Egon Friedell

thumbnail|Egon Friedell

thumb|300px|Friedell's home 1900–1938 in [[Gentzgasse 7, Währing, Vienna]]

Egon Friedell (born Egon Friedmann; 21 January 1878, Vienna – 16 March 1938, Vienna) was a prominent Austrian cultural historian, playwright, actor and Kabarett performer, journalist and theatre critic. Friedell has been described as a polymath. Before 1916, he was also known by his pen name Egon Friedländer.

Early life

Friedell's parents had immigrated to Vienna from the eastern parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Friedell was the second child of Jewish parents, Moriz Friedmann and Karoline (née Eisenberger), who were running a silk manufactory in Mariahilf. His older brother, , also later became a writer and journalist.

His mother left the family for another man when he was six years old; from then on he lived with his father. The divorce was made in 1887. After his father's death in 1889, Friedell lived with his aunt in Frankfurt am Main, where he would attend school, until he was expelled for unruly behaviour three years later. Even at this young age, Friedell was considered a troublemaker and freethinker.

In 1897, he renounced Judaism and converted to the Lutheran faith.

He attended several schools in Austria and Germany. Whilst attending school in Heidelberg in 1897, he already attended lectures on history of philosophy by Kuno Fischer.

In 1899 he finally passed his Abitur (exit examination) after four attempts, in Bad Hersfeld.

After graduation he enrolled in Heidelberg University to study under the historian of philosophy and follower of Hegel, Kuno Fischer.

Also in 1899, he came of age and accepted his part of his father's inheritance. This enabled him to buy a tenement in Vienna at Gentzgasse 7, where he lived from 1900 on. This is also where he died. Neither of his brothers wanted to continue running their father's factory.

From 1900 to 1904, Egon Friedell studied philosophy and German literature in Vienna. During that time he met Peter Altenberg and began writing articles for März and Die Schaubühne.

In 1904, he received a PhD for his dissertation on Novalis als Philosoph, which he wrote under the guidance of Friedrich Jodl. His dissertation was published soon afterward by in Munich. After these texts were published, he and Kraus fell out with each other.

In 1906, Friedell began kabarett performances at venues called Cabaret Nachtlicht and '.

In 1907 he directed at Intimes Theater in Vienna, which was run by his brother, Oskar Friedmann. He also was acting there. Other people involved were Oscar Straus, Hermann Bahr, Franz Blei, Erich Mühsam, Hanns Heinz Ewers, Alexander Roda Roda and Frank Wedekind. Fritz Lang described his impressions of the Fledermaus: "There, amid Jugendstil decor, Kokoschka mounted his Indian fairy tale "Des getupfte Ei" ["The Dotted Egg"] on slides, writer Alfred Polgar [...] read his short prose and caustic commentary, and Friedell and other authors of rising repute presented their sketches and short plays."

During this time, Friedell continued to publish essays and one-act plays. His first literary effort was Der Petroleumkönig (Petrol king) in 1908. The parody Goethe im Examen, written jointly Alfred Polgar, in which he also played the leading role, made him famous in German speaking countries and got mentioned in the Sunday Times. He played this role repeatedly until 1938. Also in that time he wrote Soldatenleben im Frieden.

In 1910, Friedell was commissioned by publisher Samuel Fischer to write a biography of the poet Peter Altenberg. Fischer, who had expected something light, was unsatisfied with Friedell's analysis and critique of culture titled Ecce poeta, and the book was not promoted in any way. Hence, the book was a commercial failure, but served to mark the beginning of Friedell's interest in cultural history.

He frequented the so called "literary cafés" among the Viennese coffee houses, notably the Café Central, where many notable people were patrons and where he got acquainted and befriended with many of them.

In 1912, Friedell went to Berlin, wrote and performed in cabarets. In 1913, he temporarily worked as an actor for director Max Reinhardt.

In 1914, suffering from alcoholism and obesity, Friedell was forced to undergo treatment at a sanatorium near Munich. Friedell was enthusiastic about the beginning of World War I, as were many of his contemporaries, and volunteered for military service but was rejected for physical reasons.

In 1916, he officially changed his name to Friedell.

Friedell published the Judas Tragedy in 1920 and it was staged at the Burgtheater in 1923.

In 1922 published Quarry — Miscellaneous Opinions and Quotations.

In 1924, while working as a critic for the journal Stunde, Friedell was fired as a "traitor", for making satirical remarks.

