- See also: Swisses in Iceland and Icelandics in Switzerland
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1957||See Iceland–Turkey relations
- Turkish Embassy in Oslo is accredited to Iceland, while the Icelandic Embassy in Copenhagen is accredited to Turkey.
- Both countries are full members of NATO.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1992
|See Iceland–Ukraine relations
- Iceland is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Warsaw (Poland).
- Ukraine is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
- Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
|--valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1940||See Iceland–United Kingdom relations
Iceland established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 May 1940.
- The United Kingdom is accredited to Iceland through its embassy in Reykjavík.
The UK occupied Iceland from 10 May 1940 until July 1941, when the United States assumed responsibility of the country.
The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over the Rockall Bank.
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, Council of Europe, Joint Expeditionary Force, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a free trade agreement.
|}
Oceania
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Diplomatic Relations Established
!Notes
|--valign="top"
|||17 April 1984||See Australia–Iceland relations
- Australia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Iceland is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
|-- valign="top"
|||<!--Date started-->1988
|
- Iceland is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China and maintains honorary consulates in Auckland and Nelson.
- New Zealand is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.
|}
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Iceland
- List of diplomatic missions of Iceland
- Iceland–European Union relations
- Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Iceland)
- Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
- Visa policy of Iceland
References
Further reading
- Baldur Thorhallson (ed.). 2018. Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs. Routledge.
- Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.). 2004. Iceland and European Integration: On the Edge. Routledge.
- Pétur J. Thorsteinsson. 1992. Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: Sögulegt Yfirlit. Rekjavík: Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag.
- Valur Ingimundarson. 2011. The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945–2006. Dordrecht Publishing.
- Valur Ingimundarson. 2002. Uppgjör við umheiminn. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
- Valur Ingimundarson. 1996. Í eldlínu kalda stríðsins. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
External links
- Icelandic Foreign Service Iceland's embassies and missions abroad
- (in Icelandic) Historical overview by Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- European Commission > The EU's relations with Iceland
- The Icelandic European Movement (favours Icelandic EU membership)
- Heimssýn, the cross-political organisation of Icelandic eurosceptics
;Foreign representations in Iceland
- Canadian Embassy in Iceland
- United States Embassy in Reykjavík