Foreign relations of Canada

right|thumb|upright=1.3|[[List of diplomatic missions of Canada|Diplomatic missions of Canada

]]

The foreign relations of Canada are Canada's relations with other governments and nations. Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in global affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions. Globalization has significantly influenced Canadian foreign policies, with the country known for its promotion of peace and security through mediation, and for providing aid to developing countries.

The "golden age of Canadian diplomacy" refers to a period in Canadian history, typically considered to be the mid-twentieth century, when Canada experienced a high level of success in its foreign relations and diplomatic efforts. Canada's leading role in the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and it's development of modern peacekeeping during this period played a major role in the country's positive global image. Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military interventions that are not sanctioned by the United Nations. In the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined. The large decrease was a result of Canada directing its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than directly through the UN. Canada has faced controversy over its involvement in some foreign countries, notably the 1993 Somalia affair.

Canada and the United States have a long, complex, and intertwined relationship; they are close allies, co-operating regularly on military campaigns and humanitarian efforts. Canada also maintains historic and traditional ties to the United Kingdom and to France, along with both countries' former colonies through its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the . Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II. Canada has diplomatic and consular offices in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries. Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and formed the North American Aerospace Defense Command together with the United States in 1958. Canada has membership in the World Trade Organization, the Five Eyes, the G7 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The country joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990, and seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC). As of 2023, Canada is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements with 51 different countries.

History

Administration

In 1982, responsibility for trade was added with the creation of the Department of External Affairs and International Trade. In 1995, the name was changed to Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.

Canada has often carried out its foreign policy through coalitions and international organizations, and through the work of numerous federal institutions (e.g.: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police International Peace Operations Branch or deployments of personnel by the Correctional Service of Canada). Under the aegis of Canadian foreign policy, various departments and agencies conduct their own international relations and outreach activities. For example, the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence conduct defence diplomacy in support of national interests, including through the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g., the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.

There are two major elements of Canadian foreign relations, Canada-US relations and multilateralism.

Greg Donaghy, of Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs, argues:

:Since taking power in 2006, Prime Minister Harper's government has clearly abandoned the liberal internationalism that had so often characterized Ottawa's approach to world affairs, replacing it with a new emphasis on realist notions of national interest, enhanced capabilities, and Western democratic values.

Canada's international relations are the responsibility of the Department of Global Affairs, which is run by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Traditionally the Prime Minister has played a prominent role in foreign affairs decisions. Foreign aid, formerly delivered through the Canadian International Development Agency, has been administered by DFATD since March 2013.

Foreign aid

thumb|Former Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the Haiti Ministerial Preparatory Conference addressing earthquake relief in Montreal, 25 January 2010]] The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Millennium Development Goals, while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises. Canada promotes its domestically shared values such as health, education, food security, climate action, gender equality, economic stability, human rights, and democracy through multilateral organizations, including World Bank Group, World Food Programme, UNICEF, and the Global Fund, as well as Canadian organizations like Nutrition International, Grand Challenges Canada, and Save the Children.

In the 2023-2024 fiscal year, Canada spent $12 billion on foreign aid. Canada is the 6th-largest overall contributor of official development assistance and the fifteenth largest when measured as a proportion of its gross national income. Canada provides substantial development assistance, primarily through Official Development Assistance with the goals of reducing global poverty and sustainable development. In 2024, Canada's ODA reached approximately CAD$9.6 billion (US$7.4 billion), representing 0.34% of its GNI, making it a significant donor among OECD countries.

A 2024 survey by Abacus Data indicated that Canadians generally support Canada's global engagement, particularly in providing international assistance. A separate poll by CanWaCH found that 81% of Canadians support Canada providing Official Development Assistance funding.

Federalism and foreign relations

The provinces have a high level of freedom to operate internationally, dating to 1886 and Quebec's first representative to France, Hector Fabre. Alberta has had representatives abroad, starting with Alberta House in London (37 Hill Street), since 1948, and British Columbia around 25 years before that. By 1984, Quebec had offices in ten countries including eight in the United States and three in other Canadian provinces while Ontario had thirteen delegations in seven countries.

Arms Control

thumb|350px|right|Countries on the Canadian Automatic Firearms Country Control List

Canadian Government guidance for export controls on weapons systems is published by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Automatic Firearms Country Control List, comprises a list of approved export nations which include as of 2014; (Albania, Australia, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States).

Multilateralism

thumb|right|Lester B. Pearson quote on the [[Peacekeeping Monument]]

Canada is and has been a strong supporter of multilateralism. The country is one of the world's leading peacekeepers, sending soldiers under the U.N. authority around the world. Canadian former Minister of Foreign Affairs and subsequent Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, is credited for his contributions to modern international peacekeeping, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957. Canada is committed to disarmament, and is especially noted for its leadership in the 1997 Convention in Ottawa on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines.

In the last century Canada has made efforts to reach out to the rest of the world and promoting itself as a "middle power" able to work with large and small nations alike. This was demonstrated during the Suez Crisis when Lester B. Pearson mollified the tension by proposing peacekeeping efforts and the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force. In that spirit, Canada developed and has tried to maintain a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts.

Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations, such as the Vietnam War, the 2003 Iraq War and 2026 Iran war, but does join in sanctioned operations such as the first Gulf War, Afghanistan and Libya. It participated with its NATO and OAS allies in the Kosovo Conflict and in Haiti respectively.

Despite Canada's track record as a liberal democracy that has embraced the values of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Canada has not been involved in any major plan for Reform of the United Nations Security Council; although the Canadian government does support UN reform, in order to strengthen UN efficiency and effectiveness.

Canada’s relations within the Americas

Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and has been an active member, hosting the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000.