Between 1919 and 1924, Friedell worked as a journalist and theatre critic for various publishers including Die Schaubühne, Der Merker and Neues Wiener Journal.

Between 1924 and 1927 he was ensemble cast at the Theater in der Josefstadt in Vienna, which was directed by Max Reinhardt. There he played, amongst others, roles in The Servant of Two Masters, Fanny's First Play, Intrigue and Love, The Merchant of Venice. He played with famous actors such as Hans Moser and Heinz Rühmann.

Cultural history

Cultural History of the Modern Age

During the early 1920s, Friedell wrote the three volumes of his Cultural History of the Modern Age, which describes events from the Black Death to World War I in an anecdotal format. In 1925, publisher Hermann Ullstein received the first volume, but was suspicious of the historiography of an actor. Five other publishers subsequently rejected the book. The first volume was finally published by Heinrich Beck in Munich in 1927 and the following two volumes in 1928 and 1931. His approach to history was influenced by Oswald Spengler and Jacob Burckhardt.

A Cultural History of Antiquity

Friedell's A Cultural History of Antiquity was planned in three volumes. Because his publisher in Germany Heinrich Beck was, since 1935, not allowed to publish any of his works, the first volume on Cultural History of Egypt's Land and of the Ancient Orient was published in 1936 by the Helikon-Verlag in Zürich.

The second volume Cultural History of Ancient Greece was unfinished and published in Munich in 1950. Due to his death, he couldn't write the third volume on Cultural History of the Romans.

Censorship and suicide

In 1933, when the Nazis came to power in Germany, Friedell described the regime as: "the realm of the Antichrist. Every trace of nobility, piety, education, reason is persecuted in the most hateful and base manner by a bunch of debased menials".

In 1937, Friedell's works were banned by the National Socialist regime as they did not conform to the theory of history promoted by the NSDAP, and all German and Austrian publishers refused to publish his works.

On the occasion of the Anschluss of Austria, anti-semitism was rampant: Jewish men and women were being beaten in the streets and their businesses and synagogues ransacked or destroyed. Friedell, knowing that he could be arrested by the Gestapo, began to contemplate ending his own life. Friedell told his close friend, Ödön von Horváth, in a letter written on 11 March: "I am always ready to leave, in every sense."

On 16 March 1938, at about 22:00, two SA men arrived at Friedell's house to arrest him. Different accounts of the circumstances of his death have been given. In one version Friedell, aged 60, committed suicide by jumping out of the window. Before leaping, he had warned pedestrians walking on the sideway where he hit by shouting "Watch out! Get out of the way!" Recent research relying on information given by one of Friedell's nephews states that the writer, fatally wounded by the SA, fell out of the window. In 1978, the Austrian postal service issued a stamp with his portrait in celebration of his 100th birthday. In 2005, his grave was given the honor of becoming an Ehrengrab.

Works

Absinth "Schönheit" (Peter Altenberg & Egon Friedell) - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German)
Das schwarze Buch (Peter Altenberg & Egon Friedell) - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German)
Der Petroleumkönig, 1908
Der Nutzwert des Dichters - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German)
Goethe, 1908 - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German)
Ecce poeta, 1912
Von Dante zu d'Annunzio, 1915
Die Judastragödie, 1920
Steinbruch, 1922
Ist die Erde bewohnt? 1931 - eLibrary Austria Project (elib austria text in German)
Kulturgeschichte der Neuzeit, 1927–31 (Engl. transl)
Kulturgeschichte Ägyptens und des alten Orients, 1936
Kulturgeschichte Griechenlands, 1940
Die Reise mit der Zeitmaschine, 1946 - a sequel to H. G. Wells' The Time Machine, translated by Eddy C Bertin into English and republished as The Return of the Time Machine
Kulturgeschichte des Altertums, 1949
Das Altertum war nicht antik, 1950
Kleine Porträtgalerie, 1953
Abschaffung des Genies. Essays bis 1918, 1984
Selbstanzeige. Essays ab 1918, 1985

References

External links

Anecdotage.Com - Thousands of true funny stories about famous people. Anecdotes from Gates to Yeats at anecdotage.com
Essay on Egon Friedell by Clive James from "Cultural Amnesia"
Kulturgeschichte der Neuzeit - commented radio reading of the unabridged text (130 online archived episodes, broadcast 2008–2014 in German language) - ORANGE 94.0 Freies Radio Wien
https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/friedell-egon
https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/buecher/reichtum-an-problemen-1.18148038