Foreign relations of Albania

The foreign relations of Albania are its relations with other governments and peoples. Foreign relations are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tirana. The current minister is Elisa Spiropali. The current ambassador to the United Nations is Suela Janina.

Albania is a sovereign country in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean that declared its independence on 28 November 1912. Its foreign policy has maintained a policy of complementarianism by trying to have friendly relations with all countries. Since the collapse of Communism in 1990, Albania has extended its responsibilities and position in European and international affairs, supporting and establishing friendly relations with other nations around the world.

The main factors defining Albanian foreign policy consist of geopolitical location, population, economic crisis, and ties with Albanian diaspora throughout the world. It also maintains strong diplomatic relations with the EU (primarily Greece, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy) Balkan countries (primarily Kosovo, Turkey, and North Macedonia), Arab world, Canada, China, Israel, India, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, UK and the United States.

The main objectives of the Albanian foreign policy are the accession of Albania to the European Union, the international recognition of Kosovo, the recognition of expulsion of Cham Albanians, helping and protecting the rights of Albanians in Montenegro, North Macedonia, Greece, Serbia, Italy, and the Albanian diaspora.

Albania was voted to become a member of the 15-country United Nations Security Council for a two-year term, 2022–23.

Overview

The government of Albania was concerned with the developments in neighboring Kosovo, particularly in the post-Dayton agreement period. During the Kosovo War in 1999 as well as the ethnic cleansing of Kosovo Albanians by Serbs alongside the subsequent refugee influx into the country, Albania's status as an ally of the United States was confirmed.

Balkans/Albania

Turkey

During the post-cold war, geo-political complexities and conflicts in the Balkans, made Albania seek a protector power with Turkey, which is a NATO member. During civil war in 1997, Turkey alongside other countries, participated in Operation Alba by providing a brigade of 800 Turkish troops to restore order and its involvement served mainly as a stabilising force.

Turkey considers its friendship with Albania as important due to the context of state relations with Greece and through policy have exploited difficulties arising in Albanian-Greek relations. Having a powerful ally in Turkey has suited Albania at times regarding difficult interstate relations with Greece. Albania's emergence in the Balkans as a key NATO partner contributed to good and stronger Albanian-Turkish relations, in particular relating to military matters. The military alliance during the 1990s between Turkey and Albania was also aimed against Serbia in case a war over Kosovo had a wider regional spread. Greece has expressed concerns regarding Turkish relations with Albania and interpreted them as an anti-Greek measure to isolate Greece within the wider context of Albania being a potential outlet for expanding Muslim influence and Turkey allying with Muslim populations in the Balkans. Turkey on the other hand claimed Greece increased tensions within the region and conveyed concerns relating to Albanian and Greek polemics with Ankara expressing a partial bias on Albania's side angering the Greeks. Though not officially considered in Turkey as a rival within Albania, during the unrest of 1997 Greece was able to become an influential actor in Albania and the early period of the Kosovo crisis (1998-1999) when Albanian officials looked to Greece for assistance. The resumption of closer Albanian-Turkish relations ensured during the Kosovo crisis that made both countries act along the same policy lines toward Slobodan Milošević and the issue of Greater Serbia.

Turkey supported Albania's membership to become part of NATO. Albania has come to depend heavily on Turkish assistance and a high amount of military security. Radar systems for the surveillance of Albanian airspace in addition to telecommunication equipment have been supplied by Turkey to Albania. Albania receives Turkish assistance for police training. State relations of Albania with Turkey are friendly and close, due to maintenance of close links with the Albanian diaspora in Turkey and strong Turkish sociopolitical, cultural, economic and military ties with Albania. In Gallup polls conducted in recent times Turkey is viewed as a friendly country by 73% of people in Albania. Albania has established political and economic ties with Arab countries, in particular with Arab Persian Gulf states who have heavily invested in religious, transport and other infrastructure alongside other facets of the economy in addition to the somewhat limited societal links they share. Albania is also working to develop social-political and economic ties with Israel.

