East Pomeranian (') or Farther Pomeranian (') is an East Low German dialect moribund in Europe, which used to be spoken in the region of Farther Pomerania when it was part of the German Province of Pomerania, until World War II, and today is part of Poland. Currently, the language survives mainly in Brazil, where it is spoken by descendants of German immigrants of the 19th century and where it was given its own orthography by the linguist Ismael Tressmann. It has co-official status in 11 Brazilian municipalities and has been recognized as a historical and cultural heritage of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. East Pomeranian is also spoken in central Wisconsin and parts of Iowa, in the United States.
Nowadays, spoken East Pomeranian in Brazil has mostly been influenced by Portuguese language and Hunsrik, a German dialect derived from the Hunsrückisch native to Brazil. It excludes the dialect spoken in the United States, known as Wisconsin Pomeranian, which was influenced by the English language.
The varieties of East Pomeranian are: Westhinterpommersch, Osthinterpommersch, Bublitzisch around Bobolice and Pommerellisch;
Further the east, German dialects transitioned to Low Prussian-East Pomeranian and Vistula Delta German spoken in and around Danzig/Gdansk.
Brazilian Municipalities that have co-official East Pomeranian dialect
right|250px|thumb|[[Municipality|Municipalities in which the East Pomeranian dialect has co-official status in Espírito Santo, Brazil.]]
Espírito Santo
- Afonso Cláudio (in the district of Mata Fria)
- Domingos Martins
- Itarana
- Laranja da Terra
- Santa Maria de Jetibá
- Vila Pavão
Minas Gerais
- Itueta
Santa Catarina
- Pomerode
Rio Grande do Sul
- Canguçu
- São Lourenço do Sul (under approval)
Rondônia
- Espigão d'Oeste
Grammar
<big>Verbs</big>
Conjugation patterns of Brazilian Pomeranian
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |verbs
!breeka, to break"
!häwa, "to have"
!wila, "to want/ to become"
!måka, "to make"
!bruuka, "to need"
!raupa, "to call/ to shout"
!srijga "to scream"
|-
! colspan="4" |Infinitive
|breeka
|häwa
|wila
|måka
|bruuka
|raupa
|srijga
|-
!Participle
! colspan="3" |Past
|brooka
|hat
|wud
|måkt
|bruukt
|roopa
|sreega
|-
! rowspan="8" |Indicative
! rowspan="4" |Present
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!1st person
|breek
|häw
|wil
|måk
|bruuk
|raup
|srijg
|-
!2nd person
|breekst
|häst
|wist
|mökst
|bruukst
|raupst
|srigst
|-
!3rd person
|breekt
|hät
|wil
|mök
|bruukt
|raupt
|srijgt
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|breeka
|häwa
|wila
|måka
|bruuka
|raupa
|srijga
|-
! rowspan="4" |Past
! rowspan="3" |Singular
!1st person
|braik
|haar
|wu
|maik
|brüükt
|raip
|sreig
|-
!2nd person
|braikst
|haast
|wust
|maikst
|brüükst
|raipst
|sreigst
|-
!3rd Person
|braik
|haar
|wu
|maik
|brüükt
|raip
|sreigt
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|braika
|haara
|wula
|maika
|brüüka
|raipa
|sreiga
|}
Phonology
Source:
Vowels
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!rowspan=3|
!colspan=4| Front
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| Central
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Back
|- class=small
!colspan=2| Unrounded
!colspan=2| Rounded
|- class=small
! short
! long
! short
! long
! short
! long
! short
! long
|-
! Close
|
|
|
|
| colspan=2|
|
|
|-
! Mid
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Open-mid
|
|
|
|
| ()
|
|
|
|-
! Open
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|
|
|
|
|}
Diphthongs
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" |
!colspan="2" | Ending point
|- align=center
!Front
!Back
|- align=center
! Near-close
|
|
|- align=center
!Mid
|
|
|- align=center
!Open
|
|
|}
Consonants
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Post-<br/>alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar/<br>Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
!
|
|
|
|
|
|()
|-
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
!
|
|()
|()
|
|
|
|-
!
|
|
|()
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
!
|
|
|
| () ()
| () ()
| ()
|-
!
|
|
| ()
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|()
|
|
|()
|()
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
| colspan="4" |
|
|}
See also
- Brazilian German
References
External links
- Pommerscher Verein Central Wisconsin
- Law Co-formalizing East Pomeranian in the Municipality of Pancas
- Law Co-formalizing East Pomeranian in the Municipality of Santa Maria de Jetibá