Canada–Caribbean relations

Many Caribbean Community countries turn to Canada as a valued partner. Canadians, particularly Canadian banks and utility companies play an important economic role in the development of former British West Indies colonies. Efforts to improve trade have included the idea of concluding a free trade agreement to replace the 1986 bilateral CARIBCAN agreement. At various times, several Caribbean countries have also considered joining Canadian Confederation as new provinces or territories, although no Caribbean nation has implemented such a proposal. Note that many Caribbean countries are also involved in the Commonwealth of Nations, below.

Canada–Commonwealth of Nations

Canada maintains close links to the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, with which Canada has strong historic ties and shares a monarch. It also remains a member of the Commonwealth.

Canada–Europe and Canada–European Union relations

Canada is an active participant in discussions stemming from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

Two overseas territories of EU members, Greenland (Denmark) and Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) lie adjacent to Canadian territorial waters.

International organizations

right|thumb|Former Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper at 2015 G7 summit with Shinzō Abe, Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, François Hollande, David Cameron, and Matteo Renzi in Bavaria, Germany]]

Canada is a member of the following organizations:

Asian Development Bank (ADB) (nonregional member)
African Development Bank (AfDB) (nonregional member)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Arctic Council
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
Association of Caribbean States (ACS) (observer and partner)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (dialogue partner)
Australia Group
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) (nonregional member)
Caribbean Postal Union (CPU)
Commonwealth of Nations
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
Group of Seven (G7) –
Group of Eight (G8)
Group of Ten (G-10)
Group of Twenty (G-20)
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (also known as the World Bank)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
International Criminal Court (ICCt)
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Energy Agency (IEA)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
Interpol (organization) (Interpol)
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
MINUSTAH (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti)
MONUSCO (United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, International Organisation of La Francophonie (OIF)
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Paris Club
ParlAmericas
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) (partner)
Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) (observer)
United Nations (UN)
United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
World Customs Organization (WCO)
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Zangger Committee

Relations with international groups

{| class="wikitable"

! Organization

! Main article

! Mission of Canada

! Heads of mission from Canada

| Canada–NATO relations

| Mission of Canada to the North Atlantic Council (Brussels)

| List of permanent representatives of Canada to NATO

| Canada–Latin America relations

| Mission of Canada to the Organization of American States (Washington, D.C.)

| List of permanent representatives and observers of Canada to the Organization of American States

| Canada and the United Nations

| Mission of Canada to: the UN in New York, the UN in Geneva, the UN in Nairobi, UNESCO in Paris, the FAO in Rome, the ICAO in Montreal

| List of ambassadors of Canada to the United Nations

Organizations with headquarters in Canada

International Air Transport Association
border|25px International Civil Aviation Organization
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization
North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission
United Nations Association in Canada

Major treaties signed in Canada

Ottawa Treaty or Mine Ban Treaty (1997)
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
Great Peace of Montreal (1701)

Territorial and boundary disputes

thumb|Secretary Kerry Chats With Arctic Council Chairman Leona Aglukkaq, Nunavut Territory Premier Peter Taptuna, and Northwest Territory Premier Robert McLeod in Iqaluit, Canada

Canada and the United States have negotiated the boundary between the countries over many years, with the last significant agreement having taken place in 1984 when the International Court of Justice ruled on the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine. Likewise, Canada and France had previously contested the maritime boundary surrounding the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, but accepted a 1992 International Court of Arbitration ruling.

Remaining disputes include managed maritime boundary disputes with the US (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Machias Seal Island).

Arctic disputes

thumb|320px|[[Northwest Passage routes]]

A long-simmering dispute between Canada and the U.S. involves the issue of Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Passage (the sea passages through the Arctic Archipelago). Canada's assertion that the Northwest Passage represents internal (territorial) waters has been challenged by other countries, especially the U.S., which argue that these waters constitute an international strait (international waters). Canadians were incensed when Americans drove the reinforced oil tanker Manhattan through the Northwest Passage in 1969, followed by the icebreaker Polar Sea in 1985, both without asking for Canadian permission. In 1970, the Canadian government enacted the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, which asserts Canadian regulatory control over pollution within a zone. In response, the Americans in 1970 stated, "We cannot accept the assertion of a Canadian claim that the Arctic waters are internal waters of Canada.... Such acceptance would jeopardize the freedom of navigation essential for United States naval activities worldwide." A compromise was reached in 1988, by an agreement on "Arctic Cooperation," which pledges that voyages of American icebreakers "will be undertaken with the consent of the Government of Canada." However the agreement did not alter either country's basic legal position. Essentially, the Americans agreed to ask for the consent of the Government of Canada without conceding that they were obliged to. In January 2006, David Wilkins, the American ambassador to Canada, said his government opposes Stephen Harper's proposed plan to deploy military icebreakers in the Arctic to detect interlopers and assert Canadian sovereignty over those waters.

Along with other nations in the Arctic Council, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Russia, the maritime boundaries in the far north will be decided after countries have completed their submissions, due in 2012. Russia has made an extensive claim based on the Russian position that everything that is an extension of the Lomonosov Ridge should be assigned to Russia. Their submission had been rejected when first submitted by the United Nations in 2001.

In June 2019, the U.S. State Department spokesperson Morgan Ortagus said the US "view Canada’s claim that the waters of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada as inconsistent with international law."

In December 2024, Canada outlined plans to address growing global interest in the Arctic, driven by climate change and geopolitical tensions, including Russia's actions in Ukraine. Recognizing climate change as the central threat, Canada committed to strengthening regional alliances, particularly with the U.S., while enhancing military defenses and asserting sovereignty over the Northwest Passage. It also aimed to resolve territorial disputes with the U.S. and Denmark, revive the Arctic ambassador role, and expand diplomatic ties in Alaska and Greenland. Indigenous leaders, though supportive, stressed the urgent need for better infrastructure in Arctic communities to bolster sovereignty and resilience.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Canada maintains diplomatic relations with:

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Bilateral relations

Africa

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Algeria is Canada's top trading partner in Africa.

