The Emirate of Nekor or Salihid Emirate () was an emirate centered in the Rif area of present-day Morocco. Its capital was initially located at Temsamane, and then moved to Nekor. The ruling dynasty has been described as either of Himyarite Arab descent or of Nafza Berber descent. The emirate was founded in 710 CE by Salih I ibn Mansur through a Caliphate grant. Under his guidance, the local Berber (Amazigh) tribes adopted Islam, but later deposed him in favor of one Dawud al-Rundi (unlikely to have been a native of Ronda) from the Nafza tribe. They subsequently changed their mind and reappointed Salih ibn Mansur.
The Emirate of Nekor was the first autonomous state in the Maghreb and the only one that adhered to Sunni Islam exclusively, specifically the Maliki school. Not much is known about the town of Nekor's archaeology outside the field survey and minor excavations conducted in the 1980s. The town has what may have been a mosque, a possible hammam, or public bathhouse, and two substantial walls. Ceramics excavated there include local productions and others that show its connections with Ifrīqya and al-Andalus.
History
The Arab conquest of North Africa began in 648, bringing Islam, thereafter the predominant religion of the region. Uqba ibn Nafi (662–683) was the leader of the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. When his troops attacked local mountain Berber tribes, Arab reinforcements appeared in the Rif to join them. One of these groups was led by a South Arabian called Salih I ibn Mansur, who founded the Banu Salih dynasty in 710, ruling until 749. His putative south Arabian origin is disputed by al-Ya'qubi, who associates him with the Nafza Berber tribe in his Kitab al-Buldan (Book of Countries).
According to Riffian tradition, Salih ibn Mansur, ancestor of the Salihids, established himself at Temsamane on the coast, where he converted the local Berber groups, the Ghomara and the Sanhaja, to Islam. The new converts soon became apostate and unseated Salih, and took as their leader a certain Dawud al-Rundi al-Nafzi. Salih was nonetheless restored to the throne and upon his death, his son al-Mu'tasim succeeded him. Later, his grandson Sa'id ibn Idris ibn Salih founded in 760 or 761 the town of Nekor to serve as capital of the small state.
In 859, a major long-distance Viking expedition set out for Spain. They tried to land at Galicia and were driven off. Then they sailed down the west coast of the peninsula and up the river Guadalquivir to Seville, where they burned the mosque but were repelled by a large Muslim force there before entering the Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar and burning the mosque at Algeciras, and defeated a Muslim force that attempted to stop them.
Nekor was surrounded by a wall of coarse brick that also enclosed gardens and pomegranate and pear orchards. The city had many markets and shops, as well as baths, a large mosque, and an oratory (musalla). According to the historian Ahmed Tahiri it contains the oldest urban structure dating from the medieval period in the west of the Maghreb, built with the earliest Islamic construction methods. He considers the Viking invasion of 859 (Tahiri says 858) and the sacking of Nekor as a demarcation line in its urban evolution, and that afterwards, urban and rural architecture in the area became more defensive in orientation. The rivalry between the Fatimid and the Umayyad Caliphates spurred the development of a new architectural layout in the city.
Fatimid troops sacked the city twice, in 917 and in 934. According to J.D. Latham, 'Abd al-Rahman III, the Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, had observed with growing concern the increasing prestige and power of the Fatimids in the Rif, this region perilously close to al-Andalus. In 927 he began his policy of defensive expansion by occupying Melilla and by 928-929, he opened negotiations with the Idrisids. In retaliation Musa ibn Abi'l-Afiya attacked and vanquished the Umayyad's vassal, al-Mu'ayyad, the Salihid ruler of Nekor, situated between Melilla and Tétouan. The troops of Musa, a Berber chieftain of the Miknasa tribe With a fleet of forty vessels, the Umayyads launched a naval assault from Ceuta against Nekor and its port, al-Mazamma, and attacked Nekor, devastating the city which was garrisoned by three thousand men.
According to the Arab Andalusi geographer al-Bakri, Salih ibn Mansur was renowned for converting the Berber tribes of northern Africa to Islam. All the Arab chroniclers credit Salih ibn Mansur and the dynasty he founded with the Islamization of the Rif. His grandson Sa'id ibn Idris ibn Salih ibn Mansur built the city of Nekor in 760 or 761 to serve as the capital of the small state. The bond between the Emirate of Nekor and the Umayyads was strengthened by the fact that the Banu Salih professed the same Islamic creed as the Umayyad caliphs, that of the Maliki school.
Al-Bakri says several ports of the Moroccan Rif in the Emirate of Nekor – including Badia, Buquya, and Balish, the port of the Sanhaja (Aẓnag) Berber confederation – were controlled by Berber tribes. These coastal communities developed with mixed populations of Berber, Arab, and Andalusi (converted or Mozarab) descent. The Berbers were taxed by the Salihid emirs, and paid their taxes with the income they earned by exploiting marine resources on the coast and consequently controlling its maritime activity.
The Salihids ruled over Nekor and the Berber tribes around it until about 1015, when Ya'la ibn al-Fatuh of the Azdaja tribe, now extinct, gained control of the emirate. His descendants defended the city and maintained their rule until the city was destroyed in 1080–1081 for the fourth and last time by the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin. With the destruction of the city by the Almoravids, the iqta' or fief of Nakur, created in 710 for Salih ibn Mansir by al-Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik, caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ceased to exist.
See also
- Berghouata
- Maghrawa
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties