Foreign relations of Egypt

The Foreign relations of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Africa, the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and within the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Mediterranean's, Africa's and Asia's commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and religious institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.

Diplomatic relations

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Egypt has been seeking to play a role in the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Conference of 1991, which, under United States and Soviet sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region, including for the first time a Palestinian delegation, to discuss Middle East peace.

This support has continued to the present, with former President Hosni Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by President Bill Clinton and other world leaders.

In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President George W. Bush for another summit on Middle East peace process. Another summit was convened in Sharm El Sheik in early 2005, which was attended by Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. The former Egyptian Chief of Intelligence, General Omar Suleiman, played a role in negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian sides.

List

List of countries which Egypt maintains diplomatic relations with:

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Bilateral relations

Africa

In the 21st-century Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africans attempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes lethal." This has strained relations with Egypt's southern neighbors, and with Israel and the members of the EU as these immigrants attempt to move on to wealthier countries.

The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has become a national preoccupation in both countries. Egypt sees the dam as an existential threat, fearing that the dam will reduce the amount of water it receives from the Nile. Egypt's former Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry said: "Survival is not a question of choice, but an imperative of nature."

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations established

! style="width:50%;"| Notes

|- valign="top"

|||||See Algeria–Egypt relations

Algeria has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Algiers.

|- valign="top"

|||18 February 1976||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1976

Angola has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Luanda.

|- valign="top"

|||||See Egypt–Ethiopia relations

Egypt has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
In 2021, Ethiopia closed its embassy in Cairo due to financial reasons. In November 2022, Ethiopia reopened its embassy in Cairo.Sisi receives credentials of new Ethiopian ambassador to Egypt

|- valign="top"

|||11 June 1974||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1974

Egypt is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its embassy in Conakry, Guinea.
Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Egypt from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria.
Both countries are full member of the African Union.

|- valign="top"

|||||See Egypt–Kenya relations

Egypt has an embassy in Nairobi.
Kenya has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||3 September 1953||See Egypt–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1953 when first Libyan Minister to Egypt Ibrahim El-Senoussi present his credentials to General Naguib.

Egypt has an embassy in Tripoli and a consulate-general in Benghazi.
Libya has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.

|- valign="top"

|||||See Egypt–Morocco relations

Egypt has an embassy in Rabat.
Morocco has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||||See Egypt–Somalia relations

Egypt has an embassy in Mogadishu.
Somalia has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||1942

|See Egypt–South Africa relations

The first South African mission in Egypt was established in 1942 as a consulate-general.
Egypt has an embassy in Pretoria and South Africa has an embassy in Cairo.
Both countries are full members of the African Union, G-24, Group of 77 and Non-Aligned Movement.
South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Egypt

|- valign="top"

|||4 January 1956||See Egypt–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1956 when first ambassador of Egypt to Sudan general Mahmoud Seif El-Yazal Khalifa presented his letters of credentials.

Sudan was ruled by the Egyptian Empire since Ancient Times.
Egypt has an embassy in Khartoum and a consulate-general in Port Sudan.
Sudan has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Aswan.

|- valign="top"

|||9 July 2011||See Egypt–South Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 2011

Egypt has an embassy in Juba.
South Sudan has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||14 November 1962||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1962 when Mr. Mustafa F. El-Essawi has been accredited as Ambassador of United Arab Republic (Egypt) to Tanganyika with residence in Dar es Salaam.

Egypt has an embassy in Dar-es-Salaam.
Tanzania has an embassy in Cairo.

Americas

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations established

! style="width:50%;"| Notes

|- valign="top"

|||9 June 1947 ||See Argentina–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1947

Argentina has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and Egypt (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)
Egyptian–Argentinean relations – From the Egypt State Information Service

|- valign="top"

|||27 February 1924||See Brazil–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1924.

Brazil has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in Rio de Janeiro.

|- valign="top"

|||28 July 1954 ||See Canada–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1954

Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954.