Algeria has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
Canada has an embassy in Algiers.
See also Embassy of Algeria in Ottawa, List of ambassadors of Canada to Algeria

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Angola had an embassy in Ottawa, which closed in 2018.
Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
See also List of ambassadors of Canada to Angola

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Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1969.
Both countries are full members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.

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Cameroon and Canada have established diplomatic ties on 7 December 1961 with three agreements and four protocoles signed in 1965. Both countries share the use of English and French as the two official languages as well as memberships in the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and The Commonwealth.

Cameroon has a high commission in Ottawa.
Canada has a high commission in Yaoundé.

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Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1976.

Canada is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal.
Cape Verde is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

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Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1977.
Canada is accredited to the Comoros from its high commission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Comoros is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Both countries are full members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.

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Canada has an embassy in Abidjan.
Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Ottawa.

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Canada has an embassy in Kinshasa.
DR Congo has an embassy in Ottawa.

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Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954.

Canada has had an embassy in Cairo.
Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.

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Canada is accredited to Equatorial Guinea from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
Equatorial Guinea is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.

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Canada is accredited to Eswatini from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.
Eswatini is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Canada accredited to Lesotho from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.

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Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1973.
Canada is accredited to Malawi from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.
Malawi is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

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Canada has an embassy in Bamako.
Mali has an embassy in Ottawa.
Canada has donated one billion dollars (US$, 2007) in bilateral development aid to Mali between 1962 and 2007, ranking it Mali's fifth-largest bilateral donor. Canada's development work in Mali has been chiefly in the railways, telecommunications and hydroelectricity sectors, in the management of government decentralization, in education and health.
Canada has contributed 9% towards the cost of the regional peace-keeping school, École de maintien de la paix Alioune Blondin Beye de Bamako, and has provided Canadian trainers to the school.
Two industrial, open-pit gold mines in Mali, Sadiola and Yatela, are partly owned by Canadian mining company IAMGOLD Corporation, and financed in part by Canada's public pension funds. Together, they contributed to one-half of Mali's industrial gold production during 1996–2007.
In 2005, there were 73 Canadian-owned mining properties in Mali. At least thirteen junior Canadian mining companies held exploration licences in Mali in 2009.
Over the period 2001–2005, Canadian mining assets in Mali represented 31% of Mali's total stock of foreign direct investment.
Malian-Canadian immigrants made up 0.0027% of the Canadian population in 2006.

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Canada has an embassy in Rabat.
Morocco has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
Both countries are full members of the Francophonie.
There are 100,000 people of Moroccan descent living in Canada.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Morocco

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Canada has a high commission in Maputo.
Mozambique is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

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Canada is accredited to Namibia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
Namibia is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

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Canada has a high commission in Abuja and a deputy high commission on Lagos.
Nigeria has a high commission in Ottawa.
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Nigeria

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Canada has an embassy in Dakar.
Senegal has an embassy in Ottawa.

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Canada established diplomatic relations with numerous countries, including South Africa, as World War II broke out.

Canada has a high commission in Pretoria.
South Africa has a high commission in Ottawa.

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Since May 1966, Canada has an embassy in Tunis.
Since September 1969, Tunisia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Montreal.
Both countries are full members of the Francophonie.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Tunisia
Tunisian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada (in French only)

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Canada has an office of the high commission in Lusaka.
Zambia has a high commission in Ottawa.

Canada currently has a development assistance program in Zambia, which is focused on the health sector to provide Zambians with equal access to quality health care. Canada and Zambia are currently in the process of negotiating a Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement.

Americas

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"

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|See Argentina–Canada relations

Canada's first ambassador to Buenos Aires, began his assignment in 1945. In 2011 Canada's largest imports were decorative items gold, wines and Iron and steel pipes. Canada's largest exports to Argentina were Energy-related products; telephones sets, and fertilizers. Both countries are members of the Organization of American States and the Cairns Group.

Argentina has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Canada has an embassy in Buenos Aires.

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Antigua & Barbuda and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1967.

Antigua and Barbuda is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and has a consulate-general in Toronto.
The Canadian High Commission in Bridgetown, Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda.

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|The Commonwealth of The Bahamas and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

The Canadian High Commission in Kingston, Jamaica is accredited to The Bahamas. Canada has an honorary consul in Nassau.
The Bahamas is represented by their High Commission in Ottawa.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with The Bahamas

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Barbados and Canada are both members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

In 1907, the Government of Canada opened a Trade Commissioner Service to the Caribbean region located in Bridgetown, Barbados. Following Barbadian independence from the United Kingdom in November 1966, the Canadian High Commission was established in Bridgetown, Barbados in September 1973. There is a Barbadian High Commission in Ottawa and a Barbadian Consulate in Toronto. The relationship between both nations today partly falls within the larger context of Canada–Caribbean relations.

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The nations of Belize and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Belize is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Canada is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala, City, Guatemala.

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Brazil has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Canada has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
See also Embassy of Brazil in Ottawa, List of Brazilian ambassadors to Canada

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Canada and Chile are both members of: the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Since 1997 Canada and Chile's trade relations have been governed by the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, Chile's first full free trade agreement and Canada's first with a Latin American nation.

Canada has an embassy in Santiago.
Chile has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

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Canada has an embassy in Bogotá.
Colombia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto.
Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.

