<!-- Definition and medical uses -->

Fludrocortisone, sold under the brand name Florinef among others, is a corticosteroid used to treat congenital adrenal hyperplasia, postural hypotension, and adrenal insufficiency. and is most commonly used in its acetate form.

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Common side effects of fludrocortisone include high blood pressure, swelling, heart failure, and low blood potassium. Fludrocortisone is mostly a mineralocorticoid, but it also has glucocorticoid effects. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Medical uses

Fludrocortisone has been used in the treatment of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome. It is used primarily to replace the missing hormone aldosterone in various forms of adrenal insufficiency such as Addison's disease and the classic salt-wasting (21-hydroxylase deficiency) form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Due to its effects on increasing Na+ levels, and therefore blood volume, fludrocortisone is the first-line of treatment for orthostatic intolerance, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). It can be used to treat low blood pressure.

Fludrocortisone is also a confirmation test for diagnosing Conn's syndrome (aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma), the fludrocortisone suppression test. Loading the patient with fludrocortisone would suppress serum aldosterone level in a normal patient, whereas the level would remain elevated in a Conn's patient. The fludrocortisone suppression test is an alternative to the NaCl challenge (which would use normal saline or salt tablets).

Side effects

Use of fludrocortisone can lead to one or more of the following side effects:

  • Sodium and water retention
  • Swelling due to fluid retention (edema)
  • High blood pressure (hypertension)
  • Headache
  • Low blood potassium level (hypokalemia)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Increased susceptibility to infection
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Increased sweating
  • Increased hair growth (hirsutism)
  • Thinning of skin and stretch marks
  • Disturbances of the gut such as indigestion (dyspepsia), distention of the abdomen and ulceration (peptic ulcer)
  • Decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures of the bones
  • Insomnia
  • Depression
  • Weight gain
  • Raised blood sugar level
  • Changes to the menstrual cycle
  • Cataracts
  • Raised pressure in the eye (glaucoma)
  • Increased pressure in the skull (intracranial pressure)

Pharmacology

Fludrocortisone is a corticosteroid and acts as a powerful mineralocorticoid, along with some additional but comparatively very weak glucocorticoid activity. Relative to cortisol, it is said to have 10&nbsp;times the glucocorticoid potency but 250 to 800&nbsp;times the mineralocorticoid potency.

Plasma renin, sodium, and potassium are checked through blood tests to verify that the correct dosage is reached.

Chemistry

Fludrocortisone, also known as 9α-fluorocortisol (9α-fluorohydrocortisone) or as 9α-fluoro-11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a halogenated derivative of cortisol (11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione). and was introduced for medical use (as the acetate ester) in 1954. It was the first synthetic corticosteroid to be marketed, and followed the introduction of cortisone in 1948 and hydrocortisone (cortisol) in 1951. Fludrocortisone was also the first fluorine-containing pharmaceutical drug to be marketed.

Society and culture

Generic name

Fludrocortisone is the generic name of fludrocortisone and its , , , , and , whereas fludrocortisone acetate is the generic name of fludrocortisone acetate and its , , and .

Brand names

Fludrocortisone is marketed mainly under the brand names Astonin and Astonin-H, whereas the more widely used fludrocortisone acetate is sold mainly as Florinef, but also under several other brand names including Cortineff, Florinefe, and Fludrocortison.