| gini = 39.4 (2023)
| hdi =
| labor =
Rwanda has a developing economy. It is a frontier developmental state (low income) based on services, agriculture and industry. It has been described as undergoing early industrialisation due to newer government policies. It has a mixed economy. Since the early-2000s, Rwanda has witnessed an economic boom, which improved the living standards of many Rwandans. The President of Rwanda, Paul Kagame, has noted his ambition to make Rwanda the "Singapore of Africa". The industrial sector is growing, contributing 16% of GDP in 2012. By 2002 tea became Rwanda's largest export, with export earnings from tea reaching US$18 million equating to 15,000 tonnes of dried tea. Rwanda's natural resources are limited. A small mineral industry provides about 5% of foreign exchange earnings. Concentrates exist of the heavy minerals cassiterite (a primary source of tin), and coltan (used to manufacture electronic capacitors, used in consumer electronics products such as cell phones, DVD players, video game systems and computers).
By mid-1997, up to 75% of the factories functioning before the war had returned to production, at an average of 75% of their capacity. Investments in the industrial sector continue to mostly be limited to the repair of existing industrial plants. Retail trade, devastated by the war, has revived quickly, with many new small businesses established by Rwandan returnees from Uganda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Industry received little external assistance from the end of the war through 1995. Beginning in 1996–97, the government became increasingly active in helping the industrial sector to restore production through technical and financial assistance, including loan guarantees, economic liberalization, and the privatization of state-owned enterprises. In early 1998, the government set up a one-stop investment promotion centre and implemented a new investment code that created an enabling environment for foreign and local investors. An autonomous revenue authority also has begun operation, improving collections and accountability.
Cassiterite production peaked at 1,000 tonnes in 1990, but was under 700 tonnes in 2000. Recorded coltan production has soared from 147 tonnes in 1999 to 1,300 tonnes in 2001, and coltan was the country's biggest single export earner in 2001. At least part of the increase in production is because of new mines opening up in Rwanda. However it is true, as has frequently been observed, that the increase is also because of the fraudulent re-export of Congolese coltan. In addition to the well-publicised involvement in this trade of the Rwandan Defence Force (RDF), another important factor in the coltan re-export is that international dealers are under pressure not to buy from the DRC, thus increasing the incentive for DRC coltan to be re-exported as Rwanda's. Rwanda is also alleged to be trading in fraudulently exported gold and diamonds from the DRC.
2006–present
The country entered a high period of economic growth in 2006, and the following year managed to register 8% economic growth, a record it has sustained since, turning it into one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. This sustained economic growth has succeeded in reducing poverty and also reducing fertility rates, with growth between 2006 and 2011 reducing the percentage of the country's population living in poverty from 57% to 45%.The country's infrastructure has also grown rapidly, with connections to electricity going from 91,000 in 2006 to 215,000 in 2011. Rwanda wants to achieve Middle Income Country status by 2035 and High-Income Country status by 2050.
Existing foreign investment is concentrated in commercial establishments, mining, tea, coffee, and tourism. Minimum wage and social security regulations are in force, and the four prewar independent trade unions are back in operation. The largest union, CESTRAR, was created as an organ of the government but became fully independent with the political reforms introduced by the 1991 constitution.
In 2016, Rwanda was ranked 42nd and second best country in Africa to do business in the Mara Foundation-The Ashish J Thakkar Global Entrepreneurship Index report.
However, a recent research in the UK-based political science journal, Review of African Political Economy, indicates that economic growth may be slower than what official figures suggest. Researchers stated that average consumption per household closely followed growth in GDP per capita from 2000 to 2005, but diverged afterwards when average consumption per household stagnated despite huge improvements in GDP per capita from 2005 to 2013.
Agriculture and primary resources
thumb|Coffee beans drying in [[Maraba coffee|Maraba. Coffee is one of Rwanda's major cash crops.|alt=Photograph of four drying racks containing white coloured unroasted coffee beans]]
thumb|Rwanda has the tenth highest proportion of women working in agriculture, forestry and fishing in the world.