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Canada has maintained consistently cordial relations with Cuba, in spite of considerable pressure from the United States, and the island is also one of the most popular travel destinations for Canadian citizens. Canada-Cuba relations can be traced back to the 18th century, when vessels from the Atlantic provinces of Canada traded codfish and beer for rum and sugar. Cuba was the first country in the Caribbean selected by Canada for a diplomatic mission. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1945, when Emile Vaillancourt, a noted writer and historian, was designated Canada's representative in Cuba. Canada and Mexico were the only two countries in the hemisphere to maintain uninterrupted diplomatic relations with Cuba following the Cuban Revolution in 1959.

Canada has an embassy in Havana and honorary consuls in Varadero and Guardalavaca.
Cuba has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates in Montreal and Toronto.

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Canada and the Commonwealth of Dominica are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the United Nations.

Canada is accredited to Dominica from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
Dominica is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

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Canada has an embassy in San Salvador.
El Salvador has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.

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Greenland (within the Kingdom of Denmark), and Canada are connected through indigenous culture and language, which is shared by the Inuit across Arctic Canada and also Alaska.

Both nations maintain cooperation and good relations through the Arctic Council and under the auspices of the Arctic Coastal States. In addition, both act as close partners at: Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC), Nordic Council, Nordic Atlantic Cooperation, and the West Nordic Foundation.

Through the expansion of self-government in Greenland since 1979 both nations, but especially the administration at Nuuk have attached strategic importance to their bilateral relations with Canada in the areas of the politics, economic and trade relations and in the fields of education, science and culture.

Canada maintains an embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark, and a consulate in capital city Nuuk.
Greenland maintains a non-resident office in Washington, D.C., with a Head of Representation.

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Canada and Grenada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Canada is accredited to Grenada from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
Grenada is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

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Canada has an embassy in Guatemala City.
Guatemala has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

|- valign="top"

|||||

Canada and the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

In 1964 Canada opened the Commission of Canada in Georgetown, Guyana. In 1966 it became a Canadian High Commission.
There is a Guyanese High Commission in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto.
Canada and Guyana have strong ties through the Commonwealth of Nations.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Guyanese police work closely to help with drug, and human smuggling.

|- valign="top"

|||||

Canada and Haiti are both members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Canada has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
Haiti has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.

|- valign="top"

|||||

Canada has an embassy in Tegucigalpa.
Honduras has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.

|- valign="top"

|||||

Canada and Jamaica are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Since 4 March 1963, Canada has a high commission in Kingston.
Jamaica has a high commission in Ottawa.

|- valign="top"

|||||

Despite the fact that historic ties between the two nations have been coldly dormant, relations between Canada and Mexico have positively changed in recent years; seeing as both countries brokered the North American Free Trade Agreement. Although on different sides of the Cold War spectrum (Canada was a member of NATO while Mexico was in the Non-Aligned Movement, the two countries were still allies in World War II.)

Canada has an embassy in Mexico City, a consulate-general in Monterrey and a consulate in Guadalajara, plus consular agency offices in seven resort communities.
Mexico has an embassy in Ottawa, with consulates general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, and consulates in Calgary and Leamington.
Both countries are members of USMCA, APEC, OECD and the G20.
See also Embassy of Mexico, Ottawa, List of ambassadors of Canada to Mexico

|- valign="top"

|||||

Canada has an embassy in Panama City.
Panama has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general in Montreal and Toronto.
Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Panama

|- valign="top"

|||

Canada is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and maintains an honorary consul in Asunción.
Paraguay has an embassy in Ottawa.
Both countries are full members of the Cairns Group and the Organization of American States.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Paraguay
Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Canada

|- valign="top"

|||

Canada has an embassy in Lima.
Peru has an embassy in Ottawa and three consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, of the Cairns Group and of the Organization of American States.
The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Peru to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid. This list includes 18 countries and the West Bank and Caribbean.

Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners, share the world's longest shared border, and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere.

See also Embassy of the United States in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Washington, United States Ambassador to Canada, List of ambassadors of Canada to the United States

|-valign="top"

|||||

Canada has an embassy in Montevideo.
Uruguay has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Montreal and Toronto, and an honorary consul in Vancouver.

|- valign="top"

|||||

In February 1948 there was a Canadian consulate-general in Caracas and a Venezuelan consulate-general in Montreal. In that year the Venezuelan Consul General, on behalf of the government of Venezuela, made a rapprochement with Canada in order to open direct diplomatic representations between the two countries; but the Canadian government delayed the opening of a diplomatic mission in Venezuela because of the lack of enough suitable personnel to staff a Canadian mission in Venezuela and the impossibility of Canada beginning a representation in Venezuela in that year without considering a policy of expansion of Canadian representation abroad.

In the interest of protecting Canadian trade with Venezuela and considering the difficulties for business in being without a Canadian representation in Caracas, Canada was pushed to accept the Venezuelan offer of exchanging diplomatic missions. Finally Canada elevated the former office of the Canadian Consulate General in Caracas to the category of embassy in 1953.

Venezuela established an embassy in Canada in 1952. Since then there have been good commercial relations between the two countries, especially in technology, oil and gas industry, telecommunications and others. In June 2019, Canada closed its embassy in Caracas due to diplomatic visas unable to be renewed under President Maduro's government.

Venezuela has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

Asia

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began

! style="width:74%;"| Notes

|- valign="top"

|||1960s 1968 (officially)||See Afghanistan–Canada relations

The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Afghanistan to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid.

Afghanistan has an embassy in Ottawa.
Canada had an embassy in Kabul.

