thumb|Women heading to market across a footbridge in [[Nahulingo, El Salvador]]

thumb|A footbridge in [[Shaharah District, Yemen]]

A footbridge (also a pedestrian bridge, pedestrian overpass, or pedestrian overcrossing) is a bridge designed solely for pedestrians. While the primary meaning for a bridge is a structure which links "two points at a height above the ground", a footbridge can also be a lower structure, such as a boardwalk, that enables pedestrians to cross wet, fragile, or marshy land. Undoubtedly ancient peoples would also have used log bridges; that is a timber bridge that fall naturally or are intentionally felled or placed across streams. Some of the first man-made bridges with significant spans were probably intentionally felled trees.

Among the oldest timber bridges is the Holzbrücke Rapperswil-Hurden crossing upper Lake Zürich in Switzerland; the prehistoric timber piles discovered to the west of the Seedamm date back to 1523 B.C. The first wooden footbridge led across Lake Zürich, followed by several reconstructions at least until the late 2nd century AD, when the Roman Empire built a wooden bridge. Between 1358 and 1360, Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, built a 'new' wooden bridge across the lake that was used until 1878 – measuring approximately in length and wide. On April 6, 2001, the reconstructed wooden footbridge was opened, being the longest wooden bridge in Switzerland.

A clapper bridge is an ancient form of bridge found on the moors of Devon (Dartmoor and Exmoor) and in other upland areas of the United Kingdom including Snowdonia and Anglesey, Cumbria, Yorkshire and Lancashire. It is formed by large flat slabs of stone, often granite or schist, supported on stone piers (across rivers), or resting on the banks of streams. Although often credited with prehistoric origin, most were erected in medieval times, and some in later centuries. A famous example is found in the village of Postbridge. First recorded in the 14th century, the bridge is believed to have been originally built in the 13th century to enable pack horses to cross the river. Nowadays, clapper bridges are only used as footbridges.

The Kapellbrücke is a footbridge crossing the River Reuss in the city of Lucerne in Switzerland. It is the oldest wooden covered bridge in Europe, and one of Switzerland's main tourist attractions. The bridge was originally built 1365 as part of Lucerne's fortifications.

An early example of a skyway is the Vasari Corridor, an elevated, enclosed passageway in Florence, Italy, which connects the Palazzo Vecchio with the Palazzo Pitti. Beginning on the south side of the Palazzo Vecchio, it then joins the Uffizi Gallery and leaves on its south side, crossing the Lungarno dei Archibusieri and then following the north bank of the River Arno until it crosses the river at Ponte Vecchio. It was built in five months by order of Duke Cosimo I de' Medici in 1565, to the design of Giorgio Vasari.

Bank Bridge is a famous 25 metre long pedestrian bridge crossing the Griboedov Canal in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Like other bridges across the canal, the existing structure dates from 1826. The special popularity of the bridge was gained through angular sculptures of four winged lions crowning the abutments. They were designed by sculptor Pavel Sokolov (1764-1835), who also contributed lions for Bridge of Lions.

Types

thumb|upright|A simple French footbridge

thumb|upright|The Wiggly Bridge in [[York, Maine is the smallest pedestrian suspension bridge in the United States.]]

Types of footbridges include:

  • Beam Bridge
  • Boardwalk
  • Clapper bridge
  • Duckboards, Timber trackway, Plank road, and Corduroy road
  • Moon bridge
  • Simple suspension bridge
  • Simple truss
  • Stepping stones
  • Zig-zag bridge

The residential-scale footbridges all span a short distance and can be used for a broad range of applications. Complicated engineering is not needed and the footbridges are built with readily available materials and basic tools.

Different types of design footbridges include:

  • Timber footbridges
  • Steel footbridges
  • Concrete footbridge

Footbridges can also be built in the same ways as road or rail bridges; particularly suspension bridges and beam bridges. Some former road bridges have had their traffic diverted to alternative crossings and have become pedestrian bridges; examples in the UK include The Iron Bridge at Ironbridge, Shropshire, the Old Bridge at Pontypridd and Windsor Bridge at Windsor, Berkshire.

Most footbridges are equipped with guard rails to reduce the risk of pedestrians falling. Where they pass over busy roads or railways, they may also include a fence or other such barrier to prevent pedestrians from jumping, or throwing projectiles onto the traffic below.