Crops grown in the country include coffee, tea, pyrethrum, bananas, beans, sorghum and potatoes. Coffee and tea are the major cash crops for export, with the high altitudes, steep slopes and volcanic soils providing favourable conditions. Reliance on agricultural exports makes Rwanda vulnerable to shifts in their prices.
In 2019 agriculture accounted for 29% of the economy of Rwanda.
Rwanda produced in 2019: Bananas, pineapples, tea, coffee, and tobacco are high-value, export-oriented products.
Fishing takes place on the country's lakes, but stocks are very depleted, and live fish are being imported in an attempt to revive the industry.
Mining
Rwanda's mining industry is an important contributor, generating US$93 million in 2008. Minerals mined include cassiterite, wolframite, sapphires, gold, and coltan, which is used in the manufacture of electronic and communication devices such as mobile phones.
Production of methane from Lake Kivu began in 1983, but to date has been used only by the Bralirwa Brewery.
In 2019, the country was the 7th largest world producer of tungsten and the 12th largest world producer of tin.
Energy and electrification
Rwanda has made tremendous strides in improving electrification in the 21st century. A great number of new areas has become electrified through an expansion of infrastructure.
Depletion of the forests will eventually pressure Rwandans to turn to fuel sources other than charcoal for cooking and heating. Given the abundance of mountain streams and lakes, the potential for hydroelectric power is substantial. Rwanda is exploiting these natural resources through joint hydroelectric projects with Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Manufacturing
Rwanda's manufacturing sector is dominated by the production of import substitutes for internal consumption. The larger enterprises produce beer, soft drinks, cigarettes, hoes, wheelbarrows, soap, mattresses, plastic pipe, roofing materials, and bottled water. Other products manufactured include agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, cement, plastic goods, textiles and cigarettes.
Financial services
Rwanda is positioning itself as a regional hub for financial services through the Kigali International Financial Centre (KIFC). The Rwanda Stock Exchange (RSE) serves as the principal capital market, with a market capitalization of approximately FRW 4.6 trillion (US$3.1 billion) as of 2025.
The banking sector is regulated by the National Bank of Rwanda (BNR). The sector is dominated by a mix of local and regional commercial banks, namely Bank of Kigali, I&M Bank Rwanda, BPR Bank Rwanda (part of KCB Group), Equity Bank Rwanda, and Ecobank. The Bank of Kigali (BK Group) remains the largest bank in Rwanda by asset size and market share, controlling approximately 33% of the banking sector's total assets as of 2024.
Rwanda enjoys the presence of a number of high-profile accounting firms. Major international networks such as PwC, KPMG, and EY maintain active offices in Kigali and are responsible for auditing the majority of large financial institutions. As of 2025, other major networks operating in the country include BDO, Grant Thornton International, and PKF International, which are fully licensed by the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Rwanda (iCPAR).
Tourism and services
thumb|250px|[[Mountain gorillas in Volcanoes National Park.|alt=Photograph depicting female adult gorilla with a baby on her shoulders, surrounded by green foliage]]
Rwanda's service sector suffered during the late-2000s recession as banks reduced lending and foreign aid projects and investment were reduced. The sector rebounded in 2010, becoming the country's largest sector by economic output and contributing 43.6% of the country's GDP. Key tertiary contributors include banking and finance, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, insurance, real estate, business services and public administration including education and health.
Tourism is one of the fastest-growing economic resources and became the country's leading foreign exchange earner in 2011. In spite of the genocide's legacy, the country is increasingly perceived internationally as a safe destination; The Directorate of Immigration and Emigration recorded 405,801 people visiting the country between January and June 2011; 16% of these arrived from outside Africa. Revenue from tourism was US$115,600,000 between January and June 2011; holidaymakers contributed 43% of this revenue, despite being only 9% of the numbers.
Rwanda is one of only two countries in which mountain gorillas can be visited safely; gorilla tracking in the Volcanoes National Park attracts thousands of visitors per year, who are prepared to pay high prices for permits. Other attractions include: Nyungwe Forest, home to chimpanzees, Ruwenzori colobus and other primates, the resorts of Lake Kivu, and Akagera, a small savanna reserve in the east of the country.