See also: War in Afghanistan, Embassy of Canada in Kabul, List of ambassadors of Canada to Afghanistan

|- valign="top"

|||1992

|See Armenia–Canada relations

Armenia has an embassy in Ottawa.
Canada has an embassy in Yerevan.

|- valign="top"

|||1992

|See Azerbaijan–Canada relations

Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ottawa.
Canada is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.

|- valign="top"

|||1972

|See Bangladesh–Canada relations

Bangladesh has a high commission in Ottawa.
Canada has a high commission in Dhaka.

|- valign="top"

|||1984-05-07||See Brunei–Canada relations

Brunei has its high commission in Ottawa.
Canada has its high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations

|- valign="top"

|||1970-10-13||See Canada–China relations

Since 2003, China has emerged as Canada's second largest trading partner, passing Britain and Japan. China now accounts for approximately six percent of Canada's total world trade. According to a recent study by the Fraser Institute, China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with CA$9.3 billion flowing into China in 2007. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 per cent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totalled C$38.3 billion. Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400 percent. Leading commodities in the trade between Canada and China include chemicals, metals, industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, wood products, and fish products.

Trade tariffs and other incidents in 2019, including the arrest of top Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou have frozen relations between the two countries.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Canada, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.

Canada has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chongqing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.
China has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
See also Embassy of China in Ottawa, List of ambassadors of Canada to China

|- valign="top"

|||1992-07-23

|See Canada–Georgia relations

Canada is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey and maintains an honorary consul in Tbilisi.
Georgia has an embassy in Ottawa.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Georgia
Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relations with Canada

|- valign="top"

|||1947-08-15||See Canada–India relations

In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion. However, India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the Colombo Plan. Although Jean Chrétien and Roméo LeBlanc both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the Pokhran-II tests.

Canada has a high commission in New Delhi and has a consulate-general in Mumbai.
India has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.

|- valign="top"

|||1952||See Canada–Indonesia relations

Canada has an embassy in Jakarta.
Indonesia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.
Both countries are full members of the G-20 major economies, of the Cairns Group and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Indonesia

|- valign="top"

|||1955 ended 2012||See Canada–Iran relations

Canadian-Iranian relations date back to 1955, up to which point the Canadian Consular and Commercial Affairs in Iran was handled by the British Embassy. A Canadian diplomatic mission was constructed in Tehran in 1959 and raised to embassy status in 1961. Due to rocky relations after the Iranian Revolution, Iran did not establish an embassy in Canada until 1991 when its staff, which had been living in a building on Roosevelt Avenue in Ottawa's west end, moved into 245 Metcalfe Street in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa which was upgraded to embassy status, however in 2012, Canada severed all diplomatic ties with Iran in regard to Iran's treatment of human rights and belligerent foreign policy. The CRGI is designated a terrorist organization in 2024.

Canada has an interest section in Tehran.
Iran has an interest section in Ottawa.

|- valign="top"

|||1961-02 to 1991–12 2005–06

|See Canada–Iraq relations, Canada and the Iraq War

Canada has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Erbil.
Iraq has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Mississauga.

|- valign="top"

|||1950||See Canada–Israel relations

At the United Nations in 1947, Canada was one of the thirty-three countries that voted in favour of the creation of a Jewish homeland. Canada delayed granting de facto recognition to Israel until December 1948, and finally gave full de jure recognition to the new nation on 11 May 1949, only after it was admitted into the United Nations (UN). A week later, Avraham Harman became Israel's first consul general in Canada. In September 1953, the Canadian Embassy opened in Tel Aviv and Israeli Ambassador to Canada, Michael Comay, was appointed, although a non-resident Canadian Ambassador to Israel was not appointed until 1958.

Canada has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
Israel has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto.
See also: Embassy of Israel in Ottawa, List of ambassadors of Canada to Israel

|- valign="top"

|||1928-12||See Canada–Japan relations

The two countries enjoy an amicable companionship in many areas; diplomatic relations between both countries officially began in 1950 with the opening of the Japanese consulate in Ottawa. In 1929, Canada opened its Tokyo legation, the first in Asia; and in that same year, Japan its Ottawa consulate to legation form.

Canada has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate-general in Nagoya.
Japan has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
See also: Embassy of Japan in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Tokyo, List of ambassadors of Canada to Japan

|- valign="top"

|||1992||See Canada–Kazakhstan relations

Canada has an embassy in Astana and a consulate in Almaty.
Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto.
Canada has designated Kazakhstan as a priority emerging market for bilateral trade.

|- valign="top"

|||1992||

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.

Canada is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

|- valign="top"

|||1954||See Canada–Lebanon relations

Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first ambassador. The embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Ottawa in 1946. A consulate-general replaced the consulate in 1949, and it was upgraded to full embassy status in 1958.

Canada has an embassy in Beirut.
Lebanon has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.

|- valign="top"

|||1957-08-31||See Canada–Malaysia relations

Canada has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia has a High Commission in Ottawa.
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Canada's trade relationship with Malaysia includes commerce across several sectors.

|- valign="top"

|||1973-11-30||See Canada–Mongolia relations

Canada is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Ulaanbaatar.
Mongolia has an embassy in Ottawa.

Though Canada and Mongolia established diplomatic ties in 1973, ad hoc linkages and minor activities occurred between the two countries mainly through the Canada-Mongolia Society, which disbanded in 1980. When Mongolia formed a democratic government in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Canada began to support Mongolia with donor activities through the International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency and several non-governmental organizations.

|- valign="top"

|||2001-02-06 to 2010-03-26||See Canada–North Korea relations

Canada and North Korea share very little trade due to the destabilizing element North Korea has caused in the Asia Pacific region. Canada is represented by the Canadian Ambassador resident in Seoul, and North Korea is represented through its office at the UN in New York City.

|- valign="top"

|||1947-08-15||See Canada–Pakistan relations

Canada has a high commission in Islamabad and consulate in Karachi.
Pakistan has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million in 2007.
There are an estimated 300,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.