Canada has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.

|- valign="top"

|||1929 ||Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1929

Chile has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Santiago.

|- valign="top"

|||23 January 1957 ||See Colombia–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1957

Colombia has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Bogotá.

|- valign="top"

|||5 September 1949||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1949

Cuba has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Havana.

|- valign="top"

|||31 March 1958 ||See Egypt–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1958

Egypt has an embassy in Mexico City.
Mexico has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||7 October 1963 ||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1963.

Egypt has an embassy in Lima.
Peru has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||26 April 1922 ||See Egypt–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1922

Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.

On 21 January 2012, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood's son, Sam, was detained by the Egyptian government and not allowed to leave the country as part of a politically charged criminal investigation by the Egyptian government into the activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) monitoring local elections in Egypt. LaHood's son is the Egypt director of the International Republican Institute. The Egyptian government has detained twelve NGO representatives from leaving Egypt.

On 5 February 2012, Egyptian authorities charged LaHood's son and 42 other individuals with "spending money from organizations that were operating in Egypt without a license." Nineteen Americans are part of the 42 charged. The U.S. government has made it clear that $1.5 billion in U.S. aid to Egypt could be withheld if the investigation is not finished quickly. Faiza Abu Naga, Egypt's Minister of International Cooperation, is seen as the person pushing the investigation forward, straining U.S. and Egypt relations.

On 7 October 2020, in line with Egypt's Vision 2030, US Agency for International Development (USAID) and Egypt's Ministry of International Cooperation signed an agreement to add $22.8 million to the five-year Inclusive Economic Governance bilateral assistance agreement. The funding was intended to improve the investment environment and empower women to join the labor force.

Egypt has an embassy in Washington, DC and consulates-general in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles and New York City.
United States has an embassy in Cairo.Embassy of the United States in Cairo (in Arabic and English)

Asia

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began

! style="width:50%;"| Notes

|- valign="top"

|||9 March 1992

|See Armenia–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1992

Egypt was one of the first countries in the Arab world which recognized the independent Armenia in 1991.
In May 1992, the first diplomatic mission of Armenia in the Arab East was inaugurated in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Yerevan.
Egypt had a sizable Armenian community since the 19th century. Many ethnic Armenian Egyptians remain in Egypt to this day.

|- valign="top"

|||27 March 1992||

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1992.
On 26 December 1991, the Arab Republic of Egypt recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Baku.

|- valign="top"

|||15 September 1973||See Bangladesh-Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1973.

Egypt has an embassy in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladesh has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

Egypt was one of the first Arab states to recognize Bangladesh's independence. President Anwar Al Sadat enjoyed a close rapport with Bangladesh's founder Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In 1973, Egypt gifted 30 tanks to the Bangladesh Army.

Both nations are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 Countries, and identified among the Next Eleven economies. Present-day relations are characterized by a growing trade and economic relationship.

|- valign="top"

|||30 May 1956||See China–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1956

China has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Egypt has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong and Shanghai.

|- valign="top"

|||11 May 1992

|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1992

Egypt is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Yerevan, Armenia.
Georgia has an embassy in Cairo.
Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Egypt
Georgian foreign minister visits Egypt

|- valign="top"

|||18 August 1947||See Egypt–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1947

Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between Saad Zaghloul and Mohandas Gandhi on the common goals of their respective movements of independence. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdul Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following the Six-Day War, India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilizers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco and lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited, bought 15% of Egypt Nat Gas distribution and marketing company.

In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.Egypt State Information Service: Mubarak starts historic visit to India to boost strategic partnership between the two countries

President Mubarak of Egypt visited India in 2008. During the visit he met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.The Hindu Manmohan: time ripe for transforming ties

In 2023 India has invited Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as the chief guest of the 74th Republic Day parade. Also Representing the main branches of the Egyptian armed forces, 144 soldiers participated in the parade.

|- valign="top"

|||10 June 1947

|See Egypt–Indonesia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1947.