Greece

After the fall of the Albanian communist regime in 1991, relations between Greece and Albania became increasingly strained because of widespread allegations of mistreatment by Albanian authorities of the Greek ethnic minority in southern Albania and of mistreatment the Albanian communities in northern Greece. A wave of Albanian illegal economic migrants to Greece exacerbated tensions. The crisis in Greek–Albanian relations reached its peak in late August 1994, when an Albanian court sentenced five members (a sixth member was added later) of the ethnic Greek political party Omonia to prison terms on charges of undermining the Albanian state. Greece responded by freezing all EU aid to Albania, and sealing its border with Albania. In December 1994, however, Greece began to permit limited EU aid to Albania, while Albania released two of the Omonia defendants and reduced the sentences of the remaining four.

There are still other impending issues in the relations between the two countries, regarding many Albanian workers in Greece who have not received legal papers despite promises by the Greek government. In 1996, the two countries signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship and discussed the issues of the status of Albanian refugees in Greece and education in the mother tongue for the ethnic Greek minority in southern Albania. In the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Fatos Nano as Albanian leader due to him being Orthodox over Sali Berisha a Muslim, as Nano was seen as being friendlier to Greek interests. The government of Fatos Nano was viewed by Turkey as having a pro-Greek orientation and expressed some dissatisfaction though during that time still maintained close military relations with Albania in rebuilding its armed forces and a military base.

Today, as result of very frequent high-level contacts between the governments and the parliaments, relations between the two countries are regarded as excellent. Greece is a staunch supporter of the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Republic of Albania. Since Albania's NATO entry in May 2009, Albanian-Greek relations have been developing on all fronts, and especially after the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013, with the Albanian Chief of Foreign Policy, Ralf Gjoni, describing the diplomatic relations between two countries as "excellent". Greece today is Albania's most important European Union ally and NATO partner. At the Albanian government's request, about 250 Greek military personnel are stationed in Albania to assist with the training and restructuring of the Albanian Armed Forces, as part of the NATO programme. Big projects currently in running between the two countries include the touristic development of the Ionian coastline shared between the two countries, and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), which helped boosting the relations of the two countries even further.

Albania's ties with Greece are also based on cultural and historic relations of the two peoples, including migration and national minorities. In addition, since Albania's transition to democracy, Greece has become a major financial partner of the country with Albania's economy being heavily reliant on investments from Greece. Culturally, the two nations' populations, whilst having a tense history, share numerous cultural and historic traits that have been used to boost the political relations of the neighbouring countries.

There had been numerous discussions, research and attempts by Albanians and Greeks to form a confederation during the Ottoman period. In the 19th century there were plans to create a Greek-Albanian confederation, which was revived from the earlier 18th century plans. In 1907 a special protocol and memorandum of understanding was signed by Neoklis Kazazis and Ismail Qemali, the first prime minister of Albania. Furthermore, Arvanite author Aristides Kollias in his book "The proclamation of the Association of Arvanites" states "from 1881 to 1907 we have sustained efforts and repeated consultations between Greeks and Albanians to create a Greek-Albanian state." In addition, Thanos Paleologos-Anagnostopoulos in his book "Greece and Albania in the early 20th century (1995)" stated that Ismail Qemali, a philhellene, worked with numerous Greek politicians and lobbyists, including Arvanite leaders, on a possible Greek-Albanian federation, one that "maintains national and religious independence of the two peoples." Likewise, Neoklis Kazazis saw this as a way of Greece quashing Italian influence in the region.

International

Albania was voted to become a member of the 15-country UN Security Council for a two-year term, in 2022–23, on 11 June 2021. Former ambassador Kadare said that Albania's priorities in the Security Council will include a focus on women, peace, and security, promoting human rights and international law, preventing conflicts, protecting civilians, countering violent extremism, addressing climate change and its links to security, and strengthening multilateralism and the rules-based international order. Albanian policy is very favorable to that of the United States and European Union.

The $30 million Albanian-American Enterprise Fund (AAEF), launched in 1994, is actively making debt and equity investments in local businesses. AAEF is designed to harness private sector efforts to assist in the economic transformation. U.S. assistance priorities include promotion of agricultural development and a market economy, advancement of democratic institutions (including police training), and improvements in quality of life.