See also Pakistani Canadian, High Commission of Pakistan in Ottawa

|- valign="top"

|||1949||See Canada–Philippines relations

Canada has an embassy in Manila and an honorary consul in Cebu City.
Philippines has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates general in Toronto and Vancouver, and honorary consuls (from west to east) in Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Charlottetown, Halifax and St. John's.
Both countries are full members of the Cairns Group and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
There are 411,000 people of Filipino descent living in Canada.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Philippines

|- valign="top"

|||||See Canada–Qatar relations

Canada has an embassy in Doha.
Qatar has an embassy in Ottawa.

|- valign="top"

|||1973-05||See Canada–Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia is Canada's second largest trade partner among the seven countries of the Arabian Peninsula, totalling more than $2 billion in trade in 2005, nearly double its value in 2002, trade totalled $3.8 in 2014. Canada chiefly imports petroleum, and oil from Saudi Arabia, while The largest exporting good are such as cereals, railway/tramway equipment; machinery equipment and paper in 2010.

Canada has an embassy in Riyadh.
Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ottawa.
See also Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa

|- valign="top"

|||1965-12-15

|See Canada–Singapore relations

Canada has a high commission in Singapore.
Singapore is represented in Canada through its embassy to the United Nations in New York City and through a consulate-general in Vancouver.
Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Singapore

|- valign="top"

|||1963-01-14||See Canada–South Korea relations

Canadian soldiers participated in the defence of South Korea during the Korean War.
Canada has an embassy in Seoul.
South Korea has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Both countries are full members of the APEC, the OECD and the G20.

|- valign="top"

|||1949–1970 official 1991-quasi-official

See Canada–Taiwan relations
The Government of Canada has a representative office in Taipei dealing with quasi-official affairs.
Taiwan has an Economic and Cultural Office in Canada in Ottawa, consulate offices in Toronto and Vancouver. Taiwan External Trade Development Council also has offices in Toronto and Vancouver.
Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

|- valign="top"

|||1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.

Canada is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
Tajikistan is accredited to Canada from it embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

|- valign="top"

|||1947

|See Canada-Thailand relations

Canada has an embassy in Bangkok and a consulate in Chiang Mai.
Thailand has an embassy in Ottawa, consulates general in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Montreal, and Thai Trade Centre Offices in Vancouver and Toronto.
Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Canada is a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum.
Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Thailand

|- valign="top"

|||1943||See Canada–Turkey relations

Canada has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
Turkey has an embassy in Ottawa and Consulate Generals in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO.
There are direct flights from Istanbul to Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (starting in December 2020).
Vietnam has an embassy in Ottawa.
Both countries are full members of the Francophonie and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
There are 152,000 people of people of Vietnamese descent living in Canada.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Vietnam
Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

|- valign="top"

|||1975-12 (North Yemen) 1976-05 (South Yemen) 1989-09 (united Yemen)

Canada is represented in Yemen by its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Yemen has an embassy in Ottawa.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Yemen

Europe

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began

! style="width:74%;"| Notes

|- valign="top"

|||1987-09-10

|See Albania–Canada relations

The Canadian embassy in Rome is accredited to Albania. Canada has an honorary consul in Tirana.
Albania is represented by their embassy in Ottawa.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Albania

|- valign="top"

|||15 April 1992||

Belarus had an embassy in Ottawa but was closed as of 1 September 2021, as a result of Canada's condemnation of the forced grounding of Ryanair Flight 4978
Canada is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.

|- valign="top"

|||1939-01||See Belgium–Canada relations

Belgium has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates (in Montreal and Toronto), and four honorary consuls (in Edmonton, Halifax, Vancouver and Winnipeg) located in Canada. Belgium's three regions (Wallonia, Flanders and Brussels) each have their own offices in the Montreal consulate. Wallonia also has a second office in the Toronto consulate, which also represents Flanders and Brussels.
Canada has an embassy in Brussels. Canada also has an honorary consulate in Antwerp, and Quebec maintains its own separate delegation in Brussels. The Canadian delegations to the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are located in Belgium, as Belgium houses the headquarters of each. Luxembourg is often dealt with in tandem to Belgium.
Belgium and Canada are member states of a variety of international organizations. They include: the United Nations, NATO, La Francophonie, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

|- valign="top"

|||||See Bulgaria–Canada relations

Bulgaria has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
Canada has an honorary consul in Sofia, and is represented through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania) for diplomatic matters. Both countries are members of NATO.
Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about the relations with Bulgaria

|- valign="top"

|||1993-04-14

|See Canada–Croatia relations

Canada has an embassy in Zagreb.
Croatia has an embassy in Ottawa, a consulate general (in Mississauga, Ontario) and an honorary consul (in Montreal).
In September 1993 Canadian peacekeepers in the Balkans encountered Croatian forces engaged in campaign against Serbs in Croatia called Operation Medak Pocket, and claim to have engaged them in a firefight. This version of events is disputed by Croatian media outlets.
See also Embassy of Croatia in Ottawa, Canadians of Croatian ancestry
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Croatia
Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Canada

|- valign="top"

|||1960-08-16||See Canada–Cyprus relations

Canadian bilateral political relations with Cyprus stemmed initially from Cypriot Commonwealth membership at independence in 1960 (that had followed a guerrilla struggle with Britain). These relations quickly expanded in 1964 when Canada became a major troop contributor to UNFICYP. The participation lasted for the next 29 years, during which 50,000 Canadian soldiers served and 28 were killed. In large measure Canadian relations with Cyprus continue to revolve around support for the ongoing efforts of the UN, G8 and others to resolve the island's divided status.

