Dieppe (; ; or Old Norse ) is a coastal commune in the Seine-Maritime department, Normandy, northern France.

Dieppe is a seaport on the English Channel at the mouth of the river Arques. A regular ferry service runs to Newhaven in England.

Famous for its scallops, Dieppe also has a popular pebbled beach, a 15th-century castle and the churches of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Remi. The mouth of the river Scie lies at Hautot-sur-Mer, directly to the west of Dieppe.

History

The name Dieppe was derived from the Anglo-Saxon word "deep", for the depth of the natural estuary.

The first human activity in Dieppe were the Gauls, who used the area as a fishing and maritime trade hub, which continued as Romans settled there. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was regularly visited and eventually occupied by Vikings.

By the Middle Ages, Dieppe had become a heavily frequented port. The town was intermittently under control of England until 1443. Under Louis XI, Dieppe was used to launch privateering and maritime expedition operations. At the same time, merchants of Dieppe were beginning to frequent the ports of Senegambia.

Another expedition two years before, in which Goulaine de Laudonnière was under the command of Jean Ribault, a local Huguenot captain, had resulted in the foundation of Charlesfort, now in South Carolina. Dieppe was the premier port of the kingdom in the 17th century. On 23 July 1632, 300 colonists heading to New France departed from Dieppe. At the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Dieppe lost 3,000 of its Huguenot citizens, who fled abroad.

In 1633 the merchants of Dieppe and Rouen were granted a monopoly on trade between the Senegal and Gambia rivers by Cardinal Richelieu. Norman French was spoken as a trade language in ports of modern-day Senegal such as Rufisque in the late 17th century. In 1637 Captain Thomas Lambert sailed from Dieppe for the Compagnie du Cap-Vert et du Sénégal, and established a trading post at the mouth of the Senegal that would eventually become Saint-Louis.

Port and Resort

John Knox briefly stayed in Dieppe after Mary I outlawed Protestantism in England, on his way to Geneva to meet John Calvin.

Dieppe was an important target in wartime; the town was largely destroyed by an Anglo-Dutch naval bombardment in 1694.

During the later 19th century, Dieppe became popular with English artists as a beach resort. Prominent literary figures such as Arthur Symons loved to keep up with the latest fads of avant-garde France here, and during "the season" sometimes stayed for weeks on end.

Second World War

thumb|right|125px|Dieppe Dawn, 19 August 1942, memorial stained glass, [[Royal Military College of Canada]]

During the Second World War Dieppe was occupied by German naval and army forces after the fall of France in 1940. In order to allow a better defence of the coast against a possible Allied landing, the Germans destroyed the mauresque casino that was located near the beach area. The destruction of the casino had only begun at the time of the Dieppe Raid.

The raid proved a costly lesson for the Allies. On 19 August 1942, Allied soldiers, mainly drawn from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, landed at Dieppe in the hope of occupying the town for a short time, gaining intelligence and drawing the Luftwaffe into open battle. The Allies suffered more than 1,400 deaths, 907 Canadian, and 1,946 Canadian soldiers were captured – more prisoners than the army lost in the 11 months of the 1944–45 NW Europe campaign. However, no major objectives were achieved. More recent research suggests the raid was a massive cover for an intelligence operation to capture German code machine components.

French soldiers from the region, captured in the fighting of 1940, were returned to the area after the Dieppe Raid as a reward by the German occupation authorities, who felt that the conduct of the French civilians in Dieppe had been correct and had not hindered the defence of the port during the battle.

The port remained garrisoned by German forces until the conclusion of the Battle of Normandy. When the First Canadian Army approached at the end of August, the garrison withdrew, not desiring to enter into battle for the port.

Dieppe was liberated on 1 September 1944, by soldiers from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. On 3 September, the entire division paused for reorganization, and a victory parade was held; contingents representing all major units of the 2nd Division marched 10 abreast behind the massed pipes and drums of the division's highland regiments. A memorial service was held in the nearby Canadian military cemetery to honour those killed in the Dieppe Raid.

Post-war

thumb|left|The [[Hôtel de Ville, Dieppe|Hôtel de Ville]]

Between 10 and 11 June 1945, fourteen people, including two police officers, were killed and nine were wounded in a series of shootings perpetrated by a drunk soldier, Abd el Maleck, who was on the run for an attempted murder on Rue Gambetta. He was captured on 11 June after being wounded. Maleck was court-martialed for murder and sentenced to death on 22 September 1945. He was executed by firing squad on 14 February 1946.

Dieppe, a city in New Brunswick, Canada, received its present name in 1946, in honour of the commemoration of the 913 Canadian soldiers killed in the Dieppe Raid. The majority of its inhabitants are of Acadian descent.