Indonesia has an embassy in Cairo and Egypt has an embassy in Jakarta.
Egypt was one of the first countries to recognize Indonesia's independence.
Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia were two of the five founding members of the Non-aligned Movement.
Both countries are members of the OIC, the Non-aligned Movement, and the G20 developing nations.

|- valign="top"

|||1939

(Diplomatic relations severed 1980)

|See Egypt–Iran relations

In 1939, diplomatic relations between Egypt and Iran were upgraded to ambassadorial level, and Youssef Zulficar Pasha was appointed as Egypt's first ambassador in Tehran. In the same year, Princess Fawzia of Egypt, the sister of King Farouk I, married Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then crown prince (later shah) of Iran. However, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with Iran have been mostly strained. Egypt is the only Arab country not to have an embassy in Iran.Ahmadinejad unwelcome in Egypt: lawyer, Al Arabiya. 2 July 2009 Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of the Camp David Accords with Israel in 1979, its support for Iraq in Iran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing of Khalid Islambouli, the late President Anwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street and mural named after him (however, the honorer was changed to Muhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-old Palestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada), and close Egyptian relations with the United States, and most of the Western European countries. In 2007, relations between the two have thawed in the fields of diplomacy and economic trade, only to collapse during the Gaza War (2008–09) when the Iranian and Egyptian politicians exchanged blames over inaction towards the escalation. Despite wavering tensions between Tehran and Cairo, the two countries are members of the OIC and the Developing 8

In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables revealed that Mubarak expressed animosity toward Iran in private meetings, saying the Iranian leaders are "big, fat liars", and that Iran's backing of terrorism is "well-known"."WikiLeaks: Diplomatic cables show Egyptian leader's acrimony with Iran", Los Angeles Times, 29 November 2010 According to one American report, Mubarak views Iran as the primary long-term challenge facing Egypt, and an Egyptian official said that Iran is running agents inside Egypt in an effort to subvert the Egyptian regime. he also stated that if Iran will reach a nuclear weapons, Egypt will also consider reaching such weapons."Iran, Israel and the Arab Contradiction", by Ronen Bergman, Wall Street Journal, 11 December 2010

|- valign="top"

|||||See Egypt-Iraq relations

Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt's "natural role" among Arab countries. In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypt's membership. However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forced Iraq out of Kuwait. Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraq's main trade partners (formerly under the Oil-for-Food Programme).

|- valign="top"

|||26 January 1980||See Egypt–Israel relations

The state of war between both countries which dated back from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War ended in 1973 with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty a year after the Camp David Accords. Since then, relations have improved.

Being a pioneer of peace making in the region and driven from its belief that a peaceful Middle East is the best solution for the development of Egypt, the third Egyptian president Anwar Sadat's groundbreaking trip to Jerusalem in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region; from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989.

However, due to circumstances of today's Israeli–Palestinian conflict, full normalization of relations between these two countries is still halted and sometimes fought against in both countries. The Egyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv is often withdrawn, and the peace has been called a cool peace due to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Egypt has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consulate-general in Eilat.
Israel has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.

|- valign="top"

|||1922||See Egypt-Japan relations

Egypt-Japan relations are described by the Egyptian ambassador to Japan as a "very strong friendship", with embassies mutually established. At present, the two nations maintain a cordial relationship with strong economic and trade relations.

Egypt has an embassy in Tokyo.
Japan has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||28 May 1947||See Egypt-Jordan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1947 when Mohamed Bey Yassin, Egyptian Minister in Transjordan with residence in Baghdad presented his credentials.