;International conflicts

In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Albania has expressed support for Ukraine and also supported Latvia's nomination to join the United Nations Security Council in 2025.

List of countries

List of countries which Albania maintains diplomatic relations with:

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In 2008 and 2009, the Albanian Parliament ordered the Foreign Ministry to establish diplomatic relations with countries which Albania did not maintain diplomatic relations with, namely Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, East Timor, Eswatini, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Gambia, Grenada, Kiribati, Liberia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Rwanda, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda and Vanuatu.

Diplomatic relations were suspended with Iran on 7 September 2022.

Organizations

Albania is member in these international organizations:

AC, APF, BIE, BSEC, CEB, CoBx, CoE, CERN (Non-Member State), CEI, CCC, CEFTA, ECE, EAPC, EBRD, EITI, ECAA, ECAC, EC, ENTSO-E, Eurocontrol, FAO, FIUs, IAEA, IAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICC, ICRC, ICRM, ICCROM, IDA, IDB, IHO, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, OAS, OB, OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, OTIF, PCA, SEECP, SECI, SETC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNDSS, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNW, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, UfM, VC, WB, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO and WTO.

Diplomatic relations

Africa

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

!width="15%"| Country

!width="12%"| Formal Relations Began

!Notes

|--valign="top"

|||1963||

Algeria has a diplomatic office in Tirana.
Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

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|||1958

Egypt has an embassy in Tirana.
Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

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|||1970

Libya has an embassy in Tirana.

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|||1973

Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

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|||1962

Since the start of diplomatic relations, both countries have shown a willingness to collaborate, particularly in the field of trade. In January 2005, Albania revoked its 'de facto' recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in favor of Morocco.||See Albania–Canada relations

Albania has an embassy in Ottawa.
Canada is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.

|1980

Albania is accredited to Cuba from its UN ambassador Besiana Kadare in New York.
Cuba is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.

|--valign="top"

|||15 October 1974

Albania is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., USA.
Mexico is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate in Tirana.

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|||1922||See Albania–United States relations

Albania has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulate general in New York City.
United States has an embassy in Tirana.

|- valign="top"

Albania is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Uruguay is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy.

Asia

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

!width="15%"| Country

!width="12%"| Formal Relations Began

!Notes

|--valign="top"

|||18 February 1993||

Albania is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
Armenia is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.

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|||23 September 1992||See Albania–Azerbaijan relations

Albania is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
Azerbaijan is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
Both countries are members of OIC and of Council of Europe.

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|||23 November 1949||See Albania–China relations

People's Socialist Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha, moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to transfer China's seat at the United Nations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. On 25 October 1971, Resolution 2758, sponsored by Albania, was passed by the General Assembly, withdrawing recognition of the ROC as the legitimate government of China, and recognizing the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China. Albania was the first country to recognize the People's Republic China. Albania and People's Republic China established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1949.||

Albania is represented in Cyprus by its embassy in Athens, Greece and an honorary consulate in Larnaca.
Cyprus is represented in Albania by its embassy in Athens, Greece and an honorary consulate in Tirana.
Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.||See Albania–Georgia relations
Albania is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
Georgia is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.

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||| 1956||See Albania–India relations

Albania has an embassy in New Delhi.

Mother Teresa, one of India's national symbols, was of Albanian origin.

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|||1971||See Albania–Israel relations

Albania has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
Israel has an embassy in Tirana.

Albania recognized the State of Israel on 16 April 1949 by a telegram of Prime Minister of Albania Enver Hoxha.

History of the Jews in Albania
The Holocaust in Albania

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|||April 1922 re-established in March 1981||See Albania–Japan relations

Albania and Japan resumed established diplomatic relations in March 1981.

Albania has an embassy in Tokyo.
Japan has an embassy in Tirana.

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|||1968 ||

Albania is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.

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|||23 May 1972||

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1972.