The Hôtel de Ville was completed in 1966.

thumb|700px|left|Panoramic view of Dieppe (taken from a hill close to the castle [[Château de Dieppe)]]

Geography

Dieppe belongs to the Pays de Caux, lying along the Alabaster Coast in the region of Normandy.

It is located on the Channel coast, north of Rouen at the mouth of the river Arques and lies east of the mouth of the river Scie.

Climate

Toponymy

Mentioned as Deppae in 1015–1029, Dieppa in 1030, then in the 12th century: Deppa, Deupa and Diopa.

From Old English dēop or Old Norse djúpr (both "deep"). The nominalization from an Old English or Norse adjective, being unusual, dēop / djúpr could be followed by the Old English word ǣ / ea or Old Norse á "stream, river" (cf. Djúpá, river in Iceland).

The same adjective can be recognized in other place-names like Dieppedalle (f. e. Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle) and Dipdal in Normandy, which is the same as Deepdale in Great Britain.

The stream running through Dieppe was called Tella in Merovingian and Carolingian documents, before being called Dieppe in the 10th century. The name has stuck to the town, although the name of the stream changed again, to Béthune. and INSEE (1968–2023)

| graph-pos = bottom

|1793 |25000

|1800 |20000

|1806 |18248

|1821 |16664

|1831 |16016

|1836 |16820

|1841 |16443

|1846 |16844

|1851 |17669

|1856 |19231

|1861 |20187

|1866 |19946

|1872 |19002

|1876 |20333

|1881 |22003

|1886 |23050

|1891 |22771

|1896 |22439

|1901 |22839

|1906 |23629

|1911 |23973

|1921 |24402

|1926 |24945

|1931 |25117

|1936 |25560

|1946 |21770

|1954 |26427

|1962 |30013

|1968 |30016

|1975 |39466

|1982 |35957

|1990 |35894

|1999 |34653

|2007 |33375

|2012 |30632

|2017 |29080

|2023 |28496

Sights

The castle, Château de Dieppe, which survived the 1694 bombardment, is now a museum and exhibition space, with a strong maritime collection. A rich collection of 17th- and 18th-century ivory carvings, including lacy folding fans, for which Dieppe was known, and the furnishings and papers of Camille Saint-Saëns. The castle's interior courtyard is picturesque.

At the Square du Canada, near the castle in a park at the western end of the Esplanade, there is a monument erected by the town commemorating the long relationship between Dieppe and Canada. The events recorded begin with the early 16th century, and culminate with the Dieppe Raid and the liberation of Dieppe by Canadians on 1 September 1944. The base of the monument is inscribed with the words "nous nous souvenons" ("we remember"). Above the monument, the Flag of Canada is flown side by side with that of France.

The Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel of Dieppe stands on the coast.

Some of the Canadian soldiers who were killed are buried in the Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery, in the commune of Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie south-west of Dieppe.

<gallery mode="packed">

File:CastleDieppe.JPG|Château-musée de Dieppe

File:Château-musée de Dieppe.jpg|Château-musée

File:Dieppe.JPG|The harbour

File:Dieppe2.JPG|The waterfront

</gallery>

Various buildings and sights include:

  • The small municipal theatre, reopened in 2002: the small municipal theater (1900) has been listed in the supplementary inventory of historic monuments since 1990. It has a Louis XV rockery with gilding style. Its Italian-style theatre, built by the engineer Frissard, was donated by the Duchess of Berry to the municipality in 1826. Rebuilt in 190 and enlarged with a foyer facing the sea, it is contemporary with the Moorish casino and is one of the last vestiges of the time when Dieppe attracted the European aristocracy and upper middle class. Damaged during the Second World War, its facades were covered in cement in the 1960s. The theater was closed in 1961. The theater has been a source of political controversy, especially in 2007 when a rehabilitation project was proposed by the municipal majority at the time but fought by the local opposition.
  • The casino, inaugurated in 1961 in the presence of Robert Buron, Minister of Public Works, Transport and Tourism, succeeds the Moorish casino and the Art Deco casino of the 1930s. It is mainly located on the site of the former Villa Rachel which was demolished to allow its construction. It has a remarkable architecture.
  • L'Estran Cité de la mer, an associative center for scientific and technical culture on the theme of the Upper Normandy coast, presents over 1,600 m2 of exhibition space, shipbuilding, fishing techniques, the coastal environment and fauna of the English Channel.
  • The underground aqueduct, also called the aqueduct of the blue source, is a gravity aqueduct which was drilled in the 16th century by the engineer Toustain under the plateau of Janval. Over 6.7&nbsp;km, it once brought water from an abundant source located in Petit-Appeville to the city, and is still used in 2022 for the electricity and telecommunications networks.
  • The water tower, in the Vertus district at the entrance to the city of Dieppe, was built in 1971 by the architect Herbelin. It has been decorated since 1973 with a polychrome fresco by Victor Vasarely, made up of orange and black diamonds on a blue background.
  • A new seaside resort inaugurated on May 15, 2007, contains an outdoor seawater swimming pool, several indoor leisure pools and a thalassotherapy center.
  • A Canadian military cemetery is present in Dieppe.

Transport

Dieppe railway station, operated by SNCF, has frequent departures for Rouen-Rive-Droite. SNCF operates also buses to Gisors-Embranchement through Serqueux.

Dieppe has a ferry port with direct services to the English town of Newhaven, situated at the mouth of the River Ouse in East Sussex. The twice-daily service to the Port of Newhaven is operated by DFDS Seaways, under a concession subsidised by the French government. Services are operated using the MS Côte D'Albâtre and MS Seven Sisters.

Current services

  • DFDS Seaways (Newhaven: three sailings daily)

Former services

  • Hoverspeed (Newhaven: three sailings daily). Withdrawn in 2004.
  • P&O Stena Line (Newhaven: three sailings daily). Withdrawn in 1999.

Administration

The current mayor of Dieppe is Nicolas Langlois. A member of the French Communist Party, he was elected in 2017, and re-elected in 2020.

Economy

Historically a major fishing hub, it is still home to a large ferry port and one of the busiest ports in Europe; in the 17th century the first French East Indies Company operated from the port. Until the mid-19th century the Ave Maria lace, a hand-made lace manufacturer, was largely based in Dieppe. The town is now home to the Alpine Automobiles global headquarters.

Sport

The town is home to FC Dieppe, one of the oldest football clubs in the country having been founded in 1896.

International relations

Dieppe is twinned with

  • Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada

Notable people

<!-- NUMEROUS NAMES ARE COMMENTED OUT AS REDLINKS -- PERHAPS THESE ARE IN THE FRENCH WP; they are listed below -->

thumb|130px|[[Jean Ribault]]

thumb|right|130px|[[Abraham Duquesne]]

thumb|130px|[[Albert Réville]]

thumb|130px|[[Louis de Broglie, 1929]]

thumb|130px|[[Emmanuel Petit, 2005]]

  • Jean Ango (1480–1551), ship owner, provided ships to Francis I of France
  • Jean Parmentier (1494–1529), navigator, cartographer and poet
  • Jean Cousin (15th century), Normand navigator
  • Jean Ribault (1520–1565), French navigator and corsaire Protestant
  • Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit, (ca.1550–1603), naval and military captain and Huguenot trader at Honfleur
  • Salomon de Caus (1576–1626), Huguenot engineer
  • Isaac de Caus (1590–1648), landscaper and architect, worked in London
  • Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan (ca.1600–1673), French-Polish cartographer, engineer and architect
  • St. Antoine Daniel SJ, (1601–1648), Jesuit missionary, martyr and saint
  • Jean Asselin (ca.1610–1652), a Dutch Golden Age painter and drawer
  • Abraham Duquesne (1610–1688), general lieutenant of the French Navy
  • Jean Crasset (1618–1692), Jesuit theologian and ascetical writer
  • Jean Pecquet (1622–1674), physiologist, wrote on psychology and investigated the thoracic duct
  • Charles le Moyne de Longueuil et de Châteauguay, (1626–1685), colonist of New France, first lord of Longueuil
  • Richard Simon (1638–1712), priest, biblical critic, orientalist and historian
  • Jean Mauger (1648–1712), an ivory engraver and medallist
  • Antoine-Augustin Bruzen de La Martinière (1662–1746), polymath, map-writer and scientist
  • Gabriel de Clieu (ca.1687–1774), naval officer and the governor of Guadeloupe
  • St. Jean de Lalande SJ, a 17th-century Jesuit brother, martyred by the Iroquois Indians in New York State
  • Adrien de Pauger (died 1726), engineer and architect of the Vieux Carré at New Orleans
  • Joseph Lavallée (1747–1816), poet, journalist and novelist
  • François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles (1751–1825), chemist
  • Antoine Louis Albitte (1761–1812), Revolutionary politician
  • Jean-Louis Albitte (1763–1825), politician, "Albitte the younger"
  • Antoine Année (1770–1846), playwright and journalist
  • Mary Anne Atwood (1817–1910), an English writer on hermeticism and spiritual alchemy
  • Bruno Braquehais (1823–1875), photographer, worked in Paris
  • Albert Réville (1826–1906), Protestant theologian with 'extremist' liberal views
  • Victor Langlois (1829–1869), historian, archaeologist, professor, numismatist and orientalist
  • Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921), French composer and pianist
  • Maude Valérie White (1855–1937), English composer and songwriter
  • Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917), Franco-American architect
  • Ernest Henri Dubois (1863–1930), sculptor
  • Louis Valtat (1869–1952), painter and printmaker associated with the Fauves
  • André Alerme (1877–1960), film actor from 1931 to 1952
  • Louis de Broglie (1892–1987), Nobel Prize–winning physicist, contributed to quantum theory
  • Simonne Vidal (1894–1944), wife and assistant of the historian Marc Bloch
  • Mary Odette (1901–1987), silent film actress
  • Yvonne Lephay-Belthoise (1914–2011), virtuoso violinist
  • Valérie Lemercier (born 1964), actress, screenwriter, director and singer
  • Olivier Frébourg (born 1965), journalist, writer and publisher
  • Robert Le Bourgeois (born 1969), politician
  • Thomas Pesquet (born 1978), astronaut, aerospace engineer and pilot