On 6 April 1972, the Egyptian government severed relations in protest for a Jordanian plan for federation with the West Bank, which didn't take PLO interests unto consideration. These relations were restored on 11 September 1973. They were severed again in 1979, this time by the Jordanian government, in protest of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty. Following the outbreak of the Lebanon War of 1982, the US government put pressure on both governments to reach accommodation for the purpose of formulating a joint peace strategy vis-a-vis the Israeli government, and relations were restored on 25 September 1984.

Egypt has an embassy in Amman.
Jordan has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||6 March 1992

|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1992.

Egypt has an embassy in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

In 2006, President Mubarak of Egypt visited Kazakhstan on the third leg of a three-country tour. During the visit he met with Kazakh President Nazarbayev. Mubarak stated that 30 trade and economic cooperation agreements had been concluded between the two countries.

|- valign="top"

|||1957

|See Egypt–Malaysia relations

Egypt has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and Malaysia has an embassy in Cairo.
Gamel Abdel Nasser gave a headquarters for the Malay Association in Egypt as a gift to Malaysia in 1959.
Both countries are members of the OIC and the Non-Aligned Movement.

|- valign="top"

|||2 April 1963

|See Egypt–Mongolia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1963

Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African continent.

|- valign="top"

|||20 October 1947||See Egypt–Pakistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1947 when the Egyptian Government has agreed to the establishment of a Pakistan Embassy in Cairo and to the appointment Mr. J. A. Rahim as Chargé d'Affaires.

Pakistan and Egypt have diplomatic and trade relations. Both countries are members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), "the Next Eleven" and the "D8". Relations between the two countries were established after Pakistan was established. Pakistan President General Muhammad Ayub Khan, visited Egypt in 1959 and Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser visited Pakistan in 1960.

Egypt has an embassy in Islamabad.
Pakistan has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||||See Egypt–Palestine relations

Egypt has representative offices in Ramallah and in Gaza City.
Palestine has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||1955-01-18||See Egypt–Philippines relations

Egypt has an embassy in Manila.
Philippines has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||1 November 1971||See Egypt-Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1971

Lately, relations have not been at its best. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar, has described the 2013 political transition in Egypt as a "military coup". It is worth mentioning that the main problem between the two governments is the Qatari support to the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.

The Egyptian government, along with those of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates, broke off diplomatic relations with Qatar on 5 June 2017. The Egyptian Foreign Ministry announced it was closing its air and sea ports to Qatari transportation. The Egyptian, Saudi, Bahraini, and Emirati governments cited Qatar's continuing support for "terrorism", such as the Muslim Brotherhood. Islam Hassan argues "Egypt has had troubled relations with Qatar for many years, except of Mohamed Morsi's period in power. The Egyptian government has seen Qatar as a source of instability. TheEgyptian regime also sees that Qatar challenges its rule by financing the Muslim Brotherhood, and other organizations, which the regime has outlawed and consider terrorist organizations. Thus, the Egyptian regime has been trying to push back on Qatar by any means. The current issue between the Saudi bloc and Qatar seemed to be an opportunity to put pressure on Qatar to stop financing the Muslim Brotherhood, its affiliates, and supporters, and to support the Sisi regime."

|- valign="top"

|||7 May 1936||See Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1936 when was signed a Treaty by Egypt and Saudi Arabia in Cairo which included Egypt's recognition of Saudi Arabia as an independent and sovereign state.

Egypt has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.

|- valign="top"

|||13 April 1995

| See Egypt–South Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1995.
Egypt has an embassy in Seoul, South Korea.Egyptian embassy in Seoul
South Korea has an embassy in Cairo.
Bilateral Trade 2011:
Exports: 18.1 billion US dollars
Imports: 802 million US dollars
The number of South Koreans living in Egypt in 2011 was about 905.
South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Egypt
Foreign relations of South Korea#Europe.

|- valign="top"

|||8 May 1925||See also Egypt–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1925.