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|||29 November 1948||

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|||1965||In December 2006, Albanian deputy foreign minister Anton Gurakqui visited Pakistan to hold bilateral consultation with Pakistani political leadership. Pakistan also offers training facilities to young Albanian bureaucrats in the field of banking, finance, management and diplomacy.

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|||1990||See Albania–Palestine relations

Albania had previously recognized the State of Palestine as a state since 1988.

Palestine has an embassy in Tirana.

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|||1992||

Albania has an embassy in Doha.
Qatar has an embassy in Tirana.

|--valign="top"

|||7 April 1924||See Albania–Russia relations

Albania has an embassy in Moscow.
Russia has an embassy in Tirana.
Albania-Soviet Union relations.

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|||1992||

Albania has an embassy in Riyadh.
Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Tirana.

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|||22 August 1991

The number of the South Korean citizens living in Albania, in 2020 was about 102.

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|||1981||See Albania-Turkey relations

Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
Turkey has an embassy in Tirana.
Both countries are full members of NATO.
Both countries are candidates for the European Union.

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|||1992||

Albania has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
UAE is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.

Europe

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"

!width="15%"| Country

!width="12%"| Formal Relations Began

!Notes

|--valign="top"

|||18 February 1993||

Albania is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
Armenia is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.
Bulgaria has an embassy in Tirana and a consulate in Vlorë.
In April 2009, both countries became full members of NATO at an event which both Albanian prime minister Sali Berisha and Croatian prime minister Ivo Sanader attended. Also that year, the two countries decided to build a joint Nuclear Power Plant on the Albanian border with Montenegro.
The two have a history of defense pacts, and overall there is a good relationship.
Arbanasi is a community in the Zadar region, Croatia, of Albanian origin, who traditionally speak a dialect of Gheg Albanian.

|--valign="top"

|||28 August 1991

Albania has an embassy in Prague.
Czech Republic has an embassy in Tirana.

|--valign="top"

|||||See Albania–Denmark relations

Albania has an embassy in Copenhagen.
Denmark has an embassy in Tirana.

|--valign="top"

||| ||See Albania–Estonia relations

Albania is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
Estonia is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.

|--valign="top"

|||||

Albania is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Finland is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
Albania is an EU candidate and Finland is a member.
Albania supports Finland's NATO membership.

|--valign="top"

|||||See Albania–France relations

Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë
Albania has an embassy in Paris.
France has an embassy in Tirana.
Albania is an EU candidate and France is a member.
Both countries are full members of NATO.

|--valign="top"

||| de juro 21 March 1996||See Albania–Greece relations

Cham Albanians Expulsion of Cham Albanians Albanian communities in Greece

Albania has an embassy in Athens and consulates-general in Ioannina and Thessaloniki.
Greece has an embassy in Tirana and consulates-general in Gjirokastër and Korça.
Greece is home to just under a million Albanians (some sources say 600,000, whilst other Greek organisations claim 900,000 with illegal migrants and overstayers).
The Arvanitika are a Tosk dialect traditionally spoken by the Arvanites, a population group in Greece. Arvanitika is today an endangered language, as its speakers have been shifting to the use of Greek and most younger members of the community no longer speak it.
Greece is Albania's most important European Union ally and partner.
Relations since the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013 have seen massive improvement and warming of relations between the two nations.
There are many cultural, political, historical and biological similarities and shared kinship between the Albanian and Greek peoples.
Greek is the second most spoken language in Albania, with a considerable size having knowledge of it, due to immigration and Greek minority.
Albanian is the most common foreign/migrant language in Greece, although most Greeks do not have clear knowledge of it.
Many organisations both political and societal exist in Albania and Greece promoting relations between the two nations.
As of 2014 both nations have described their relations as 'excellent' and Albania considered Greece one of its 'strongest and most important allies', both NATO nations have close relations nowadays.

|--valign="top"

|||7 September 1991||See Albania–Holy See relations

Albania has an embassy to the Holy See in Rome.
Holy See has a resident nunciature (embassy) in Tirana.
Albania is home to 520,000 Roman Catholics, and is the second largest religion in the country, after Islam. (Roman Catholicism in Albania)

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|||||See Albania–Hungary relations

Albania has an embassy in Budapest.
Hungary has an embassy in Tirana.
Austria-Hungary supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.