Rwanda's tourism is centred on the attractions of Volcanoes National Park with its five volcanoes and the protected population of mountain gorillas made famous by Dian Fossey. Additionally, tourism is drawn to east-central Africa's largest protected wetland, Akagera National Park, with its populations of Big 5 (including lions and rhinos), hippopotami, Cape buffalo, zebras, elephants, and elands. Birdwatching is also a major draw, especially in Nyungwe National Park, one of the largest uncut forest reserves in Africa, home to over 300 bird species and a vast variety of wildlife.
Several memorial sites associated with the Rwandan genocide have begun to generate significant dark tourism. For example, the Gisozi Genocide Memorial Site in the Gasabo District of Kigali—the burial place of approximately 300,000 victims of the genocide—has a related genocide exhibition area and library and has plans to develop a teaching centre on the history of the genocide. Another major genocide-related memorial centre attracting tourists is the Murambi Genocide Memorial Site housed in the former Murambi Technical School where 45,000 people were murdered and 850 skeletons and mummified remains of the victims are on display.
Two other major memorial sites associated with the genocide are in Kicukiro District: Rebero Genocide Memorial Site where 14,400 victims are buried and the Nyanza-Kicukiro Genocide Memorial Site where 5,000 victims were killed after Belgian soldiers who serving in the United Nations peacekeeping forces abandoned them. In Kibungo Province, the site of the Nyarubuye Massacre is home to the Nyarubuye Genocide Memorial Site where an estimated 20,000 victims were killed after seeking refuge in the Roman Catholic church and homes of the nuns and priest there.
Historical statistics
GDP per capita (nominal)
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bar:2008 at:545 fontsize:S text:545 shift:(0,2)
bar:2009 at:585 fontsize:S text:585 shift:(0,2)
bar:2010 at:612 fontsize:S text:612 shift:(0,2)
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bar:2012 at:730 fontsize:S text:730 shift:(0,2)
bar:2013 at:728 fontsize:S text:728 shift:(0,2)
bar:2014 at:749 fontsize:S text:749 shift:(0,2)
bar:2015 at:758 fontsize:S text:758 shift:(0,2)
bar:2016 at:753 fontsize:S text:753 shift:(0,2)
bar:2017 at:783 fontsize:S text:783 shift:(0,2)
bar:2018 at:797 fontsize:S text:797 shift:(0,2)
bar:2019 at:836 fontsize:S text:836 shift:(0,2)
bar:2020 at:803 fontsize:S text:803 shift:(0,2)
bar:2021 at:854 fontsize:S text:854 shift:(0,2)
bar:2022 at:1005 fontsize:S text:1,005 shift:(0,2)
bar:2023 at:1061 fontsize:S text:1,061 shift:(0,2)
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bar:2025 at:1042 fontsize:S text:1,042 shift:(0,2)
bar:2026
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Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF)
GDP per capita (PPP)
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bar:1999 at:611 fontsize:S text:611 shift:(0,2)
bar:2000 at:659 fontsize:S text:659 shift:(0,2)
bar:2001 at:713 fontsize:S text:713 shift:(0,2)
bar:2002 at:800 fontsize:S text:800 shift:(0,2)
bar:2003 at:813 fontsize:S text:813 shift:(0,2)