Sport

  • Albert Clément (1883–1907), motor racing driver
  • Jean Rédélé (1922–2007), car racer and founder of the Alpine car factory
  • Jéhan Le Roy (1923–1992), equestrian, team bronze medallist at the 1960 Summer Olympics
  • Jean-Paul Villain (born 1946), steeplechase runner
  • Emmanuel Petit (born 1970), former footballer with 385 club caps and 63 with France
  • Laurent Capet (born 1972), volleyball player

<!-- NUMEROUS NAMES ARE COMMENTED OUT AS REDLINKS -- PERHAPS THESE ARE IN THE FRENCH WP -- they have been re-listed below -->

<!-- *Charles-Timoléon de Sigogne (1560–1611), poet -->

<!-- *Théophile Gelée (1566), doctor -->

<!-- *David Asseline (1619), journalist -->

<!-- *Thomas Asselin (v. 1620–1701), poet -->

<!-- *Michel Mollart (1641–1712), artist -->

<!-- *dom Nicolas le Nourry (1647), Benedictine monk-->

<!-- *Thomas Gouye (1650–1725), scientist -->

<!-- *Gouye de Longuemare (1715), historian -->

<!-- *David Houard (1725), lawyer -->

<!-- *Joseph-Marie Flouest (1747–1833), painter and sculptor -->

<!-- *Jacques-Frédéric Descroizilles (1765), scientist -->

<!-- *Simon-Barthélémy-Joseph Noël de la Morinière (1765), journalist -->

<!-- *François Descroizilles (1783–1788), chemist -->

<!-- *Pierre-Jacques Feret (1794), archeologist -->

<!-- *Pierre Adrien Graillon (1807–1872), sculptor -->

<!-- *Étienne-Isidore Pourpoint (1822), ship owner -->

<!-- *Pierre-Jacques-Théodore Blard (1822), sculptor -->

<!-- *Eugène Crepet (1827), writer -->

<!-- *Gustave-Jean-Baptiste Chapelas (1829–), meteorologist -->

<!-- *Julien Théodore Nicolas Delahais (1831), scientist -->

<!-- *Michel Hardy (1840), librarian -->

<!-- *Théodore-Albert de Broutelles (1842), painter -->

<!-- *Pierre Louis Robbe (1844), journalist -->

<!-- *Albert-Joseph Dupont (1851), architect -->

<!-- *Georges-Paul Vasselin (1855), ship owner -->

<!--*Adolphe-Félix-Auguste Chavatre (1860), politician -->

<!-- *Edmond Corue (1860–), ship owner -->

<!-- *Eugène Benet (1863–1942), sculptor -->

<!-- *Jules Marie Josse Hardy (1869), librarian -->

<!-- *Joseph-Marie-Fortuné Guedon (1873), sculptor -->

<!-- *Georges Marchand (1876), photographer -->

<!-- *Edmond Leveau (1876–1945), ship owner -->

<!-- *André Lebey (1877–), writer -->

<!-- *Auguste de La Force (1878–1961), historian -->

<!-- *Fernand Miellot (1882), architect -->

<!-- *Georges Guibon (1886), politician -->

<!-- *Achille Desjardins (1887), sport journalist -->

<!-- *Émile Giraud (1894), lawyer -->

<!-- *Georges Lebas (1934–), writer -->

<!-- *Marie Foubert (?–?), impressionist painter -->

<!-- *Thierry Gatinet (1957–), novelist -->

<!-- *Sophie Bassignac (born 1960), writer -->

<!-- *Laurent Lunoir (1976), singer, member of the bands Öxxö Xööx, Igorrr, Rïcïnn -->

See also

  • Communes of the Seine-Maritime department
  • Dieppe maps

References

Notes

Bibliography

  • Pakenham, Simona. Pigtails and Pernod, London: Macmillan, 1961.
  • Pakenham, Simona. Sixty Miles from England: The English at Dieppe 1814-1914, London: Macmillan, 1967.
  • A tragedy in Dieppe with Oscar Wilde The importance of being Sebastian - in Dieppe - Normandy Then and Now
  • Dieppe Town Council website
  • Gare Maritime Photographs