Railways

thumb|Bridge at Tilak Nagar Station in [[Mumbai, with some people choosing to walk across the tracks]]

It was originally usual for passengers to cross from one railway platform to another by stepping over the tracks, but from the mid-19th century onwards safety demanded the provision of a footbridge (or underpass) at busier places. However, in some quieter areas, crossing the line by walking over the tracks is possible.

Catwalk

Narrow footbridges or walkways to allow workers access to parts of a structure otherwise difficult to reach are referred to as catwalks or cat walks. Such catwalks are located above a stage (theater catwalk) in a theater, between parts of a building, along the side of a bridge, on the inside of a tunnel, on the outside of any large storage tank in a refinery or elsewhere, etc. The walkway on the outside (top) of a railroad cars such as boxcars, before air brakes came into use, or on top of some covered hopper cars is also called a catwalk. With the exception of those on top of railroad cars, catwalks are equipped with railings or handrails.

Design

thumb|[[String figure like designed tourism pedestrian in Yamanaka Onsen, Kaga, Ishikawa, Japan, 1991]]

thumb|The modern [[Foša Bridge serves as a scenic overlook and a place for relaxation and play]]

Design of footbridges normally follows the same principles as for other bridges. However, because they are normally significantly lighter than vehicular bridges, they are more vulnerable to vibration and therefore dynamics effects are often given more attention in design. Some old bridges in Venice are now equipped with a stairlift so that residents with a disability can cross them.

Advantages

Much rural travel takes place on local footpaths, tracks and village roads. These provide essential access to water, firewood, farm plots and the classified road network. Communities and/or local government are generally responsible for this infrastructure.

Disadvantages

Pedestrian overpasses over highways or railroads are expensive, especially when elevators or long ramps for wheelchair users are required. Without elevators or ramps, people with mobility handicaps will not be able to use the structure. People may prefer to walk across a busy road rather than climb a bridge. It is recommended that overpasses should only be used where the number of users justify the costs.

Narrow, enclosed structures can result in perceptions of low personal security among users. Wider structures and good lighting can help reduce this.

Long footbridges

thumb|A section of the [[Poughkeepsie Bridge, New York State, US|left]]

The record for the longest footbridge in the world was claimed by then-New York State Governor David Paterson in a 2009 article about the walkway across the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie, New York. On July 22, 2017, the Champlain Bridge Ice Structure (), a bridge built for cyclists and pedestrians to run parallel to the Champlain Bridge from Brossard, Quebec west to Nun's Island (Île-des-Sœurs) and the Island of Montreal, was measured by a calibrated device as being long, measured from where the treadway rises above the ground on each end, as close as possible to the St. Lawrence River.

Bridge of National Unity in Hungary is the longest pedestrian suspension bridge as of 2024. Before it, the record was held by Sky Bridge 721, which spans the Králický Sněžník mountain in the Czech Republic and opened in May 2022. The bridge hangs above the ground.

The United Wholesale Mortgage Pedestrian Bridge in Pontiac, Michigan is the longest enclosed pedestrian bridge, completed on October 1, 2021. The 305-metre bridge was part of a $250 million project to expand UWM's offices, which converted a former warehouse and made use of shipping containers for offices, corridors, and other spaces.

The Walkway Over the Hudson footbridge was originally built for trains and was later restored as a pedestrian walkway. The footbridge has a total length of . Before it was demolished in 2011, the Hornibrook Bridge, which crossed Bramble Bay in Queensland, Australia, was longer than the Poughkeepsie Bridge at .

In developing countries

thumb|Helvetas-type footbridge in [[Rubaksa, Ethiopia]]

Since the early 1980s, several charities have developed standardized footbridge designs that are sustainable for use in developing countries. The first charity to develop such designs was Helvetas, located in Zurich, Switzerland. Designs that can be sustainably and efficiently used in developing countries are typically made available to the public gratis.