bar:2004 at:866 fontsize:S text:866 shift:(0,2)
bar:2005 at:955 fontsize:S text:955 shift:(0,2)
bar:2006 at:1051 fontsize:S text:1,051 shift:(0,2)
bar:2007 at:1137 fontsize:S text:1,137 shift:(0,2)
bar:2008 at:1247 fontsize:S text:1,247 shift:(0,2)
bar:2009 at:1306 fontsize:S text:1,306 shift:(0,2)
bar:2010 at:1376 fontsize:S text:1,376 shift:(0,2)
bar:2011 at:1487 fontsize:S text:1,487 shift:(0,2)
bar:2012 at:1601 fontsize:S text:1,601 shift:(0,2)
bar:2013 at:1665 fontsize:S text:1,665 shift:(0,2)
bar:2014 at:1756 fontsize:S text:1,756 shift:(0,2)
bar:2015 at:1884 fontsize:S text:1,884 shift:(0,2)
bar:2016 at:1968 fontsize:S text:1,968 shift:(0,2)
bar:2017 at:2033 fontsize:S text:2,033 shift:(0,2)
bar:2018 at:2195 fontsize:S text:2,195 shift:(0,2)
bar:2019 at:2412 fontsize:S text:2,412 shift:(0,2)
bar:2020 at:2357 fontsize:S text:2,357 shift:(0,2)
bar:2021 at:2815 fontsize:S text:2,815 shift:(0,2)
bar:2022 at:3190 fontsize:S text:3,190 shift:(0,2)
bar:2023 at:3510 fontsize:S text:3,510 shift:(0,2)
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bar:2025 at:4103 fontsize:S text:4,103 shift:(0,2)
bar:2026
bar:2027
bar:2028
bar:2029
bar:2030
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Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2023. Inflation below 5% is in green.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Year
! GDP
(in bn. US$ PPP)
! GDP per capita
(in US$ PPP)
!GDP
(in bn. US$ nominal)
! GDP growth<br />(real)
! Inflation<br />(in Percent)
! Government debt<br />(Percentage of GDP)
|-
| 1980
|2.11
|453
|1.49
| −3.6 %
| 7.2%
|n/a
|-
| 1985
| 3.66
| 643
|2.20
| 5.5%
| −1.1 %
|n/a
|-
| 1990
| 3.96
| 614
|2.95
| 0.4%
| 4.2%
|n/a
|-
| 1995
| 2.96
| 541
|1.47
| 24.5%
| 56.0%
| 120%
|-
| 2000
| 5.00
| 667
|2.05
| 8.4%
| 3.9%
| 103%
|-
| 2005
| 8.28
| 938
|2.94
| 9.4%
| 9.1%
| 67%
|-
| 2006
| 9.32
| 1,036
|3.32
| 9.2%
| 8.8%
| 24%
|-
| 2007
| 10.30
| 1,120
|4.07
| 7.6%
| 9.1%
| 24%
|-
| 2008
| 11.68
| 1,229
|5.18
| 11.2%
| 15.4%
| 19%
|-
| 2009
| 12.50
| 1,289
|5.68
| 6.3%
| 10.3%
| 20%
|-
| 2010
| 13.58
| 1,356
|6.12
| 7.3%
| 2.3%
| 20%
|-
| 2011
| 14.94
| 1,465
|6.89
| 8.0%
| 5.7%
| 20%
|-
| 2012
| 15.71
| 1,499
|7.65
| 8.6%
| 6.3%
| 20%
|-
| 2013
| 16.70
| 1,555
|7.82
| 4.7%
| 4.2%
| 27%
|-
| 2014
| 18.93
| 1,721
|8.24
| 6.2%
| 1.8%
| 29%
|-
| 2015
| 20.53
| 1,823
|8.55
| 8.9%
| 2.5%
| 33%
|-
| 2016
| 21.98
| 1,905
|8.70
| 6.0%
| 5.7%
| 37%
|-
| 2017
| 23.67
| 2,004
|9.25
| 3.9%
| 4.8%
| 41%
|-
|2018
|26.30
|2,176
|9.64
|8.5%
|1.4%
|45%
|-
|2019
|29.31
|2,369
|10.35
|9.5%
|2.4%
|50%
|-
|2020
|28.69
|2,265
|10.17
|−3.4 %
|7.7%
|66%
|-
|2021
|33.24
|2,566
|11.05
|10.9%
|0.8%
|67%
|-
|2022
|38.47
|2,904
|13.31
|8.2%
|13.9%
|61%
|-
|2023
|42.34
|3,137
|13.93
|6.2%
|14.5%
|63%
|}
See also
- Rwanda
- Energy in Rwanda
- Telecommunications in Rwanda
- Transport in Rwanda
- United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
General:
- Economy of Africa
References
Works cited
External links
- Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting Rwanda Human Conflict and Environmental Consequences (Video)
- Rwanda latest trade data on ITC Trade Map
- World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Rwanda
- Visit Rwanda