Egypt has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
Turkey has an embassy in Cairo and a Consulate General in Alexandria.
Trade volume between the two countries was US$5.25 billion in 2018 (Egyptian exports/imports: 2.19/3.06 billion USD).
100,971 Egyptian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.
Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Cairo since 2010.
Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 until leaving in 1805.
There is a free trade agreement in force between the two countries.

|- valign="top"

|||10 January 1972||See Egypt-United Arab Emirates relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1972.

Egypt has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Cairo.

Europe

Some time after the starting of the Arab Spring, in March 2011 the European Union adopted the joint declaration ' A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean', aimed at making a number of initiatives in the field of civic society support, financial assistance and further access to the EU market dependent upon advancement in the democratization process.

As far as Egypt was concerned this declaration envisioned the further deepening of the previous Free Trade Agreement stipulated in 2004, geared towards the inclusion of areas such as trade in services, government procurement, competition, intellectual property rights, and investment protection. To the 2011 declaration, a preliminary phase of the negotiations followed in June 2013, when the EU and Egypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and investment relations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA).

In August 2014, the European Union discussed the possibility of revising provision of aid to Egypt. However, divisions over the appropriate stance to adopt among European diplomats persisted, coupled by the fear that the vacuum might be soon filled by other actors, following a Saudi Foreign Minister's declaration that the Kingdom was ready to step in and those of Prime Minister Hazem al Beblawi about the possibility to appeal to Russia for foreign aid. Therefore, the only measure upon which the Foreign Ministers agreed was to suspend the sale of arms and materials that could be used for repression, but fell short to halt aid program which could damage civil society.

Earlier in July 2013, EU High Representative Catherine Ashton had visited Egypt in an attempt to promote reconciliation among the parties involved. She is credited for being the only foreign diplomat to get access to deposed president Mohamed Morsi.

In an official statement released at the end of a following visit held in April 2014, the Representative raised the issue of the death penalties and incarceration of journalists and activists. At the same time, her later declarations about el-Sisi's bid for presidential candidacy as "difficult" but "brave" sparked harsh criticism among supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, who claimed the Representative, who advanced logistical reasons, did not make any efforts to get in touch with them and members of their Anti-Coup Alliance.

In April 2014, the European Union agreed to conduct electoral monitoring, for the first time, in occasion of the Presidential elections scheduled for 26/27 May 2014. Other organizations declined to join, as in their opinion this would legitimize what they called an unlawful take on power.

A contract for the sale of 30 Rafale fighter jets was signed between the defense ministries of Egypt and France in May 2021. The official value of the contract was not disclosed at first and was later exposed to be worth 3.75 billion euro or $4.5 billion, by an investigative website called Disclose. In December 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron received criticism for not controlling the sale of weapons to Egypt on its poor human rights record, stating counter-terrorism concerns. The Egyptian defense ministry cited that the deal would be supported via a 10-year loan without disclosing its value or any further details. Rights organizations have denounced the deal and accused the French president of overlooking the increasing violation of freedom in Egypt under the regime of President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi. France's armed forces, finance, and foreign ministries were unavailable for comment. However, French officials claim that Paris, under one of its policies, is avoiding criticism of countries on their human rights records to work with them effectively in private.

On 3 February 2022, around 175 Members of European Parliament wrote a joint letter to foreign ministers and ambassadors to the UN Human Rights Council and requested them to secure the establishment of a UN human rights monitoring and reporting mechanism on Egypt. The MEPs were concerned that despite devastating human rights crisis in Egypt, the international communities persistently failed to take any meaningful action to address the situation. The Egyptian authorities, under President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi, have "brutally and systematically" repressed all forms of dissent and severely curtailed civic space.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations established

! style="width:50%;"| Notes

|- valign="top"

|||19 April 1956||See Albania–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on

Egypt has an embassy in Tirana.
Albania has an embassy in Cairo.

|- valign="top"

|||5 November 1925||See Bulgaria–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1925

Bulgaria has an embassy in Cairo.Bulgarian embassy in Cairo
Egypt has an embassy in Sofia.

|- valign="top"

|||1 October 1992||See Croatia–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1992

Croatia has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Zagreb.

|- valign="top"

|||||See Cyprus–Egypt relations

Diplomatic relations between both countries were established soon after Cyprus gained its independence in 1960.

