Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann (12 April 1852 – 6 March 1939) was a German mathematician who proved in 1882 that pi| (pi) is a transcendental number, meaning it is not a root of any nonzero polynomial with rational coefficients.
Life and education
Lindemann was born in Hanover, the capital of the Kingdom of Hanover. His father, Ferdinand Lindemann, taught modern languages at a gymnasium in Hanover. His mother, Emilie Crusius, was the daughter of the gymnasium's headmaster. The family later moved to Schwerin, where young Ferdinand attended school.
He studied mathematics at the University of Göttingen, the University of Erlangen, and the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. At the University of Erlangen, he received a doctorate, supervised by Felix Klein,
Transcendence proof
In 1882, Lindemann published the result for which he is best known, the transcendence of pi|. His methods were similar to those used nine years earlier by Charles Hermite to show that e, the base of natural logarithms, is transcendental, and the works of Joseph Liouville from the 1840s establishing the existence of transcendental numbers. Before the publication of Lindemann's proof, Johann Heinrich Lambert had already shown that is irrational in 1768.