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|||||See Albania–Iceland relations

Albania is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Iceland is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.
Both countries are members of NATO and of Council of Europe.

|--valign="top"

|||||See Albania–Ireland relations

Albania is accredited to Ireland from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Ireland is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.

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|||1912||See Albania–Italy relations

Albania has an embassy in Rome and consulates-general in Bari and Milan.
Italy has an embassy in Tirana and consulates-general in Shkodra and Vlora.
Arbëreshë people
The Kingdom of Italy supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
Italian expeditionary corps in World War I
Treaties of Tirana
Italy invaded Albania from April 1939 to September 1943. (Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943))
Italian colonists in Albania
On 14 January 2011, Albania signed a pact with Italy for a corporal foreign strategy.
Albanians in Italy
Arbëreshë people

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|||18 February 2008||See Albania–Kosovo relations

Albania has an embassy in Pristina.
Kosovo has an embassy in Tirana.
Albania recognized the Republic of Kosovo on 21 October 1991, the only country to do it.
Albania recognized Kosovo on 18 February 2008, one of the first countries to do so.
Albanians in Kosovo constitute 92% of the population.

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|||||See Albania–Latvia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1928 and were restored in 1992.
Albania is represented in Latvia by its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.

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|||27 April 1992||See Albania–Lithuania relations

|--valign="top"

|||1 August 2006||See Albania–Montenegro relations

Albania has an embassy in Podgorica.
Montenegro has an embassy in Tirana.
Albanians in Montenegro
Serbo-Montenegrins in Albania

|--valign="top"

|||1970||See Albania–Netherlands relations

Albania has an embassy in The Hague.
Netherlands has an embassy in Tirana.

|--valign="top"

|||1991||See Albania–North Macedonia relations

Albania has an embassy in Skopje.
North Macedonia has an embassy in Tirana.
Albanians in North Macedonia
Macedonians in Albania

|--valign="top"

|||||See Albania–Poland relations

Albania has an embassy in Warsaw
Poland has an embassy in Tirana.
Albania is an EU candidate and Poland is a member.
Both countries are full members of NATO.

|--valign="top"

|||||See Albania–Portugal relations

Albania has an embassy in Lisbon.
Portugal is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy.

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|||28 December 1913||See Albania–Romania relations

Albania has an embassy in Bucharest.
Romania has an embassy in Tirana.
Romania was the first country that recognized Albania's independence in 1912.
Albanians of Romania

|--valign="top"

|||7 April 1924||See Albania–Russia relations

Albania has an embassy in Moscow.
Russia has an embassy in Tirana.
Albania-Soviet Union relations.

|--valign="top"

|||||See Albania-Serbia relations

Albania has an embassy in Belgrade.
Serbia has an embassy in Tirana.
Albanians in Serbia

|--valign="top"

|||1994||

Albanians in Switzerland

Albania has an embassy in Bern.
Switzerland has an embassy in Tirana.

|--valign="top"

|||1981||See Albania-Turkey relations

Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
Turkey has an embassy in Tirana.
Both countries are full members of NATO.

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|||1992||See Albania-Ukraine relations

The diplomatic relations between Albania and Ukraine were established in 1922.

Albania has a non-resident ambassador in Warsaw, Poland.
Ukraine has an embassy in Tirana
Albania also has an honorary consulate in Kharkiv.
Albanians in Ukraine are an ethnic minority group located mainly in Zaporizhzhia Oblast and Budjak.

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|||9 November 1921||See Albania–United Kingdom relations

Albania established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 November 1921.

The United Kingdom is accredited to Albania through its embassy in Tirana.

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement, an Investment Agreement, a Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement, a Readmission Agreement, In 2020 EU ministers agree to start accession talks, Within the Balkans, Albania is considered to be the most pro-European and pro-Western country in the region and unlike its neighbours, except Kosovo, it has negligible support for Russia.