Cyprus has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Nicosia.

During an April 2009 meeting at ministerial level, the countries explored ways to develop closer ties, with plans for increased collaboration both on tourism and energy related activities. There has been talk of Cyprus increasing her imports of natural gas, Egypt using Cyprus as a bridge for exports to Europe and on prospects for the training of Cypriot engineers by their Egyptian counterparts on techniques for the extraction of oil and natural gas.<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Cyprus_and_World_News/14835

|title=Cyprus and Egypt keep LNG talks secret

|work=FinancialMirror

|date=9 April 2009

|access-date=1 May 2009

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605040303/http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Cyprus_and_World_News/14835

|archive-date=5 June 2011

}}</ref>

|- valign="top"

|||1 June 1922||See Denmark–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Egypt Mr. G. H. Ryan de Treschow.

Denmark has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary consulate in Alexandria.
Egypt has an embassy in Copenhagen.
Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

|- valign="top"

|||15 February 1947

Finland recognised Egypt on 8 April 1922.
Egypt broke off diplomatic relations on 5 January 1942, but diplomatic relations were re-established on 15 February 1947.
Egypt has an embassy in Helsinki.
Finland has an embassy in Cairo (since 1 July 1959) and an honorary consulate general in Alexandria.
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Egypt

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|||31 May 1922||See Egypt–France relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of France to Egypt Henri Gaillard and open Legation (Embassy) of France in Egypt.

Egypt has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.
France has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.

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|||1957-12||See Egypt–Germany relations

Egypt has an embassy in Berlin, as well as consulates in Frankfurt and Hamburg.
Germany has an embassy in Cairo.

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|||August 1833

|See Egypt-Greece relations

Both countries share relations since the years BC Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece Since the creation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great, Egypt has had a sizable Greek community, mostly centered around Alexandria, which is today Egypt's second largest city and also the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In the modern era, both countries enjoy very good and warm diplomatic relations since 1833 and especially after the Greek War Independence, and both countries have signed several defense cooperation agreements, with the heads of states visiting each other in a regular basis.

Egypt has an embassy in Athens.
Greece has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Sizable communities of Greeks live in Egypt (Alexandria) and Egyptians in Greece (Patras, Athens).
Greece and Egypt signed bilateral agreements for trade, tourism and defense cooperations.
Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Egypt
Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece

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|||12 December 1974

|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1974.

Since 1978, Egypt has an embassy in Dublin, the first embassy of an Arab country in Ireland.
Ireland has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary consulate in Alexandria.

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|||30 April 1922

|See Egypt–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1922 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Egypt Mr Lazzaro Negrotto Cambiaso.

Relations were established during the period of the Roman Empire and Ancient Egypt. However, during World War II, relations were strained as the Italian and German Troops launched a campaign on Egypt but were defeated by Egyptian and British Forces in the battle of El Alamein. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close.

Egypt has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.
Italy has an embassy in Cairo.
Both nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Oceania

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began

! style="width:50%;"| Notes

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||| 1950

|See Australia–Egypt relations

Australia has an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Canberra and 2 Consulates-General (in Melbourne and Sydney).Egyptian embassy in CanberraEgyptian Consulate-General in Sydney
Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Egypt

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|||1974||See Egypt–New Zealand relations

Egypt has an embassy in Wellington.
New Zealand has an embassy in Cairo.

References

External links

History of Egypt - U.S. relations
Assessing the United States-Egyptian Military and Security Relations
The Future of American-Egyptian relations
Deniers of Egypt's dark past An article exploring Egypt's Africanness
Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt in London The official website of the Egyptian Embassy in London
EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Egypt