thumb|Elisabeth Freiin von Richthofen (1874–1973), distant relative of Red Baron Manfred von Richthofen, was one of the first female German social scientists.

Elisabeth Helene Amalie Sophie Freiin (Baroness) von Richthofen (October 8, 1874 – December 22, 1973), also known as Else Jaffé, was among the early female social scientists in Germany.

Life and career

Elisabeth Freiin von Richthofen was born into the Heinersdorf line of the German Richthofen noble house at Château-Salins, France. She was the oldest of three daughters of Friedrich Ernst Emil Ludwig Freiherr von Richthofen (1844–1915), an engineer in the Imperial German Army, and Anna Elise Lydia Marquier (1852–1930). Her younger sister was the author and translator Frieda Lawrence.

Anna Marquier had attended a well-known boarding school in Freiburg, run by Julie and Camilla Blas. Else and her sisters went to the same school in 1889, 1896, and 1897 respectively. In 1897, Max Weber moved to University of Heidelberg as an instructor and von Richtofen as his student. She then studied at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin from 1898 to 1900. She earned a doctorate in economics in 1901 and started to work as a labour inspector in Karlsruhe.

She had a great empathy for the poor material conditions of workers, but she found her work in Karlsruhe intellectually monotonous. In 1902, to the great astonishment of her feminist friends, she abandoned her career to marry Edgar Jaffé, a rich professor of political economy, who like here was a former student of economist Max Weber. Edgar, then a recognized economist, bought the scientific journal Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, which had Max Weber as one of its editors.

She married Edgar Jaffé (1865–1921), another former student of Max Weber, in 1902. Jaffé was a well-known economist and entrepreneur from an assimilationist Jewish family. It was Jaffé who bought the journal Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik of which Max Weber became one of the editors. It seems, according to Else von Richthofen's correspondence, that this was less a marriage of love than of a tender friendship. With Jaffé, she had three children, Friedel (born 1903), Marianne (born 1905) and Hans (born 1909). The couple separated in 1910 but never divorced. Edgar Jaffé died of pneumonia on 29 April 1921 in a sanatorium near Munich. Following her marriage, her name became Else Jaffé, but she used Else Jaffé von Richtofen during Nazi rule, when her association with the Jewish Jaffé family triggered antisemitic restrictions.

Else became acquainted with intellectuals and authors, including the sociologists and economists Max Weber and Alfred Weber, the psychoanalyst Otto Gross, the writer Fanny zu Reventlow and others. She started an affair with Otto Gross with whom she had a fourth child, Peter (1907–ca. 1915).

During World War I, she participated for some time in the National Women's Service (Nationalen Frauendienst) which supported the war effort until 1916, when she moved to near Munich.

Else von Jaffe had affairs with her former professor Max Weber and his brother Alfred Weber. Historian Eberhard Demm reports that Else and Max each fell in love with the other in 1909, but that the relationship was not consummated. Alfred initiated their affair in December 1909 and they exchanged passionate letters once it had begun. Edgar, who had previously tolerated his wife's affairs, objected and struggled with Else over custody of their children. Max's wife Marianne and Else alternately cared for Max on his deathbed. Marianne Weber died in 1954 in Else's arms.

Else von Richthofen died on December 22, 1973, in Heidelberg.

The Center for Jewish History in New York City archives Else von Richthofen's correspondence as well as the letters of other member of her family, notably of her son Friedel (Frederick Jeffrey).

References

Further reading

  • Janet Byrne: A Genius for Living – A Biography of Frieda Lawrence, Bloomsbury, 1995.
  • Green, Martin Burgess: The Von Richthofen Sisters
  • finding aid for Else von Richthofen papers, 1898–1985 at Tufts Digital Collections and Archives