Canada has an honorary consul in Nicosia.
Cyprus has a high commission in Ottawa.

|- valign="top"

|||1993||See Canada–Czech Republic relations

Canada has an embassy in Prague.
Czech Republic has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Vancouver and Winnipeg).

|- valign="top"

|||1949-10-14||See Canada–Denmark relations

Canada has an embassy in Copenhagen.
Denmark has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto.
Both countries are full members of NATO and of the Arctic Council.
There are more than 200,000 Canadians with Danish ancestry.
Recent issues between Canada and Denmark involve the claim of Hans Island.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Denmark

|- valign="top"

|||1922||See Canada–Estonia relations

thumb|Office of the Embassy of Canada to Estonia in Riga

Canada recognised Estonia in 1922 and re-recognised Estonia on 26 August 1991.
Canada is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Riga (Latvia) and an honorary consul in Tallinn.
Estonia has an embassy in Ottawa and four honorary consuls (in Montreal, Vancouver, and two in Toronto).
There are around 22,000 Canadians of Estonian descent.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Estonia
Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

|- valign="top"

|||1947-11-21||See Canada–Finland relations

thumbnail|Office of the Embassy of Canada to Finland in Helsinki

Canada has an embassy in Helsinki.
Finland has an embassy in Ottawa and 13 honorary consuls (from west to east) in Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Winnipeg, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Timmins, Sudbury, Toronto, Montreal, Quebec City and Halifax.
With their 13 consulates across Canada, Finland is the most represented foreign country in Canada.
Both countries are full members of NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Arctic Council.
Canada fully supported Finland's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 4 April 2023.
There are around 143,645 Finnish Canadians.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Finland
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with Canada

|- valign="top"

|||1882||See Canada–France relations

Canada and the Republic of France are members of: the Canada-France Inter-Parliamentary Association, the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the G8, the G20, NATO, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the United Nations.

In the 2007 and 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement. In October 2008, Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec. In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada. He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.

Canada has an embassy in Athens and an honorary consul in Thessaloniki.
See also: Embassy of Greece in Ottawa
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece
Greek Ministry of Foreign Affaires about relations with Canada

|- valign="top"

|||1969||See Canada–Holy See relations

Although the Roman Catholic Church has been territoriality established in Canada since the founding of New France in the early 17th century, Holy See–Canada relations were only officially established under the papacy of Paul VI in the 1960s.

Canada has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Ottawa.

|- valign="top"

|||1964

|See Canada–Hungary relations

Canada has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in Ottawa, a consulate general in Toronto and six honorary consuls (from west to east) in Vancouver (two), Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg and Montreal.
Both countries are full members of NATO.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Hungary

|- valign="top"

|||1942

|See Canada–Iceland relations

Iceland's first honorary consulate was established in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1942. In May 2001, Iceland opened an embassy in Ottawa and upgrade its Winnipeg mission to an official consulate.
In November 2001, Canada opened an embassy in Reykjavík, before then it was represented by their embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consul in Reykjavík.
Both countries are full members of NATO and of the Arctic Council.
Canada Foreign Affairs and International Trade Ministry about relations with Iceland

|- valign="top"

|||1929-12-28||See Canada–Ireland relations

Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Roughly 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.

Canada has an embassy in Dublin.
Ireland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.
See also: Embassy of Ireland in Ottawa, List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Canada to Ireland

|- valign="top"

|||1947

|See Canada–Italy relations

Canada has an embassy in Rome, and honorary consuls (in Milan and Udine).
Italy has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).
Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the G8, and NATO. There are around 1,500,000 people of Italian descent living in Canada.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relation with Italy

|- valign="top"

|||2009-04-07

|See also Canada–Kosovo relations

Canada recognized Kosovo on 18 March 2008.

Canada is accredited to Kosovo from its embassy in Zagreb, Croatia.
Kosovo has an embassy in Ottawa.

|- valign="top"

|||1921||See Canada–Latvia relations

Canada re-recognized Latvia's independence on 26 August 1991. Restored relations on 3 September 1991.
Canada has an embassy in Riga.
Latvia has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Quebec City and Toronto.

|- valign="top"

|||1921||See Canada–Lithuania relations

Canada has an embassy office in Vilnius, but that reports to the embassy in Riga (Latvia).
Lithuania has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Montreal and Vancouver.
Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of NATO.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Lithuania
Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list bilateral treaties with Canada in Lithuanian only

|- valign="top"

|||||See Canada–Luxembourg relations

Canada is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium)and an honorary consul in Luxembourg City.
Luxembourg is represented in Canada through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (US), and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver).
Canada's Luxembourg relations are conducted through Canada's embassy in Belgium.
Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of NATO.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Luxembourg

|- valign="top"

|||1964||See Canada–Malta relations

Canada is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consul in Valletta.
Malta is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. The Ambassador of Malta to the United States also serves as High Commissioner of Malta to Canada.
Malta has a consulate general in Toronto and four honorary consuls in (from west to east) Vancouver, Edmonton, Laval and St. John's.
Canada hosts a large Maltese immigrant community.
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Malta

|- valign="top"

|||1939-01||See Canada–Netherlands relations

Canada has an embassy in The Hague.
The Netherlands has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.

|- valign="top"

|||1995||See Canada–North Macedonia relations

North Macedonia and Canada established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1996.
Canada is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
North Macedonia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.

|- valign="top"

|||1942||See Canada–Norway relations

Canada has an embassy in Oslo.
Norway has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Both countries are full members of the Arctic Council, of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, of NATO and of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

|- valign="top"

|||1935||See Canada–Poland relations

The Canada-Poland diplomatic relationship goes back from the first bilateral agreement, a Convention on Merchant Shipping, which was signed in 1935.
Canada has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).
There are over 800,000 Polish-Canadians living in Canada.
Both countries are full members of NATO and OECD.

|- valign="top"

|||January 1952||See Canada–Portugal relations

Canada has an embassy in Lisbon.
Portugal has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

|- valign="top"

|||1967-04-03

|See Canada–Romania relations

Canada sent its first resident ambassador in December 1976, and has an embassy in Bucharest.
Romania has an embassy in Ottawa, opened in 1967, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver).
Both countries are members of NATO.
See also: Canadians of Romanian descent, Embassy of Canada in Bucharest, Embassy of Romania in Ottawa
Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about relations with Romania
Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

|- valign="top"

|||1942-06-12||See Canada–Russia relations

Canada and Russia benefit from extensive cooperation on trade and investment, energy, democratic development and governance, security and counter-terrorism, northern issues, and cultural and academic exchanges.

