Elul (Hebrew: , <small>Standard</small> , <small>Tiberian</small> , Arabic: ) is the twelfth month of the civil year and the sixth month of the religious year in the Hebrew calendar. It is a month of 29 days. Elul usually occurs in August–September on the Gregorian calendar.

Etymology

The name of the month Elul, like the names of the rest of the Hebrew calendar months, was brought from the Babylonian captivity, and originated from the Akkadian word for "harvest". A similar month name was also used in Akkadian, in the form Elūlu. The month is known as Araḫ Ulūlu "harvest month" in the Babylonian calendar. The only difference is that in the Babylonian calendar, Ulūlu can serve as a leap month, while in the Jewish calendar, only Adar can serve as a leap month.

Eylül is also the name for September in Turkish; this is derived from ʾAylūl, used in Iraq and the Levant (see Arabic names of Gregorian months), from , also tracing its origin from the Akkadian word Elūlu. In Hebrew, a popular backronym for Elul is from a verse in the Song of Songs: Ani LeDodi VeDodi Li (Chapter 6, verse 3A).

Customs

In Jewish tradition, the month of Elul is a time of repentance in preparation for the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. The word "Elul" is similar to the root of the verb "search" in Aramaic. Jewish sources from the 14th century and on write that the Hebrew word "Elul" can be understood to be an bacronym for the phrase "Ani L'dodi V'dodi Li" – "I am my beloved's and my beloved is mine", referring to one's relationship with God. Elul is seen as a time to search one's heart and draw close to God in preparation for the coming Day of Judgement, Rosh Hashanah, and Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi compared, by way of analogy, the month of Elul to a king visiting his peasants in the field before returning to his palace.

During the month of Elul, there are a number of special rituals leading up to the High Holy Days. It is customary to blow the shofar every morning (except on Shabbat) from Rosh Hodesh Elul (the first day of the month) until the day before Rosh Hashanah. The blasts are meant to awaken one's spirits and inspire believers to begin the soul searching which will prepare them for the High Holy Days. As part of this preparation, Elul is the time to begin the sometimes-difficult process of granting and asking for forgiveness.

  • 13 Elul (1909) – Death of Yosef Hayyim
  • 14 Elul (1983) – Birth of Shlomo Rafuel Ben Moshe Dovid
  • 14 Elul (2024) – “Operation Grim Beeper”
  • 15 Elul (1964) – birth of Watson de Emmanuel, OBE
  • 17 Elul (2105 BCE) – Noah dispatches dove
  • 18 Elul (1609) – Death of Judah Loew ben Bezalel
  • 18 Elul (1698) – Birth of Baal Shem Tov
  • 18 Elul (1745) – Birth of rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi
  • 23 Elul (2105 BCE) – Dove brings olive Leaf to Noah
  • 23 Elul (1942) – Death of the Grand Rabbi of Aleksander, Yitzchak Menachem Danziger, in Treblinka
  • 23 Elul (1978) – Vladimir Horowitz Golden Jubilee Concert was broadcast live by NBC from Avery Fisher Hall of New York Philharmonic conducted by Zubin Mehta
  • 23 Elul (2001) – September 11 attacks
  • 24 Elul (1933) – Death of Israel Meir Kagan
  • 25 Elul (3761 BCE) – The 1st day of the world according to the Genesis creation narrative
  • 25 Elul (335 BCE) – Jerusalem Walls Rebuilt
  • 25 Elul (2nd century CE) – Death of Eleazar ben Simeon, son of Simeon bar Yochai
  • 25 Elul (2016) - Death of Shimon Peres
  • 27 Elul (1855 CE) – Death of Sholom Rokeach
  • 28 Elul (1983 CE) – Death of Rabbi Yoel Halpern
  • 29 Elul (1789 CE) – Birth of Menachem Mendel Schneersohn

See also

  • Jewish astrology
  • Repentance in Judaism
  • Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah
  • Song of Songs
  • Ellul

References

  • Dates of Elul
  • Resources on the Month of Elul
  • The month of Elul
  • An in-depth discussion of the tradition of hearing shofar on Elul, plus meditations on the sound of shofar for each day of the month, can be found at The Shofar of Elul
  • Jewels of Elul: A reading for each day of Elul from a diverse background of Jewish sources.