Notable footbridges

  • Atal Pedestrian Bridge in Ahmedabad, India
  • Bank Bridge and the Bridge of Four Lions in Saint Petersburg
  • Big Dam Bridge between Little Rock and North Little Rock, Arkansas
  • Big Four Bridge between Louisville, Kentucky and Jeffersonville, Indiana
  • Bob Kerrey Pedestrian Bridge, Omaha, Nebraska
  • Capilano Suspension Bridge in British Columbia
  • Central Elevated Walkway, an extensive network of footbridges in Central, Victoria City, Hong Kong
  • Chain of Rocks Bridge near St. Louis, Missouri
  • Corktown Footbridge in Ottawa
  • Davenport Skybridge in Davenport, Iowa
  • Dunlop Bridge at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, Sarthe, France
  • Esplanade Riel in Winnipeg, Manitoba
  • Footbridge Network in Tsuen Wan, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
  • Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Newcastle / Gateshead, England
  • Goodwill Bridge at Brisbane, Australia
  • Gorkha Bridge in the Gorkha District, Nepal
  • Ha'penny Bridge in Dublin, Ireland
  • Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges, London, England
  • Hussaini Bridge in Gilgit-Baltistan region, Pakistan
  • Jade Belt Bridge in the Summer Palace in Beijing
  • Kaldnes Bridge in Tønsberg, Norway
  • Keel Crossing in Sunderland, England
  • Kingsgate Bridge in Durham, England
  • Liberty Bridge at Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville, South Carolina
  • Millennium Bridge and the high-level walkways in Tower Bridge in London
  • Matagarup Bridge in Perth, Western Australia
  • Mishima Skywalk in Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
  • Newport Southbank Bridge between Newport, Kentucky and Cincinnati
  • Pi Kun Bridge in Bangkok, Thailand
  • Pont des Arts in Paris
  • Ponte Milvio in Rome
  • Ponte Sant'Angelo in Rome
  • Pushkinsky and Bogdan Khmelnitsky Pedestrian bridges in Moscow
  • Rolling Bridge at Paddington Basin, London
  • Saphan Han in Bangkok, Thailand
  • Saphan Hok in Bangkok, Thailand
  • Shelby Street Bridge in Nashville, Tennessee
  • Southbank footbridge in Southbank, Victoria
  • St Elmo Bridge in Valletta, Malta
  • Tournament Bridge* The Waco Suspension Bridge in Waco, Texas
  • Tropicana pedestrian walkway over the Tropicana – Las Vegas Boulevard intersection in Paradise, Nevada
  • Uttamanusorn Bridge in Kanchanaburi, Thailand
  • Walnut Street Bridges in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and Chattanooga, Tennessee
  • Webb bridge in the Melbourne Docklands
  • Willimantic Footbridge in Willimantic, Connecticut

<gallery mode="packed">

Bridging the Sky.jpg|The Kaldnes Bridge in Tønsberg, Norway is a footbridge and bascule bridge.

Fagne.Ardenne.JPG|Boardwalk across the High Fens, Ardenne, Belgium

Bp bridge.JPG|The BP Pedestrian Bridge is a concealed box girder beam bridge in Millennium Park, Chicago.

20101014 Pantanassa Orthodox Church Porto Lagos Vistonida Lake Xanthi Prefecture Thrace Greece.jpg|A footbridge to an orthodox church in Greece

Puente de la Mujer - Puerto Madero.jpg|The Puente de la Mujer in Puerto Madero is a footbridge and swing bridge.

Traffic circle with pedestrian overcrossing, China, 1987.jpg|A pedestrian overcross in Nanjing Road, Shanghai

Footbridge with elevator.jpg|A footbridge with elevators on each corner of a four-way intersection in Tokyo

Tamchog Chakzam, Bhutan 01.jpg|Tamchog Chakzam bridge, Bhutan

Footbridge over Böser Ellbach stream, Schwarzwald, Germany.jpg|Steel footbridge over Böser Ellbach stream, Black Forest, Germany

</gallery>

Bicycle bridge

thumb|150px|View, looking south, of the bicycle bridge attached to the [[Bordeaux Railway Bridge]]

A bicycle bridge is a bridge designed to be accessible to both bicycles and pedestrians or in some cases only to bicycles.

See also

  • Don Burnett Bicycle-Pedestrian Bridge
  • Footpath
  • Garden Bridge, London, England
  • Hoogholtje bridge, Netherlands
  • Pedestrian separation structure (overpass)
  • Pedway
  • Walkway and Canopy walkway
  • Wildlife crossing

References

  • How to build a footbridge
  • Timber pedestrian bridge images