Elite

thumb|upright=1.35|Political cartoon parodying [[James G. Blaine with his wealthy donors feasting at a table at Delmonico's while a poor family begs beneath. Illustrated by Walt McDougall and Valerian Gribayedoff and originally printed in New York World, October 30, 1884.]]

In political and sociological theory, the elite ( or ; from , from , to select or to sort out) are a small group of powerful or wealthy people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill in a group. Defined by the Cambridge Dictionary, the "elite" are "the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society".

American sociologist C. Wright Mills states that members of the elite accept their fellows' position of importance in society. "As a rule, 'they accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work, and to think, if not together at least alike'." It is a well-regulated existence where education plays a critical role.

American universities

From an early age, upper-class members attend prominent preparatory schools, which open doors to elite universities, known as the Ivy League, which includes Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University and Princeton University (among others), and the universities' respective highly exclusive clubs, such as the Harvard Club of Boston. These memberships, in turn, pave the way to prominent social clubs in major cities and serve as venues for important business contacts.

A 2025 study analyzed the educational backgrounds of 6,141 of the world's most influential people and found that a small number of universities educate the global elite, especially Harvard. Ranked in terms of number of alumni who went on to elite positions, Harvard was followed by Stanford University, the University of Oxford, the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, Yale University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, Berkeley.

According to Mills, the governing elite in the United States primarily draws its members from political leaders, including the president, and a handful of key cabinet members, as well as close advisers, major corporate owners and directors, and high-ranking military officers. These groups overlap; elites tend to circulate from one sector to another, consolidating power in the process.

Unlike the ruling class, a social formation based on heritage and social ties, the power elite is characterized by the organizational structures through which it acquires wealth. According to Mills, the power elite rose from "the managerial reorganization of the propertied classes into the more or less unified stratum of the corporate rich". In G. William Domhoff's sociology textbooks, Who Rules America? editions, he further clarified the differences in the two terms:<blockquote>"The upper class as a whole does not do the ruling. Instead, class rule is manifested through the activities of a wide variety of organizations and institutions [...] Leaders within the upper class join with high-level employees in the organizations they control to make up what will be called the power elite".</blockquote>The Marxist theoretician Nikolai Bukharin anticipated the elite theory in his 1929 work, Imperialism and World Economy:<blockquote>"present-day state power is nothing but an entrepreneurs' company of tremendous power, headed even by the same persons that occupy the leading positions in the banking and syndicate offices".</blockquote>

Power elite

The term power elite is used by Mills to describe a relatively small, loosely connected group of individuals who dominate American policymaking. This group includes bureaucratic, corporate, intellectual, military, media, and government elites who control the principal institutions in the United States and whose opinions and actions influence policymakers' decisions. The basis for membership of a power elite is institutional power, namely an influential position within a prominent private or public organization.

Another study (published in 2002) of power elites in the United States during the administration of President George W. Bush (in office from 2001 to 2009) identified 7,314 institutional positions of power encompassing 5,778 individuals. A later study of U.S. society noted demographic characteristics of this elite group as follows:

Age

Corporate leaders aged about 60; heads of foundations, law, education, and civic organizations aged around 62; government employees aged about 56.

Gender

Men contribute roughly 80% in the political realm, whereas women contribute roughly only 20% in the political realm. In the economic denomination, , only 32 (6.4%) of the Fortune 500 CEOs are women.

Ethnicity

In the U.S., White Anglo-Saxons dominate in the power elite. While Protestants represent about 80% of the top business leaders, about 54% of the members of Congress of any ethnicity are also Protestant. , only 4 (0.8%) of the Fortune 500 CEOs are African American.

Impacts on economy

In the 1970s, an organized set of policies promoted reduced taxes, especially for the wealthy, and a steady erosion of the welfare safety net. Starting with legislation in the 1980s, the wealthy banking community successfully lobbied for reduced regulation. The wide range of financial and social capital accessible to the power elite gives their members heavy influence in economic and political decision making, allowing them to move toward attaining desired outcomes. Sociologist Christopher Doob gives a hypothetical alternative, stating that these elite individuals would consider themselves the overseers of the national economy. Also appreciating that it is not only a moral, but a practical necessity to focus beyond their group interests. Doing so would hopefully alleviate various destructive conditions affecting large numbers of less affluent citizens. Relentless expansion of capitalism and the globalizing of economic and military power bind leaders of the power elite into complex relationships with nation states that generate global-scale class divisions. Sociologist Manuel Castells writes in The Rise of the Network Society that contemporary globalization does not mean that "everything in the global economy is global".

So, a global economy becomes characterized by fundamental social inequalities with respect to the "level of integration, competitive potential and share of the benefits from economic growth". Castells cites a kind of "double movement" where on one hand, "valuable segments of territories and people" become "linked in the global networks of value making and wealth appropriation", while, on the other, "everything and everyone" that is not valued by established networks gets "switched off [...] and ultimately discarded". But, the wide-ranging effects of global capitalism ultimately affect everyone on the planet, as economies around the world come to depend on the functioning of global financial markets, technologies, trade, and labor.

American universities

Power elite

Age

Gender

Ethnicity

Impacts on economy

See also

References

Further reading