Canada has an embassy in Moscow.
Russia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto

|- valign="top"

|||

|See Canada–Serbia relations

Canada has an embassy in Belgrade.
Serbia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto and honorary consuls (in Montreal and Vancouver).
There are around 150,000 people of Serbian descent living in Canada.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Serbia
Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

|- valign="top"

|||1993-01-01

Canada is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
Slovakia has an embassy in Ottawa.
Both countries are full members of NATO.
There are around 100,000 people of Slovak descent living in Canada.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign affairs and Trade about the relation with Slovakia

|- valign="top"

|||1992||See Canada–Slovenia relations

Canada recognized Slovenian independence in January 1992, and established diplomatic relations a year later.
Canada is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary, and through an honorary consul in Ljubljana.
Slovenia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
Both countries are full members of NATO.
There are more than 35,000 Slovenes who live in Canada.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Slovenia

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|||1935||See Canada–Spain relations

Canada has an embassy in Madrid and consulates in Barcelona and Málaga.
Spain has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto.
Both countries are full members of NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
There are 213,000 people of Spanish descent living in Canada.
In 1995, a fishing dispute between the two countries broke out after Canadian Officials boarded a Spanish vessel in international waters.
Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Spain
Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation about relations with Canada (in Spanish only)

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|||||See Canada–Sweden relations

Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights. In additional, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.

Canada has an embassy in Stockholm and honorary consulates in Gothenburg and Malmö.
Sweden has an embassy in Ottawa and ten honorary consulates in Calgary, Edmonton, Fredericton, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Regina, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.
Both countries are full members of NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of the Arctic Council.
Canada fully supported Sweden's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 7 March 2024.

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|||1945

|See Canada–Switzerland relations

The first Swiss consulate opened in Montreal in 1875.
Canada has an embassy in Bern and a United Nations mission in Geneva.
Switzerland has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver) and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Halifax, Quebec City and Winnipeg).
Both countries are full members of the Francophonie.
Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Department about relations with Switzerland
Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

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|||1992||See Canada–Ukraine relations, Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa

Diplomatic relations were established between Canada and Ukraine on 27 January 1992. Canada opened its embassy in Kyiv In April 1992, and the Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa opened in October of that same year, paid for mostly by donations from the Ukrainian-Canadian community. Ukraine opened a consulate general in Toronto in 1993 and announced plans to open another in Edmonton in 2008.

The main bilateral agreement signed between the two governments is the joint declaration of the "Special Partnership" between the two countries signed in 1994 and renewed in 2001.

The United Kingdom is accredited to Canada through its high commission in Ottawa, and consulate generals in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.

The UK governed Canada from 1783 to 1931, when Canada achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact, Commonwealth, CPTPP, Five Eyes, the G7, the G20, the International Criminal Court, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, UKUSA Agreement, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention, and a Trade Continuity Agreement.

Oceania

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"

! style="width:15%;"| Country

! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began

! style="width:74%;"| Notes

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|||1939-09-12||See Australia–Canada relations

The Commonwealth of Australia and Canada are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the G20, and the United Nations.

Australia has a high commission in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto and a consulate in Vancouver
Canada has a high commission in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
See also High Commission of Australia in Ottawa, High Commission of Canada in Australia, List of high commissioners of Australia to Canada, List of high commissioners of Canada to Australia

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|||1942||See Canada–New Zealand relations

Canada and New Zealand are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the G20, and the United Nations.

New Zealand and Canada have a longstanding relationship that has been fostered by both countries' shared history and culture, by their membership the Commonwealth of Nations and links between residents of both countries. The two countries have a common Head of State, currently . New Zealand and Canada also have links through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth and mutual treaty agreements. New Zealand-Canada relations are important to both countries.

Canada has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate in Auckland.
New Zealand has a high commission in Ottawa and a trade office in Vancouver.
See also List of high commissioners of New Zealand to Canada, List of high commissioners of Canada to New Zealand

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|||9 August 1976||

Canada is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its High Commission in Canberra, Australia.
Papua New Guinea is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

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|||7 July 1978||

Canada and the Solomon Islands are two of fifteen commonwealth realms, members of: the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1978.
Canada is accredited to the Solomon Islands from its high commission in Wellington, New Zealand.
Solomon Islands is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, New York.
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Other bilateral and plurilateral relations

One important difference between Canadian and American foreign policy has been in relations with communist governments. Canada established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (13 October 1970) long before the Americans did (1 January 1979). It also has maintained trade and diplomatic relations with communist Cuba, despite pressures from the United States.

References

External links

Embassy: Canada's Foreign Policy Newsweekly
Canada's place in world affairs

Foreign relations of Canada

History

Administration

Foreign aid

Federalism and foreign relations

Arms Control

Multilateralism

Canada’s relations within the Americas

Canada–Caribbean relations

Canada–Commonwealth of Nations

Canada–Europe and Canada–European Union relations

International organizations

Relations with international groups

Organizations with headquarters in Canada

Major treaties signed in Canada

Territorial and boundary disputes

Arctic disputes

Diplomatic relations

Bilateral relations

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

Other bilateral and plurilateral relations

See also

References

Further reading

Primary Sources

External links