In archaeology, an enclosure is one of the most common types of archaeological site – It is any area of land separated from surrounding land by earthworks, walls or fencing. The absolute definition of archaeological enclosures has been debated over time. Some suggest that at a general level, enclosure (archaeologically) could be defined as the replacement of open-fields with privately owned-fields through walls, banks, and dividers. Ritual sites often used roofless enclosures for dances, customs, mourning ceremonies. Conversely, sites such as the Lismullin Henge in Ireland (520-370 B.C.) were created and positioned meteorologically to celebrate summer and winter solstices. Many archaeological enclosures that were once considered defensive and fortified are recently being understood as ritualistic after instances of skulls and other human bones have recently revealed to have been laid in deposits within enclosures — suggesting a recurring ritual, rather than war or other forms of battles. Archaeological sites such as causewayed enclosures, enceinte enclosures, and other fortification enclosures were generally considered among the popular defensive models. For example, the Tel Jezreel enclosure built during 9th century Israel was once the central military base for the Royal Israelite army. Large scale excavation has revealed that most fortification enclosures, including Tel Jezreel, were built using layers of soil and stones to provide solid protection and defence. Economic dependency, kinship, and social hierarchy all influenced the regular implementation of enclosures within communities. Some enclosures contained just single houses, while others contained entire communities within them. Enclosure entrances were usually found on the sides of the structure, with doorways into the enclosures often consisting of kerb-stones and vertical wooden jambs. These pillars consisted of small find and plain artefact, field notes / photography / maps / excavation, stratigraphic excavation, and publication of results, and indigenous rights. In more recent times, the methods of identification have become technologically advanced and less invasive. Due to the nature of Google Earths high resolution imagery, it has allowed access for speculation into the landscape of inaccessible areas. LiDAR has developed popularity in recent years among the archaeological community. It is able to produce three-dimensional mapping of earthworks and high-resolution topographical data. LiDAR's advantages can be attributed to its flexibility, small laser footprint, non-invasive technology, price, and far-reaching field of view. GPR uses downward facing energy to identify clustered, enclosed areas that other geophysical techniques are often unable to detect. The site contains over 200 limestone pillars within multiple stone circle enclosures (each enclosure being designated A-H). The length of these enclosures span up to 20 meters in diameter, and the pillars up to 5.5 meters. This suggestion is further noted by recent findings of potential skulls within the walls and floors. They are the earliest known form of open space enclosures. It is believed causewayed enclosures originated in mainland Europe and spread through France, Germany, Scandinavia and the British Isles. They are characterised as being long, narrow pairs of enclosures generally dating back to 4000-2500BC. Cursus monuments often resemble ditches in the ground, as their rectangular walls are often outlined structurally by materials such as wood. There is no approximate width of any known cursus monuments, as it varies depending on the purpose. Mar Hall was an enclosure site predicted to have been formed within the Bronze Age. They are characterised by their small, sub-circular outline, and single entrance, and usually connect to a wider field or paddock. They are not strongly understood or dated; however, it is evident they were originated during the Iron Age. The use of these enclosures is speculated to be for stock control and containment, rather than being for defensive and military use.
Enclosure (archaeology)
600 words updated Jun 19, 2026, 11:17 PM
